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 Somaliland |  United States |
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Somaliland and the United States do not have official diplomatic relations. While Somaliland operates a representative liaison office in Washington, D.C., it does not have formal diplomatic status under the provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. [1] Both countries do maintain contact as delegations from both sides have met in the past.
The U.S. policy regarding Somaliland is to first allow the African Union to deliberate the question regarding the status of Somaliland as an independent nation. The United States engages Somaliland on policy matters such as democratization and economic development.
In June 1960, during its brief period of independence, Somaliland garnered recognition from thirty-five sovereign states. [2] However, the United States merely acknowledged Somaliland's independence:
The United States did not extend formal recognition to Somaliland, but Secretary of State Herter sent a congratulatory message dated June 26 to the Somaliland Council of Ministers. [3]
United States Secretary of State Christian Herter sent the following letter:
- June 26, 1960
- Their Excellencies,
- Council of Ministers of Somaliland, Hargeisa.
- Your Excellencies: I extend my best wishes and congratulations on the achievement of your independence. This is a noteworthy milestone in your history, and it is with pleasure that I send
- my warmest regards on this happy occasion.
- Christian a. Herter
- Secretary of State, United States of America.
In 2007, the United States provided one million dollars in aid through the International Republican Institute to support training for parliamentarians and other key programs in preparations for the 2010 presidential election. The U.S. expected to provide an additional one point five million in continued support for the democratization process in Somaliland following the elections. [5]
From March 20 to March 28, 2010, a delegation of Somaliland senior ministers and parliamentarians visited the United States on an invitation from the U.S. The delegation met with senior officials of the National Security Council in the Executive Building of the White House. The delegation had multiple discussions with the leadership of the State Department's Africa Bureau including the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African affairs, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Africa. The meetings were also attended by senior officials from the U.S. Department of Defense and other relevant U.S. government bureaus and agencies. Both nations explored Somaliland's political status in light of the Djibouti Peace Process. Discussions revolved around religious extremism, terrorism, piracy, and the lack of adequate social and economic development. The U.S. side pledged its support and agreed to the creation of a joint follow-up group to monitor progress made. The delegation also had discussions with US-based private and non-profit organizations and multilateral donors such as USAID and the World Bank. The delegation emphasized areas that have the greatest impact on people's daily existence, such as clean potable water, improved agriculture, health, education, and rural development. The delegation concluded its visit meeting with the Somaliland community in Washington D.C. [6]
On September 24, 2010, Johnnie Carson, the then-Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, stated that the United States would be modifying its strategy in Somalia and would seek deeper engagement with the governments of Somaliland and Puntland while continuing to support the Somali Transitional Government. [7] Carson said the U.S. would send aid workers and diplomats to Puntland and Somaliland and alluded to the possibility of future development projects. However, Carson emphasized that the U.S. would not extend formal recognition to either region. [8]
In June 2014, Somaliland and the USAID inaugurated a new wind energy project at Hargeisa Airport. The new wind power facility is under the authority of the Somaliland Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, which will manage it through a public-private partnership and oversee its daily operations. The initiative is part of the larger Partnership for Economic Growth, a bilateral program that has invested over fourteen million dollars in Somaliland's energy, livestock and agriculture sectors as well as in private sector development. The partnership aims, in particular, to establish local renewable energy technologies, with the new wind energy facility expected to offer a more cost-effective alternative to diesel fuel. It is also slated to provide power to both the Hargeisa airport and the surrounding communities. [9] The investment in building the airport came as a result of the USAID investing nearly fifty million dollars in Somaliland since 2010 in areas such as community stabilization, governance, education, health, and economic growth.
In August 2020, the United States praised Somaliland and Taiwan for formalizing relations. In a tweet from the National Security Council's archived Twitter account from the then-Trump administration, it stated, "Great to see #Taiwan stepping up its engagement in East #Africa in a time of such tremendous need. #Taiwan is a great partner in health, education, technical assistance, and more!" [10]
In November 2021, for the first time members of the United States Congress met with a Somaliland delegation at the United States Capitol. Bashir Goth, the leader of the delegation who is the head of Somaliland's representative office in Alexandria, Virginia stated the purpose of the visit, "We have come to the U.S. to show them that we have the same enemy, and our long-term strategy is we want to be closer to democracies and market economies like the U.S. We are countering China [and] the Chinese influence in the Horn of Africa and we deserve [U.S. government] help." The delegation included Foreign Minister Essa Kayd and special envoy Edna Adan Ismail, the former Foreign Minister of Somaliland. One of the goals of the delegation was advocating for the U.S. to remove Somaliland from its inclusion in the State Department's "Level 4: Do not travel" classification for Somalia. Staffers for Senators Jim Risch, Lindsey Graham, and Representatives Chris Smith, Kay Granger, and Michael McCaul embarked on a fact-finding mission to find the strategic value of interacting with officials from Somaliland to counter China's reach in Africa which they concurred when they returned back home after they visited Somaliland the following month in December. American federal agencies that met with the delegation, USAID, Department of Defense, and the State Department. According to the State Department they, "expressed a willingness to explore opportunities to cooperate with Somaliland on issues of mutual interest." But the agencies made reference to Somaliland's strained relationship with Somalia and support for the "territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Somalia" and urged a "mutually acceptable solution on the question of Somaliland's status." The meetings also did not discuss potential American military personnel or equipment. [11] [12]
President of Somaliland, Muse Bihi Abdi visited the United States on March 14, 2022, marking the first time a leader of either country made a formal visit to the respective nations. Both Abdi and Foreign Minister Essa Kayd met with members of Congress and Biden administration officials. Bihi suggested the U.S. could open a diplomatic office in Somaliland's capital of Hargeisa. [13] Both sides urged closer cooperation, but the U.S. stopped short of recognizing Somaliland. American officials fear recognizing Somaliland would destabilize relations with Somalia, other African nations, and the African Union. And that it may further escalate the ongoing conflict in Somalia. [14] Abdi spoke at an event hosted by The Heritage Foundation arguing for closer ties and recognition from the U.S. [15]
After meeting with Abdi and Kayd, Congressman Scott Perry introduced legislation to formally recognize Somaliland titled "Republic of Somaliland Independence Act". [16] In June 2022, a watered-down version of the bill was introduced titled as "Somaliland Partnership Act" which would not explicitly recognize Somaliland as a country, but instead that would require "the Department of State to report to Congress on engagement with Somaliland, and to conduct a feasibility study, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, regarding the establishment of a partnership between the United States and Somaliland." [17] [18] [19] Neither act became law. [20] [21]
On May 12, 2022, Larry André Jr., the American ambassador to Somalia, and General Stephen J. Townsend, Commander of the United States Africa Command met with Abdi in Hargeisa in what was described as the U.S not promoting the "secessionist ideology being pushed by Somaliland" in the context of the 2022 Somaliland presidential election and continuing the "single Somalia policy" while urging close cooperation between Somalia and Somaliland. [22]
Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is an unrecognised country in the Horn of Africa, recognised internationally as de jure part of Somalia. It is located in the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden and bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the south and west, and Somalia to the east. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 6.2 million residents as of 2024. The capital and largest city is Hargeisa. The Government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland, which, as the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united from 1960 to 1991 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.
Foreign relations of the Republic of Somaliland are the responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Somaliland. The region's self-declaration of independence remains unrecognised by the international community.
Hussein Ali Dualeh, commonly known as Awil, is a Somali diplomat and politician who served as the Finance Minister of Somaliland, and former ambassador of the Somali Democratic Republic to Kenya and Uganda. Dualeh was appointed as presidential advisor on Foreign Affairs and International Recognition to Somaliland to former President Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud and Senior Adviser to the President Muse Bihi Abdi to negotiate with Somalia. He is considered a great expert on the affairs of the Horn of Africa.
Somaliland, officially the State of Somaliland, was a short-lived independent country in the territory of the present-day unilaterally declared Republic of Somaliland, which regards itself as its legal successor. It existed on the territory of former British Somaliland for five days between 26 June 1960 and 1 July 1960, when it merged with the formerly Italian administered Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.
Egal International Airport, is an airport in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, named after Somaliland's second president Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, the airport underwent major renovations in 2012–2013. In 2002 the airport handled 85,800 passengers & 4,300 tons of cargo on a total of 6,120 landings.
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to Somaliland:
Musa Bihi Abdi is a Somaliland politician and former military officer who has been President of Somaliland since December 2017. During the 1970s, he served as a pilot in the Somali Air Force under the Siad Barre administration. In 2010, Bihi was appointed the chairman of the ruling Kulmiye of Republic of Somaliland. In November 2015, Bihi was selected as the party's Presidential Candidate at the 5th annual central committee convention.
Events of 2020 in Somaliland.
The Somaliland Declaration of Independence was made on 18 May 1991 by Somali sultans from the Isaaq, Dhulbahante, Issa, Gadabursi, Warsangali clans, as well as the Somali National Movement.
Events in the year 2021 in Somaliland.
Somaliland–Taiwan relations refers to the relationship between the Republic of Somaliland and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The two countries have no formal diplomatic relations, but they have established embassy-like representative offices in each other's capital. Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs refers to Somaliland as a country as of 2023, implying official recognition. Taiwan is currently the only country in the world to recognize Somaliland in this capacity.
The Republic of Somaliland Representative Office in Taiwan ; is the representative office of the Republic of Somaliland in the Republic of China, Taiwan. It is the largest diplomatic mission of Somaliland in the East Asia region and serves Somaliland's interest in East Asia and Southeast Asia Region. The office was inaugurated on September 9, 2020, in an event held at Institute of Diplomacy and International Affairs (IDIA) in Taipei.
Ethiopia–Somaliland relations refers to the relationship between the Republic of Somaliland and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The two countries have no formal diplomatic relations, but Ethiopia has a consulate in Hargeisa and Somaliland has a representative office in Addis Ababa.
Liban Yusuf Osman is a Somali politician, who is currently serving as the Deputy Minister of Health Development. He formerly served as the Deputy and acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somaliland. A year and have ago, Liban formerly served the same position of the Deputy Minister of Health Development of Somaliland. He also served as the deputy Minister of Public Works and Housing of Somaliland.
Dr. Essa Abdirahman Mohamoud Kayd is a Somaliland politician who currently serves as Somaliland's Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Events in the year 2022 in Somaliland.
Germany and Somaliland do not have formal diplomatic relations but have maintained informal contact. Germany recognizes the region of Somaliland as part of Somalia.
The 2022 Waheen Market fire was a fire that took place in Hargeisa in the self-proclaimed nation of Somaliland on 1 April 2022. While there were no deaths, damages from the fire amounted to around USD $2 billion, or 60% of Somaliland's GDP.
Events in the year 2024 in Somaliland.
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