| The Continental Op | |
|---|---|
 | |
| First appearance | Black Mask , October 1923 issue |
| Created by | Dashiell Hammett |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Occupation | Private investigator |
The Continental Op is a fictional character created by Dashiell Hammett. He is a private investigator employed as an operative of the Continental Detective Agency's San Francisco office. The stories are all told in the first person and his name is never given.
The Continental Op is a master of deceit in the exercise of his occupation. In his 1927 Black Mask story "$106,000 Blood Money" the Op is confronted with a dilemma: should he expose a corrupt fellow detective, thereby hurting the reputation of his agency; and should he also allow an informant to collect the $106,000 reward in a big case even though he is morally certain—but cannot prove—that the informant has murdered one of his agency's clients? The Op resolves his two problems neatly by manipulating events so that the corrupt detective and the informant get into an armed confrontation in which both are killed.
Decades of witnessing human cruelty, misery, and ruin, as well as being instrumental in sending hundreds of people to jail, or to the gallows, have greatly weakened the Op's natural sympathy with his fellow men. He fears becoming like his boss, "The Old Man", whom he describes as "a shell, without any human feelings whatsoever".
In the penultimate chapter of The Dain Curse , a female client, whose life the Op has saved three times, while also curing her of morphine addiction, says to him:
- "You came in just now, and then I saw—"
- She stopped.
- "What?"
- "A monster. A nice one, an especially nice one to have around when you're in trouble, but a monster just the same, without any human foolishness like love in him, and—What's the matter? Have I said something I shouldn't?"
The Op is one of the first major hardboiled detectives [1] later developed in such characters as Hammett's own Sam Spade, Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer, Ross Macdonald's Lew Archer and others.
As many of Hammett's short stories were later published in collected volumes, the publishing history of these works is sometimes confused. The Continental Op made his debut in the October 1923 issue of Black Mask , making him one of the earliest hard-boiled private detective characters to appear in the pulp magazines of the early twentieth century. He appeared in 36 short stories, all but two of which appeared in Black Mask.
With the intent of transitioning from short stories to novels, Hammett began writing linked stories in 1924, "The House in Turk Street" and "The Girl with the Silver Eyes". Two other related stories, "The Big Knockover" and "$106,000 Blood Money" appeared in Black Mask in 1927. The transition culminated in 1927, with the linked stories which formed the basis for his first two novels, Red Harvest [2] and The Dain Curse, [3] both novels released in 1929. The texts in the novels differ from the pulp magazine versions as they were revised by an editor at Alfred A. Knopf.
Starting in the Second World War, many of the short stories were reprinted as serials in American newspapers, sometimes under different titles. Ten collections of Hammett short works, including most of the Continental Op stories, were published by Mercury Publications under an imprint, either "Bestsellers Mystery", "A Jonathan Press Mystery" or "Mercury Mystery". The majority of these collections printed as paperbacks contained introductory essays by Ellery Queen. Frederic Dannay, half of the duo using the pseudonym Ellery Queen, compiled and edited the Hammett's stories such that these versions are not complete. Of the ten, the following contain Continental Op stories: $106,000 Blood Money [4] (later republished as The Big Knock-Over), [5] The Continental Op, [6] The Return of the Continental Op, [7] Hammett Homicides, [8] Dead Yellow Women, [9] Nightmare Town, [10] Creeping Siamese, [11] and Women in the Dark. [12] When the paperback collections proved popular, World Publishing under their "Tower Books" imprint, published them in hardcover. Many of these edited versions were later republished as Dell mapbacks.
In the late 1960s, Hammett's writing was rediscovered and republished with somewhat confusing titles. Of the 28 stories not a part of Red Harvest or The Dain Curse, 26 have been made available in one of three collections, The Big Knockover, [13] The Continental Op, [14] and Nightmare Town. [15] These new anthologies do not include the same stories as the similarly titled Mercury Publications. Up until the 21st century these three volumes were the easiest way to access most of the stories. However, all of these collections used the abridged versions Dannay created for his compilations.
The Library of America's Complete Novels [16] includes both Red Harvest and The Dain Curse as printed by Knopf. The companion collection Crime Stories and Other Writings [17] does not include the original pulp magazine texts. For the first two printings of this collection, as is said in the Notes on the Texts: "No copy is known to be extant of the issue of the pulp magazine Mystery Stories in which 'This King Business' initially appeared, in January 1928." When a copy was located a third printing was issued with the integral text. [18] [ self-published source? ]
In 2017, Vintage Crime published a complete collection of all 36 Continental Op stories also based on the pulp magazine texts and an, until then, unpublished story fragment entitled "Three Dimes." [19] [20]
Using the texts that were first published in the pulp magazines, The Big Book of the Continental Op [19] includes all 37 entries of the list; the 28 short stories, the unfinished story and the eight parts of the two serialized novels, The Cleansing of Poisonville ( Red Harvest ) and The Dain Curse as they first appeared in the pulp magazines.
| # | Title | Alternate Title | Magazine | Date | Collections | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | "Arson Plus" | Black Mask | October 1, 1923 | [19] [17] | (as Peter Collinson) Suspecting insurance fraud, the Op investigates the burning of an isolated farmhouse and its reclusive inhabitant. | |
| 2 | "Crooked Souls" | "The Gatewood Caper" | Black Mask | October 15, 1923 | [19] [17] [13] | A bullying lumber baron has lost a daughter to kidnappers, but the Op isn't convinced—of anything. |
| 3 | "Slippery Fingers" | Black Mask | October 15, 1923 | [19] [17] | (as Peter Collinson) The Op and the police search for the owner of the fingerprints strewn over the scene of a gory murder. | |
| 4 | "It" | "The Black Hat That Wasn't There" | Black Mask | November 1, 1923 | [19] | A reckless businessman plots theft and elopement, then disappears, until the Op locates him in a pitch-dark basement. |
| 5 | "Bodies Piled Up" | "The House Dick" | Black Mask | December 1, 1923 | [19] [15] | Posing as a killer hunting a killer works too well as the Op gets caught in a crossfire. |
| 6 | "The Tenth Clew" | "The Tenth Clue" | Black Mask | January 1, 1924 | [19] [17] [14] [7] | A rich man is killed with a typewriter and the Op gets dumped into San Francisco Bay. |
| 7 | "Night Shots" | Black Mask | February 1924 | [19] [15] | In a lonely country house, the Op investigates pot-shots aimed at a sick old scoundrel. | |
| 8 | "Zigzags of Treachery" | Black Mask | March 1, 1924 | [19] [17] [15] | When a prominent surgeon commits suicide and an unknown wife shows up, the Op and other agents follow suspect after suspect to untangle a decades-old conspiracy. | |
| 9 | "One Hour" | Black Mask | April 1924 | [19] [15] [7] | In a busy hour, a hit-and-run leads the Op to a print shop where he's mobbed. | |
| 10 | "The House in Turk Street" | Black Mask | April 15, 1924 | [19] [17] [14] | Routine questions on a quiet street tumble the Op into a den of thieves. | |
| 11 | "The Girl with Silver Eyes" | Black Mask | June 1924 | [19] [17] [14] | Following on "Turk Street", a dead poet leads the Op to a dark night's shootout outside a rough-and-tumble roadhouse. | |
| 12 | "Women, Politics and Murder" | "Death on Pine Street" | Black Mask | September 1924 | [19] [17] [15] | The Op shuttles between a hysterical wife and a dead-pan mistress, knowing both are liars, to learn who killed a city contractor. |
| 13 | "The Golden Horseshoe" | Black Mask | November 1924 | [19] [17] [14] | The Op finds a hophead husband who ran away to Tijuana, but the wife he left behind turns up dead. | |
| 14 | "Who Killed Bob Teal?" | True Detective Mysteries | November 1924 | [19] [15] | A fellow Continental detective was killed while shadowing a suspect, so the Op and a city cop retrace his steps. The basic elements of the detective's murder are reused in The Maltese Falcon . | |
| 15 | "Mike, Alec or Rufus?" | "Tom, Dick or Harry" | Black Mask | January 1925 | [19] [15] | The cops are stumped by a robber who ran into an apartment house and didn't come out, but not the Op. |
| 16 | "The Whosis Kid" | Black Mask | March 1925 | [17] [19] [14] [7] | On a hunch, the Op trails a stick-up artist and worms his way into a "double-, triple- and septuple-cross". | |
| 17 | "The Scorched Face" | Black Mask | May 1925 | [19] [17] [13] | Hunting two missing daughters, the Op uncovers a rash of debutante suicides and disappearances. | |
| 18 | "Corkscrew" | Black Mask | September 1925 | [19] [13] | The Op is appointed Deputy Sheriff of Corkscrew, Arizona, where cowboys keep getting killed. | |
| 19 | "Dead Yellow Women" | Black Mask | November 1925 | [19] [17] [13] | The Op braves the dark alleys of Chinatown to learn why a seaside mansion was raided by Asian strangers. | |
| 20 | "The Gutting of Couffignal" | Black Mask | December 1925 | [19] [17] [13] [7] | On a wealthy summer island, the Continental Op tries to thwart an invasion when the lights go off and machine guns fire up. | |
| 21 | "Creeping Siamese" | Black Mask | March 1926 | [19] [17] | A man dies in the Continental office without revealing who knifed him. The Op connects the crime with the victim's decade-old adventures in Asia. | |
| 22 | "The Big Knock-Over" | Black Mask | February 1927 | [19] [17] [13] | An army of imported gangsters raided two banks, and the Op dodges bullets and fists to find the mastermind. | |
| 23 | "$106,000 Blood Money" | Black Mask | May 1927 | [19] [17] [13] | In the aftermath of "The Big Knockover", the Op hunts the double-crossing mastermind, as do "half the crooks in the country". | |
| 24 | "The Main Death" | Black Mask | June 1927 | [19] [17] [14] | The Op ignores a suicide to get back $20,000 - at gun point. | |
| 25 | "The Cleansing of Poisonville" | Red Harvest [2] | Black Mask | November 1927 | [19] | Summoned to "Poisonville", the Op finds his client was murdered. The dead man's father rules the town, so the Op strikes a deal to clean up the town "with a free hand". Dodging double-crossing cops and crooks, he exposes the murderer. And refuses to call off the "cleansing". |
| 26 | "Crime Wanted - Male or Female" | Red Harvest [2] | Black Mask | December 1927 | [19] | Stirring up trouble, the Op un-fixes a fight and investigates a year-old "suicide" of the police chief's brother, just as someone dynamites the City Hall holding cells. "Poisonville was beginning to boil out under the lid." |
| 27 | "Dynamite" | Red Harvest [2] | Black Mask | January 1928 | [19] | A raid on a bootlegger's roadhouse makes the cops miss a bank robbery. As the mob ruling "Poisonville" gathers for a "peace conference", the Op tosses "dynamite" that exposes multiple frame-ups and shatters the partnership. |
| 28 | "The 19th Murder" | Red Harvest [2] | Black Mask | February 1928 | [19] | Getting "blood simple as the natives", the Op wakes to find he may have ice-picked his female informer, so runs from the law while steering the mobs into a final battle for control of "Poisonville". |
| 29 | "This King Business" | Mystery Stories | January 1928 | [19] [17] [13] | Seeking a wayward son in the Balkan country of Muravia, the Op learns the boy is funding a kingly coup. | |
| 30 | "Black Lives" | The Dain Curse [3] | Black Mask | November 1928 | [19] | |
| 31 | "The Hollow Temple" | The Dain Curse [3] | Black Mask | December 1928 | [19] | |
| 32 | "Black Honeymoon" | The Dain Curse [3] | Black Mask | January 1929 | [19] | |
| 33 | "Black Riddle" | The Dain Curse [3] | Black Mask | February 1929 | [19] | |
| 34 | "Fly Paper" | Black Mask | August 1929 | [19] [17] [13] | The Op finds a "wandering daughter" who liked rough "yeggs" and ended up dead. | |
| 35 | "The Farewell Murder" | Black Mask | February 1930 | [19] [17] [14] | The Op struggles to prove a vendetta-bent sadist wasn't nine hours away at the time of a grisly killing. | |
| 36 | "Death and Company" | Black Mask | November 1930 | [19] [7] | Kidnappers collect ransom money from under the noses of the police, then kill their hostage. Death catches the culprit before the Op can. | |
| 37 | "Three Dimes" | 2017 | [19] | Unpublished - posthumously published in The Big Book of the Continental Op Unfinished story that exist only as a partial draft and a set of notes. |
Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 through the 1960s. The term "pulp" derives from the cheap wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed. In contrast, magazines printed on higher-quality paper were called "glossies" or "slicks". The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages; it was 7 inches (18 cm) wide by 10 inches (25 cm) high, and 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) thick, with ragged, untrimmed edges. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, and short-fiction magazines of the 19th century.
Raymond Thornton Chandler was an American-British novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a detective fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His first short story, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in 1933 in Black Mask, a popular pulp magazine. His first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In addition to his short stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime. All but Playback have been made into motion pictures, some more than once. In the year before his death, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America.
The Maltese Falcon is a 1930 detective novel by American writer Dashiell Hammett, originally serialized in the magazine Black Mask beginning with the September 1929 issue. The story is told entirely in external third-person narrative; there is no description whatsoever of any character's thoughts or feelings, only what they say and do, and how they look. The novel has been adapted several times for the cinema.
Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American writer of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories. He was also a screenwriter and political activist. Among the characters he created are Sam Spade, Nick and Nora Charles, The Continental Op and the comic strip character Secret Agent X-9.
Mystery is a fiction genre where the nature of an event, usually a murder or other crime, remains mysterious until the end of the story. Often within a closed circle of suspects, each suspect is usually provided with a credible motive and a reasonable opportunity for committing the crime. The central character is often a detective, who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts presented to the reader. Some mystery books are non-fiction. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element and its logical solution such as a whodunit. Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism.
Black Mask was a pulp magazine first published in April 1920 by the journalist H. L. Mencken and the drama critic George Jean Nathan. It is most well-known today for launching the hardboiled crime subgenre of mystery fiction, publishing now-classic works by Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, Erle Stanley Gardner, Cornell Woolrich, Paul Cain, Carroll John Daly, and others.
Red Harvest (1929) is a novel by American writer Dashiell Hammett. The story is narrated by the Continental Op, a frequent character in Hammett's fiction, much of which is drawn from his own experiences as an operative of the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The plot follows the Op's investigation of several murders amid a labor dispute in a corrupt Montana mining town. Some of the novel was inspired by the Anaconda Road massacre, a 1920 labor dispute in the mining town of Butte, Montana.
Sam Spade is a fictional character and the protagonist of Dashiell Hammett's 1930 novel The Maltese Falcon. Spade also appeared in four lesser-known short stories by Hammett.
The Simple Art of Murder is the title of several quasi-connected publications by hard-boiled detective fiction author Raymond Chandler:
Hardboiled fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction. The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Nick Charles, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op.
The Glass Key is a novel by American writer Dashiell Hammett. First published as a serial in Black Mask magazine in 1930, it then was collected in 1931. It tells the story of a gambler and racketeer, Ned Beaumont, whose devotion to Paul Madvig, a crooked political boss, leads him to investigate the murder of a local senator's son as a potential gang war brews. Hammett dedicated the novel to his onetime lover Nell Martin.
The Dain Curse is a novel by American writer Dashiell Hammett, published in 1929. Before its publication in book form, it was serialized in Black Mask magazine in 1928 and 1929.
Carroll John Daly (1889–1958) was a writer of crime fiction. One of the earliest writers of hard-boiled fiction, he is best known for his detective character Race Williams, who appeared in a number of stories for Black Mask magazine in the 1920s.
The Gutting of Couffignal (1925) is a hardboiled crime short story by Dashiell Hammett. It has been reprinted many times in different collections, namely: The Return of the Continental Op,The Big Knockover,Crime Stories and Other Writings, and The Big Book of the Continental Op.
George Caryl Sims, better known by his pen names Paul Cain and Peter Ruric, was an American pulp fiction author and screenwriter. He is best known for his novel Fast One, which is considered to be a landmark of the pulp fiction genre and was called the "high point in the ultra hard-boiled manner" by Raymond Chandler. Lee Server, author of the Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers, called Fast One "a cold-hearted, machine-gun-paced masterwork" and his other writings "gemlike, stoic and merciless vignettes that seemed to come direct from the bootlegging front lines."
Mercury Publications was a magazine publishing company,initially owned and operated by Lawrence E. Spivak, which mainly published genre fiction in digest-sized formats. The focus of Spivak's line was on detective and mystery stories and novels, but it also included magazines about humor, fantasy, and true crime. The offices were located at 570 Lexington Avenue in New York, NY and in later years in Cornwall, Connecticut.
Raoul Whitfield was an American writer of adventure, aviation, and hardboiled crime fiction. During his writing career, from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, Whitfield published over 300 short stories and serials in pulp magazines, as well as nine books, including Green Ice (1930) and Death in a Bowl (1931). For his novels and contributions to the Black Mask, Whitfield is considered one of the original members of the hard-boiled school of American detective fiction and has been referred as "the Black Mask's forgotten man".
Stephen Gould Fisher was an American author best known for his pulp stories, novels and screenplays. He is one of the few pulp authors to go on to enjoy success as both an author in "slick" magazines, such as the Saturday Evening Post, and as an in-demand writer in Hollywood.
"The House in Turk Street" is an early short story by Dashiell Hammett, featuring the Continental Op. It was first published in Black Mask in April 1924. This story indicates Hammett was turning towards themes of increasing violence in his stories, and its savagery has been commented upon, particularly the massacre which occurs at the end.
Frederick Lewis Nebel, was an American writer. Although he published more than 300 stories and three novels, many of which were adapted for film, he is best known today for his hardboiled detective fiction.
