Climate in Canada varies widely from region to region. In many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, winters are long, very cold, and feature frequent snow. Most of Canada has a continental climate, which features a large annual range of temperatures, cold winters, and warm summers. Daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F ), but can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) with severe wind chills. [1] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a more temperate climate, with a mild and rainy, cloudy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). [2]
Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada. [3] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948. [4] The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies. [4] In the southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth and agricultural productivity in Canada. [5]
The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981 to 2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).
The two major Canadian cities that fall outside the continental climate schema are Vancouver and Victoria. Vancouver experiences an oceanic climate, bordering warm-summer mediterranean with a marked summer dry season. Victoria, BC is the only major Canadian city entirely in a warm-summer mediterranean climate. Of the eight largest Canadian cities, Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto have the warmest summers, Winnipeg the coldest winters, while Vancouver's winters are far milder than any other large city in Canada.
In mountainous regions such as British Columbia the variety of elevations creates micro-climates with average temperatures that can vary wildly within relatively small distances. A few small towns in southern BC outside of Vancouver, for example, have a humid continental climate (Dfb) with average winter temperatures and cold snaps comparable to other parts of the country.
Central Canada and northern Canada experiences subarctic and Arctic climates, much of them arid. Those areas are not heavily populated due to the severe climate, where it drops below −20 °C (−4 °F) on most winter days and has a very brief summer season.
Some Mountain passes in southern BC also have a subarctic or subalpine climate, creating extremely dangerous driving conditions, as drivers may be unaware of wintry road conditions when they come from nearby areas like Vancouver and Kamloops that are much warmer. [6]
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capitals, bold is the national capital.
Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Avg. high °C (°F)) | January (Avg. low °C (°F)) | July (Avg. high °C (°F)) | July (Avg. low °C (°F)) | Annual (Avg. high °C (°F)) | Annual (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alberton, PE [7] | 46°51′00″N064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | −3.9 (25.0) | −12.5 (9.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
Baker Lake, NU [8] | YBK | 64°17′56″N096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −34.8 (−30.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 6.1 (43.0) | −7.3 (18.9) | −15.2 (4.6) |
Baie-Comeau, QC [9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W | 22 m (72 ft) | −8.7 (16.3) | −19.9 (−3.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 10.3 (50.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | −3.3 (26.1) |
Calgary, AB [10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | −0.9 (30.4) | −13.2 (8.2) | 23.2 (73.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | −1.9 (28.6) |
Charlottetown , PE [11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W | 49 m (161 ft) | −3.4 (25.9) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.3 (73.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.3 (34.3) |
Churchill, MB [12] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W | 29 m (95 ft) | −21.9 (−7.4) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | −10.7 (12.7) |
Corner Brook, NL [13] | 48°57′00″N057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W | 5 m (16 ft) | −2.7 (27.1) | −9.6 (14.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
Dawson City, YT [14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | −10.3 (13.5) |
Edmonton , AB [15] | YXD | 53°34′24″N113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | −6.0 (21.2) | −14.8 (5.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.3 (48.7) | −1.0 (30.2) |
Edmundston, NB [16] | 47°20′47″N068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W | 163 m (535 ft) | −7.1 (19.2) | −18.5 (−1.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | |
Fort Nelson, BC [17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | −16.1 (3.0) | −24.6 (−12.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 5.2 (41.4) | −6.0 (21.2) |
Fredericton , NB [18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W | 21 m (69 ft) | −3.8 (25.2) | −15.0 (5.0) | 25.5 (77.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 11.4 (52.5) | −0.2 (31.6) |
Halifax , NS [19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W | 145 m (476 ft) | −1.3 (29.7) | −10.4 (13.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.9 (35.4) |
High Level, AB [20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | −15.0 (5.0) | −25.8 (−14.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | −7.2 (19.0) |
Inuvik, NT [21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −31.0 (−23.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) | −12.9 (8.8) |
Iqaluit , NU [22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W | 34 m (112 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −30.9 (−23.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 4.1 (39.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | −13.1 (8.4) |
Kamloops, BC [23] | YKA | 50°42′08″N120°26′31″W / 50.70222°N 120.44194°W | 345.3 m (1,133 ft) | 0.4 (32.7) | −5.9 (21.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.8 (58.6) | 3.7 (38.7) |
Kugluktuk, NU [24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W | 23 m (75 ft) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −31.4 (−24.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −14.4 (6.1) |
La Ronge, SK [25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | −13.4 (7.9) | −24.2 (−11.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 5.9 (42.6) | −5.5 (22.1) |
Mayo, YT [26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −28.2 (−18.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | −8.2 (17.2) |
Moncton, NB [27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W | 71 m (233 ft) | −3.7 (25.3) | −14.0 (6.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 0.1 (32.2) |
Montreal, QC [28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W | 36 m (118 ft) | −5.3 (22.5) | −14.0 (6.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 2.0 (35.6) |
Nain, NL [29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W | 6 m (20 ft) | −13.5 (7.7) | −21.6 (−6.9) | 14.9 (58.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.7 (35.1) | −6.6 (20.1) |
Norman Wells, NT [30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W | 73 m (240 ft) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 22.5 (72.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | −0.4 (31.3) | −9.9 (14.2) |
Ottawa , ON [31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W | 114 m (374 ft) | −5.8 (21.6) | −14.8 (5.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.4 (34.5) |
Princeton, BC [32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | −1.4 (29.5) | −8.6 (16.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.9 (55.2) | 0.2 (32.4) |
Quebec City , QC [33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W | 74 m (243 ft) | −7.9 (17.8) | −17.7 (0.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | −0.8 (30.6) |
Regina , SK [34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | −9.3 (15.3) | −20.1 (−4.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | −3.2 (26.2) |
Resolute, NU [35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −28.6 (−19.5) | −35.3 (−31.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | −12.7 (9.1) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
Saskatoon, SK [36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −10.1 (13.8) | −20.7 (−5.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) |
St. John's , NL [37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W | 141 m (463 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −8.2 (17.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.0 (33.8) |
Summerside, PE [38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W | 20 m (66 ft) | −3.2 (26.2) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.6 (34.9) |
Sydney, NS [39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W | 62 m (203 ft) | −1.1 (30.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 1.4 (34.5) |
Thompson, MB [40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W | 224 m (735 ft) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −29.3 (−20.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 3.4 (38.1) | −9.1 (15.6) |
Timmins, ON [41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W | 295 m (968 ft) | −10.6 (12.9) | −23.0 (−9.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | −4.3 (24.3) |
Toronto , ON [42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W | 173 m (568 ft) | −1.5 (29.3) | −9.4 (15.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 3.3 (37.9) |
Vancouver, BC [43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W | 4 m (13 ft) | 6.9 (44.4) | 1.4 (34.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 6.8 (44.2) |
Victoria , BC [44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | 1.5 (34.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.6 (42.1) |
Whitehorse , YT [45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | −11.0 (12.2) | −19.2 (−2.6) | 20.6 (69.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.1 (41.2) | −5.2 (22.6) |
Windsor, ON [46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W | 190 m (620 ft) | −0.3 (31.5) | −7.3 (18.9) | 28.1 (82.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.4 (41.7) |
Winnipeg , MB [47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W | 239 m (784 ft) | −11.3 (11.7) | −21.4 (−6.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 13.5 (56.3) | 8.7 (47.7) | −2.7 (27.1) |
Yarmouth, NS [48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W | 43 m (141 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −6.9 (19.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 3.2 (37.8) |
Yellowknife , NT [49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W | 206 m (676 ft) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −29.5 (−21.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 12.6 (54.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | −8.6 (16.5) |
Location | Region | Days >30° | Days >20° | Frosts | Max temp <0° | Days <-10° | Days <-20° | First frost | Last frost | Frost-free |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baker Lake | NU | 0.21 | 13.1 | 270.5 | 225.5 | 206.3 | 158.2 | Aug 30 | Jun 25 | 65 days |
Brandon | MB | 15.9 | 109.8 | 202.3 | 110.0 | 108.6 | 52.6 | Sep 14 | May 24 | 112 days |
Calgary | AB | 5.1 | 87.2 | 194.4 | 59.3 | 71.3 | 21.7 | Sep 16 | May 21 | 117 days |
Charlottetown | PE | 0.9 | 79.3 | 160.2 | 72.6 | 54.6 | 6.5 | Oct 17 | May 16 | 153 days |
Churchill | MB | 1.1 | 28.0 | 247.5 | 193.7 | 171.0 | 117.2 | Sep 15 | Jun 19 | 87 days |
Corner Brook | NL | 0.7 | 58.5 | 159.3 | 79.0 | 43.0 | 3.4 | Oct 13 | May 19 | 146 days |
Dawson Creek | BC | 2.6 | 62.1 | 243.7 | 156.9 | 162.4 | 104.1 | Aug 13 | Jun 3 | 70 days |
Edmonton | AB | 4.0 | 88.4 | 179.7 | 82.6 | 75.3 | 24.6 | Sep 22 | May 9 | 135 days |
Fort Frances | ON | 6.9 | 100.4 | 195.4 | 106.6 | 90.8 | 44.2 | Sep 17 | May 27 | 108 days |
Fort McMurray | AB | 5.9 | 84.2 | 212.1 | 115.8 | 119.5 | 57.5 | Sep 6 | May 30 | 97 days |
Fort Nelson | BC | 3.3 | 78.1 | 214.2 | 133.6 | 139.1 | 79.8 | Sep 11 | May 16 | 117 days |
Fort Simpson | NT | 4.2 | 73.8 | 224.3 | 159.3 | 157.3 | 101.1 | Sep 1 | May 26 | 97 days |
Fredericton | NB | 9.0 | 104.4 | 172.9 | 69.1 | 72.6 | 20.0 | Sep 25 | May 17 | 130 days |
Halifax (city) | NS | 1.0 | 78.2 | 131.0 | 47.0 | 29.8 | 0.8 | Oct 31 | May 1 | 182 days |
Hamilton | ON | 18.5 | 119.8 | 129.0 | 48.6 | 32.6 | 2.5 | Oct 16 | Apr 21 | 177 days |
High Level | AB | 2.7 | 76.5 | 224.8 | 136.3 | 138.9 | 79.9 | Sep 1 | Jun 1 | 91 days |
Iqaluit | NU | 0.0 | 2.1 | 265.8 | 212.2 | 182.4 | 130.6 | Sep 3 | Jun 20 | 74 days |
Kamloops | BC | 32.8 | 132.0 | 119.2 | 34.5 | 19.9 | 3.4 | Oct 10 | Apr 24 | 169 days |
Kuujjuaq | QC | 0.3 | 21.7 | 244.0 | 177.1 | 155.6 | 104.5 | Sep 9 | Jun 18 | 82 days |
Labrador City | NL | 0.4 | 33.1 | 232.8 | 155.3 | 144.5 | 90.6 | Sep 14 | Jun 9 | 95 days |
Liverpool | NS | 3.3 | 102.7 | 146.8 | 42.0 | 34.6 | 3.6 | Oct 5 | May 15 | 142 days |
Medicine Hat | AB | 26.5 | 120.4 | 174.6 | 58.4 | 64.4 | 22.8 | Sep 25 | May 13 | 134 days |
Moose Jaw | SK | 21.7 | 115.1 | 188.7 | 86.7 | 87.7 | 37.7 | Sep 17 | May 17 | 121 days |
Moncton | NB | 6.8 | 99.1 | 166.9 | 70.0 | 58.9 | 14.0 | Oct 2 | May 23 | 131 days |
Montreal | QC | 9.3 | 117.1 | 147.7 | 74.0 | 62.9 | 14.3 | Oct 12 | Apr 29 | 165 days |
Moosonee | ON | 6.1 | 66.3 | 224.9 | 129.1 | 125.6 | 78.4 | Aug 25 | Jun 26 | 58 days |
Nain | NL | 0.5 | 16.4 | 230.1 | 148.1 | 126.7 | 62.4 | Sep 24 | Jun 18 | 96 days |
Nanaimo | BC | 6.7 | 96.9 | 71.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | Oct 26 | Apr 14 | 194 days |
Osoyoos (west) | BC | 36.0 | 142.4 | 105.5 | 25.3 | 10.7 | 0.3 | Oct 9 | Apr 22 | 169 days |
Ottawa | ON | 13.0 | 116.4 | 154.9 | 77.5 | 67.9 | 16.3 | Oct 7 | Apr 30 | 157 days |
Princeton | BC | 24.2 | 107.6 | 177.8 | 50.6 | 33.6 | 6.4 | Sep 17 | May 23 | 116 Days |
Quebec City | QC | 5.1 | 94.1 | 170.7 | 94.9 | 84.8 | 31.1 | Oct 4 | May 11 | 145 days |
Regina | SK | 16.2 | 108.1 | 201.2 | 103.0 | 102.3 | 43.1 | Sep 12 | May 20 | 115 days |
Saguenay | QC | 7.7 | 86.8 | 189.7 | 104.9 | 99.2 | 46.6 | Sep 23 | May 22 | 123 days |
Saint John | NB | 0.9 | 74.3 | 167.2 | 60.7 | 65.7 | 14.1 | Oct 2 | May 16 | 138 days |
Saskatoon | SK | 13.1 | 103.1 | 200.4 | 108.0 | 105.6 | 47.1 | Sep 15 | May 21 | 117 days |
St. John's | NL | 0.1 | 52.6 | 166.6 | 65.9 | 34.9 | 0.6 | Oct 17 | May 30 | 139 days |
Sydney | NS | 2.3 | 74.9 | 160.8 | 60.0 | 43.2 | 2.7 | Oct 17 | May 21 | 149 days |
Thompson | MB | 3.8 | 66.9 | 238.6 | 152.5 | 150.0 | 100.0 | Aug 27 | Jun 14 | 74 days |
Toronto | ON | 11.5 | 117.2 | 100.8 | 45.9 | 21.9 | 1.2 | Nov 3 | Apr 13 | 203 days |
Toronto Airport | ON | 15.8 | 122.3 | 136.5 | 52.8 | 38.9 | 3.9 | Oct 16 | Apr 30 | 168 days |
Vancouver | BC | 0.3 | 76.5 | 40.9 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.0 | Nov 10 | Mar 18 | 237 days |
Victoria | BC | 2.1 | 78.9 | 46.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | Nov 5 | Apr 7 | 211 days |
Windsor | ON | 23.5 | 138.9 | 116.3 | 44.3 | 24.1 | 1.2 | Oct 30 | Apr 17 | 195 days |
Winnipeg | MB | 13.3 | 109.7 | 193.7 | 113.0 | 102.2 | 50.1 | Sep 22 | May 23 | 121 days |
Whitehorse | YT | 0.9 | 41.5 | 221.3 | 118.7 | 106.4 | 48.7 | Aug 25 | Jun 5 | 80 days |
Yarmouth | NS | 0.0 | 56.7 | 126.1 | 36.0 | 21.7 | 0.1 | Oct 21 | Apr 27 | 176 days |
Yellowknife | NT | 0.4 | 42.8 | 224.5 | 175.2 | 160.9 | 105.2 | Sep 18 | May 25 | 115 days |
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capital, bold is the national capital.
Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Record high °C (°F)) | January (Record low °C (°F)) | July (Record high °C (°F)) | July (Record low °C (°F)) | Annual (Extreme high °C (°F)) | Annual (Extreme low °C (°F)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alberton, PE [7] | 46°51′00″N064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | 13.2 (55.8) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | −33.0 (−27.4) | |
Alert, NU [53] [54] | YLT | 82°30′05″N62°20′20″W / 82.50139°N 62.33889°W | 30.5 m (100 ft) | 0.0 (32.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | −6.3 (20.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
Baker Lake, NU | YBK | 64°17′56″N096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −1.7 (28.9) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | −1.7 (28.9) | 33.6 (92.5) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
Baie-Comeau, QC [9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W | 22 m (72 ft) | 11.4 (52.5) | −47.2 (−53.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −47.2 (−53.0) |
Calgary, AB [10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −44.4 (−47.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 36.5 (97.7) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
Charlottetown , PE [11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W | 49 m (161 ft) | 15.1 (59.2) | −30.5 (−22.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 3.3 (37.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
Churchill, MB [12] [54] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W | 29 m (95 ft) | 1.7 (35.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.9 (98.4) | −45.4 (−49.7) |
Corner Brook, NL [13] | 48°57′00″N057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W | 5 m (16 ft) | 16.5 (61.7) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −31.7 (−25.1) | |
Dawson City, YT [14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | 9.7 (49.5) | −53.8 (−64.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | −2.0 (28.4) | 34.7 (94.5) | −55.8 (−68.4) |
Edmonton , AB [15] [54] | YXD | 53°34′24″N113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | 13.8 (56.8) | −49.4 (−56.9) | 36.7 (98.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | 37.2 (99.0) | −49.4 (−56.9) |
Edmundston, NB [16] | 47°20′47″N068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W | 163 m (535 ft) | 13.0 (55.4) | −41.0 (−41.8) | 36.0 (96.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 36.0 (96.8) | −41.0 (−41.8) | |
Fort Nelson, BC [17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | 10.7 (51.3) | −51.7 (−61.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | −51.7 (−61.1) |
Fredericton , NB [18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W | 21 m (69 ft) | 14.6 (58.3) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | 37.2 (99.0) | −37.2 (−35.0) |
Halifax , NS [19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W | 145 m (476 ft) | 14.8 (58.6) | −28.5 (−19.3) | 33.9 (93.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −28.5 (−19.3) |
High Level, AB [20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 11.3 (52.3) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −0.2 (31.6) | 35.2 (95.4) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
Inuvik, NT [21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W | 68 m (223 ft) | 5.4 (41.7) | −54.4 (−65.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | −3.3 (26.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −56.7 (−70.1) |
Iqaluit , NU [22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W | 34 m (112 ft) | 3.9 (39.0) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
Kugluktuk, NU [24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W | 23 m (75 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −47.3 (−53.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | −0.8 (30.6) | 34.9 (94.8) | −47.3 (−53.1) |
La Ronge, SK [25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | 12.5 (54.5) | −48.3 (−54.9) | 35.5 (95.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −48.3 (−54.9) |
Mayo, YT [26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.1 (50.2) | −58.3 (−72.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | −2.8 (27.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −62.2 (−80.0) |
Moncton, NB [27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W | 71 m (233 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 1.2 (34.2) | 37.2 (99.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
Montreal, QC [28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W | 36 m (118 ft) | 13.9 (57.0) | −37.8 (−36.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | −37.8 (−36.0) |
Nain, NL [29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W | 6 m (20 ft) | 10.5 (50.9) | −39.4 (−38.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | −41.5 (−42.7) |
Norman Wells, NT [30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W | 73 m (240 ft) | 12.4 (54.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
Ottawa , ON [31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W | 114 m (374 ft) | 12.9 (55.2) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
Princeton, BC [32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | 13.3 (55.9) | −41.1 (−42.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | −42.8 (−45.0) |
Quebec City , QC [33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W | 74 m (243 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −35.4 (−31.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
Regina , SK [34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | 10.4 (50.7) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −2.2 (28.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
Resolute, NU [35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
Saskatoon, SK [36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
St. John's , NL [37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W | 141 m (463 ft) | 15.7 (60.3) | −23.3 (−9.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | −1.1 (30.0) | 31.5 (88.7) | −23.8 (−10.8) |
Summerside, PE [38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 12.1 (53.8) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 33.3 (91.9) | −29.9 (−21.8) |
Sydney, NS [39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W | 62 m (203 ft) | 16.9 (62.4) | −26.2 (−15.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | −27.3 (−17.1) |
Thompson, MB [40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W | 224 m (735 ft) | 8.1 (46.6) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 35.9 (96.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | 37.4 (99.3) | −48.9 (−56.0) |
Timmins, ON [41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W | 295 m (968 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | −44.2 (−47.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
Toronto , ON [42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W | 173 m (568 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −31.3 (−24.3) | 37.6 (99.7) | 3.9 (39.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | −31.3 (−24.3) |
Vancouver, BC [43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W | 4 m (13 ft) | 15.3 (59.5) | −17.8 (0.0) | 34.4 (93.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −17.8 (0.0) |
Victoria , BC [44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −15.6 (3.9) | 36.3 (97.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 36.3 (97.3) | −15.6 (3.9) |
Whitehorse , YT [45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | 9.0 (48.2) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
Windsor, ON [46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W | 190 m (620 ft) | 17.8 (64.0) | −29.1 (−20.4) | 38.3 (100.9) | 5.6 (42.1) | 40.2 (104.4) | −29.1 (−20.4) |
Winnipeg , MB [47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W | 239 m (784 ft) | 7.8 (46.0) | −42.2 (−44.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
Yarmouth, NS [48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W | 43 m (141 ft) | 14.0 (57.2) | −21.3 (−6.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | −23.6 (−10.5) |
Yellowknife , NT [49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W | 206 m (676 ft) | 3.4 (38.1) | −51.2 (−60.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.5 (90.5) | −51.2 (−60.2) |
Climate change in Canada has had large impacts on the country's environment and landscapes. These events are likely to become even more frequent and severe in the future due to the continued release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasing concern over time. [55] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 degrees Celsius since 1948. The rate of warming is even higher in Canada's north, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. The country's precipitation has increased in recent years and extreme weather events have become more common.
Canada is currently the world's 10th largest greenhouse gas emitter, [56] and has a long history of producing industrial emissions going back to the late 19th century. In 2019 transport and oil and gas extraction together emitted over half of the total. [57] Canada's fossil fuel extraction industry has increased its greenhouse gas emissions by 21.6% since 1990.
Canada is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. In July 2021, Canada enhanced the Paris Agreement plans with a new goal of reducing emissions by 40–45% below 2005 levels by 2030. [58] Several climate change mitigation policies have been implemented in the country, such as carbon pricing, emissions trading and climate change funding programs. In 2019, the House of Commons voted to declare a national climate emergency in Canada.Weather Stations locations in Canada.
Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source as in the case of Jupiter, or from its host star as in the case of the Earth. In the case of Earth, the Sun emits shortwave radiation (sunlight) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits longwave radiation that is mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. The absorption of longwave radiation prevents it from reaching space, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off.
This glossary of climate change is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to climate change, global warming, and related topics.
Gold River is a village municipality located close to the geographic centre of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. In terms of the Island's human geography it is considered to be part of the "North Island", even though it technically is on the Island's west coast.
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, bordered by the Pacific Ocean. With an area of 944,735 km2 (364,764 sq mi) it is Canada's third-largest province. The province is almost four times the size of the United Kingdom and larger than every United States state except Alaska. It is bounded on the northwest by the U.S. state of Alaska, directly north by Yukon and the Northwest Territories, on the east by Alberta, and on the south by the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Formerly part of the British Empire, the southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty. The province is dominated by mountain ranges, among them the Canadian Rockies but dominantly the Coast Mountains, Cassiar Mountains, and the Columbia Mountains. Most of the population is concentrated on the Pacific coast, notably in the area of Vancouver, located on the southwestern tip of the mainland, which is known as the Lower Mainland. It is the most mountainous province of Canada.
The geography of Toronto, Ontario, covers an area of 630 km2 (240 sq mi) and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south; Etobicoke Creek, Eglinton Avenue, and Highway 427 to the west; Steeles Avenue to the north; and the Rouge River and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east. In addition to Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River, the city is trisected by two minor rivers and their tributaries, the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown. Both flow southward to Lake Ontario at Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour respectively, which are part of the longer Waterfront, as well as Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River.
The city of Vancouver, located in British Columbia, Canada, has a temperate oceanic climate. Its summer months are typically dry and modestly warm, while the rest of the year is rainy, especially between October and March. The region has frequent cloudy and overcast skies during the late fall, winter, and spring.
Texas' weather varies widely, from arid in the west to humid in the east. The huge expanse of Texas encompasses several regions with distinctly different climates: Northern Plains, Trans-Pecos Region, Texas Hill Country, Piney Woods, and South Texas. Generally speaking, the part of Texas that lies to the east of Interstate 35 is subtropical, while the portion that lies to the west of Interstate 35 is arid desert.
Montreal is the second largest city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec, located along the Saint Lawrence River at its junction with the Ottawa River. The city is geographically constrained, with the majority on the Island of Montreal in the Hochelaga Archipelago, and has several prominent features, including the eponymous Mount Royal. The region experiences four distinct seasons and is classified as a humid continental climate, with very cold and snowy winters and warm and humid summers.
The climate of New York (state) is generally humid continental, while the extreme southeastern portion of the state lies in the warmer humid subtropical climate zone. Winter temperatures average below freezing during January and February in much of the state of New York, but several degrees above freezing along the Atlantic coastline, including New York City.
Climate change has serious effects on Russia's climate, including average temperatures and precipitation, as well as permafrost melting, more frequent wildfires, flooding and heatwaves. Changes may affect inland flash floods, more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion reduced snow cover and glacier melting, and may ultimately lead to species losses and changes in ecosystem functioning.
The climate of Finland is influenced most by its latitude: Finland is located between 60 and 70 N. Because of Finland's northern location, winter is the longest season. Only on the south coast and in the southwest is summer as long as winter. On average, winter lasts from early January to late February in the outermost islands in the archipelago and the warmest locations along the southwestern coast – notably in Hanko – and from early October to mid May in the most elevated locations, such as northwestern Lapland and the lowest valleys in northeastern Lapland. This means that southern portions of the country are snow-covered about three to four months of the year, and the northern for about seven months. The long winter causes about half of the annual 500 to 600 millimetres precipitation in the north to fall as snow. Precipitation in the south amounts to about 600 to 700 millimetres annually. Like that of the north, it occurs all through the year, though not so much of it is snow.
Like other parts of the world, climate in Idaho has changed dramatically over the geologic history of the Earth. Paleo-climatic records give some indication of these changes. The longest instrumented records of climate in Idaho extend back to the late 1800s. Concern over human induced climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and methane from agriculture and industry, are driving research efforts across the state at university, state, and federals levels to understand what the implications of climate change could be in Idaho.
Climate change in Canada has had large impacts on the country's environment and landscapes. These events are likely to become even more frequent and severe in the future due to the continued release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasing concern over time. Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 degrees Celsius since 1948. The rate of warming is even higher in Canada's north, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. The country's precipitation has increased in recent years and extreme weather events have become more common.
The south of Sweden has a temperate climate, despite its northern latitude, with largely four distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year. The winter in the far south is usually weak and is manifested only through some shorter periods with snow and sub-zero temperatures, autumn may well turn into spring there, without a distinct period of winter. The northern parts of the country have a subarctic climate while the central parts have a humid continental climate. The coastal south can be defined as having either a humid continental climate using the 0 °C isotherm, or an oceanic climate using the –3 °C isotherm.
Western Canada, also referred to as the Western provinces, Canadian West or the Western provinces of Canada, and commonly known within Canada as the West, is a Canadian region that includes the four western provinces just north of the Canada–United States border namely British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The people of the region are often referred to as "Western Canadians" or "Westerners", and though diverse from province to province are largely seen as being collectively distinct from other Canadians along cultural, linguistic, socioeconomic, geographic and political lines. They account for approximately 32% of Canada's total population.
Climate change has led to extreme weather events in South Korea that affects: social, economy, industry, culture, and many other sectors. South Korea is experiencing changes in climate parameters. Such parameters include annual temperature, rainfall amounts, and precipitation.
Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, and although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is closer to continental climate rather than maritime climate. The temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean.
In France, climate change has caused some the greatest annual temperature increases registered in any country in Europe. The 2019 heat wave saw record temperatures of 46.0 °C. Heat waves and other extreme weather events are expected to increase with continued climate change. Other expected environmental impacts include increased floods due to both sea level rise and increased glacier melt. These environmental changes will lead to shifts in ecosystems and affect local organisms. Climate change will also cause economic losses in France, particularly in the agriculture and fisheries sectors.
Climate change in New York encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases, in the U.S. state of New York. It is of concern due to its impact on the people, ecosystem, and economy of the state. Many parts of the state are already experiencing weather changes, and sea-level rise, and threatening local communities.