A sample Mainland Chinese Braille text in Xujiahui Park,Shanghai. Most of the tones are omitted except for in a few places that may cause confusion. Note that the vowel in the particle *de* is always written in this text,rather than being omitted.
Mainland Chinese Braille is a braille script for Standard Chinese used in China.[1] Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille,but additional finals form a semi-syllabary,as in bopomofo. Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells,representing the initial,final,and tone,respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin.
Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However,j,q,x are replaced with g,k,h,as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of g,k,h (and also z,c,s) to j,q,x before i and ü.) The digraphs ch,sh,zh are assigned to ⠟ (its pronunciation in Russian Braille),⠱ (a common pronunciation in international braille),and ⠌. R is assigned to ⠚,reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of ⟨j⟩. (⠗ is used for the final er,the pronunciation of the name of that letter in English Braille.)
The finals approximate international braille values for several of the basic vowels (⠢e (o), ⠊yi, ⠕wo, ⠥wu, ⠬yü, ⠳you, ⠮ei), but then necessarily diverge. However, there are a few parallels with other braille alphabets: ⠗er and ⠽wai are pronounced like the names of those letters in English braille; ⠑ye, ⠫ya, and ⠳you are pronounced like those letters in Russian Braille. ⠯yuan, ⠾yue, ⠣yin, are similar to the old French pronunciationsoin, ieu, in. For the most part, however, Chinese Braille finals do not obviously derive from previous conventions.
The pinyin final -i is only written where it corresponds to yi. Otherwise* (in ci zi si ri chi zhi shi) no final is written, a convention also found in bopomofo. The final -e is not written in ⠙de, a common grammatical particle written with several different characters in print.[4]
Pinyin
Bopomofo
Braille
a
ㄚ
e/o
ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ
ai
ㄞ
ei
ㄟ
ao
ㄠ
ou
ㄡ
an
ㄢ
en
ㄣ
ang
ㄤ
eng
ㄥ
Pinyin
Bopomofo
Braille
yi, -i*
ㄧ
ya, -ia
ㄧㄚ
ye, -ie
ㄧㄝ
yao, -iao
ㄧㄠ
you, -iu
ㄧㄡ
yan, -ian
ㄧㄢ
yang, -iang
ㄧㄤ
yin, -in
ㄧㄣ
ying, -ing
ㄧㄥ
Pinyin
Bopomofo
Braille
wu, -u
ㄨ
wa, -ua
ㄨㄚ
wo, -uo
ㄨㄛ
wai, -uai
ㄨㄞ
wei, -ui
ㄨㄟ
wan, -uan
ㄨㄢ
wen, -un
ㄨㄣ
wang, -uang
ㄨㄤ
weng, -ong
ㄨㄥ
Pinyin
Bopomofo
Braille
yu, -ü
ㄩ
yue, -üe
ㄩㄝ
yuan, -üan
ㄩㄢ
yun, -ün
ㄩㄣ
yong, -iong
ㄩㄥ
er
ㄦ
Tones
Tone is marked sparingly.
Tone
1
2
3
4
neutral
Pinyin
¯
´
ˇ
`
(none)
Zhuyin
(none)
ˊ
ˇ
ˋ
˙
Braille
(none)
Punctuation
Chinese Braille punctuation approximates the form of international braille punctuation, but several spread the corresponding dots across two cells rather than one. For example, the period is ⠐⠆, which is the same pattern as the international single-cell norm of ⠲.
Spaces are added between words, rather than between syllables.
Tone is marked when needed. It comes after the final.
As in bopomofo, the finals of the syllables zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi, ri are not marked.
Two examples, the first with full tone marking, the second with tone for disambiguation only:
1)
时间不早了！ (時間不早了！) ⠱⠂⠛⠩⠁⠀⠃⠥⠆⠀⠵⠖⠄⠀⠇⠢⠰⠂
⠱⠂⠛⠩⠁
时间
Shíjiān
time
⠃⠥⠆
不
bù
not
⠵⠖⠄
早
zǎo
early
⠇⠢⠰⠂
了！
le!
PFV
⠱⠂⠛⠩⠁⠃⠥⠆⠵⠖⠄⠇⠢⠰⠂
时间 不 早 了！
Shíjiān bù zǎo le!
time not early PFV
2)
草地上的花是风吹开的。 ⠉⠖⠄⠙⠊⠆⠀⠱⠦⠀⠙⠀⠓⠿⠁⠀⠱⠆⠀⠋⠼⠀⠟⠺⠅⠪⠀⠙⠐⠆
⠉⠖⠄⠙⠊⠆
草地
cǎodì
grass
⠱⠦
上
shang
above
⠙
的
de
which
⠓⠿⠁
花
huā
flower
⠱⠆
是
shi
is
⠋⠼
风
feng
wind
⠟⠺⠅⠪
吹开
chuikai
blow
⠙⠐⠆
的。
de.
by
⠉⠖⠄⠙⠊⠆⠱⠦⠙⠓⠿⠁⠱⠆⠋⠼⠟⠺⠅⠪⠙⠐⠆
草地 上 的 花 是 风 吹开 的。
cǎodì shang de huā shi feng chuikai de.
grass above which flower is wind blow by
The meaning of this metaphorical sentence should be “Flowers on the grasslands bloom because of the blowing wind.”
Ambiguity
Chinese Braille has the same low level of ambiguity that pinyin does. In practice, tone is omitted 95% of the time, which leads to a space saving of a third. Tone is also omitted in pinyin military telegraphy, and causes little confusion in context.
The initial pairs g/j, k/q, h/x are distinguished by the final: initials j, q, x are followed by the vowels i or ü, while the initials g, k, h are followed by other vowels. This reflects the historical derivation of j, q, x from g, k, h before i and ü,[5] and parallels the dual pronunciations of c and g in Spanish and Italian. In pinyin, the redundancy is resolved in the other direction, with the diaeresis omitted from ü after j, q, x. Thus braille ⟨gü⟩ is equivalent to pinyin ju:
⠛⠥gu,
⠛⠬ju.
Usage
The China Library for the Blind (Chinese:中国盲文图书馆) in Beijing has several thousand volumes, mostly published by the China Braille Press (Chinese:中国盲文出版社).[6] The National Taiwan Library has a Braille room with a postal mail service and some electronic documents.[7][irrelevant citation]
See also
A sample of Moon type in various languages including Ningbo Chinese.
↑ UNESCO (2013) World Braille UsageArchived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine , 3rd edition. (⠙ is mistakenly said to be a contraction of di in the charts, but is confirmed as de in the sample.)
↑ They also derive from z, c, s before i or ü, and this is the identity reflected in Taiwanese braille.
Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming (1892). Work for the blind in China. Printed by Gilbert & Rivington, Limited, St. John's House, Clerkenwell, London E.C.: Gilbert & Rivington, Ld. p.79. Retrieved April 23, 2012. [Original from Columbia University; digitized August 18, 2009]
External links
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