Original statement
The conjecture states that: given ε> 0, there exists a constant C(ε) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over Q with minimal discriminant Δ and conductor f, we have
| Field | Number theory |
|---|---|
| Conjectured by | Lucien Szpiro |
| Conjectured in | 1981 |
| Equivalent to | abc conjecture |
| Consequences |
In number theory, Szpiro's conjecture relates to the conductor and the discriminant of an elliptic curve. In a slightly modified form, it is equivalent to the well-known abc conjecture. It is named for Lucien Szpiro, who formulated it in the 1980s. Szpiro's conjecture and its equivalent forms have been described as "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis" by Dorian Goldfeld, [1] in part to its large number of consequences in number theory including Roth's theorem, the Mordell conjecture, the Fermat–Catalan conjecture, and Brocard's problem. [2] [3] [4] [5]
The conjecture states that: given ε> 0, there exists a constant C(ε) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over Q with minimal discriminant Δ and conductor f, we have
The modified Szpiro conjecture states that: given ε> 0, there exists a constant C(ε) such that for any elliptic curve E defined over Q with invariants c4, c6 and conductor f (using notation from Tate's algorithm), we have
The abc conjecture originated as the outcome of attempts by Joseph Oesterlé and David Masser to understand Szpiro's conjecture, [6] and was then shown to be equivalent to the modified Szpiro's conjecture. [7]
In August 2012, Shinichi Mochizuki claimed a proof of Szpiro's conjecture by developing a new theory called inter-universal Teichmüller theory (IUTT). [8] However, the papers have not been accepted by the mathematical community as providing a proof of the conjecture, [9] [10] [11] with Peter Scholze and Jakob Stix concluding in March 2018 that the gap was "so severe that … small modifications will not rescue the proof strategy". [12] [13] [14]
Catalan's conjecture (or Mihăilescu's theorem) is a theorem in number theory that was conjectured by the mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan in 1844 and proven in 2002 by Preda Mihăilescu at Paderborn University. The integers 23 and 32 are two perfect powers (that is, powers of exponent higher than one) of natural numbers whose values (8 and 9, respectively) are consecutive. The theorem states that this is the only case of two consecutive perfect powers. That is to say, that
The abc conjecture is a conjecture in number theory that arose out of a discussion of Joseph Oesterlé and David Masser in 1985. It is stated in terms of three positive integers a, b and c that are relatively prime and satisfy a + b = c. The conjecture essentially states that the product of the distinct prime factors of abc is usually not much smaller than c. A number of famous conjectures and theorems in number theory would follow immediately from the abc conjecture or its versions. Mathematician Dorian Goldfeld described the abc conjecture as "The most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis".
In number theory, the study of Diophantine approximation deals with the approximation of real numbers by rational numbers. It is named after Diophantus of Alexandria.
In mathematics, Diophantine geometry is the study of Diophantine equations by means of powerful methods in algebraic geometry. By the 20th century it became clear for some mathematicians that methods of algebraic geometry are ideal tools to study these equations. Diophantine geometry is part of the broader field of arithmetic geometry.
In mathematics, the Gauss class number problem, as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields having class number n. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss. It can also be stated in terms of discriminants. There are related questions for real quadratic fields and for the behavior as .
Ribet's theorem is part of number theory. It concerns properties of Galois representations associated with modular forms. It was proposed by Jean-Pierre Serre and proven by Ken Ribet. The proof was a significant step towards the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT). As shown by Serre and Ribet, the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture and the epsilon conjecture together imply that FLT is true.
In mathematics, Roth's theorem or Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem is a fundamental result in diophantine approximation to algebraic numbers. It is of a qualitative type, stating that algebraic numbers cannot have many rational number approximations that are 'very good'. Over half a century, the meaning of very good here was refined by a number of mathematicians, starting with Joseph Liouville in 1844 and continuing with work of Axel Thue (1909), Carl Ludwig Siegel (1921), Freeman Dyson (1947), and Klaus Roth (1955).
In mathematics, arithmetic geometry is roughly the application of techniques from algebraic geometry to problems in number theory. Arithmetic geometry is centered around Diophantine geometry, the study of rational points of algebraic varieties.
David William Masser is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Basel. He is known for his work in transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. With Joseph Oesterlé in 1985, Masser formulated the abc conjecture, which has been called "the most important unsolved problem in Diophantine analysis".
This is a glossary of arithmetic and diophantine geometry in mathematics, areas growing out of the traditional study of Diophantine equations to encompass large parts of number theory and algebraic geometry. Much of the theory is in the form of proposed conjectures, which can be related at various levels of generality.
A height function is a function that quantifies the complexity of mathematical objects. In Diophantine geometry, height functions quantify the size of solutions to Diophantine equations and are typically functions from a set of points on algebraic varieties to the real numbers.
In mathematics, Hall's conjecture is an open question, as of 2015, on the differences between perfect squares and perfect cubes. It asserts that a perfect square y2 and a perfect cube x3 that are not equal must lie a substantial distance apart. This question arose from consideration of the Mordell equation in the theory of integer points on elliptic curves.
In number theory, the Néron–Tate height is a quadratic form on the Mordell–Weil group of rational points of an abelian variety defined over a global field. It is named after André Néron and John Tate.
In mathematics, Arakelov theory is an approach to Diophantine geometry, named for Suren Arakelov. It is used to study Diophantine equations in higher dimensions.
Lucien Serge Szpiro was a French mathematician known for his work in number theory, arithmetic geometry, and commutative algebra. He formulated Szpiro's conjecture and was a Distinguished Professor at the CUNY Graduate Center and an emeritus Director of Research at the CNRS.
The Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture was a conjecture in mathematics, specifically, the Diophantine approximation proposed by R. J. Duffin and A. C. Schaeffer in 1941. It states that if is a real-valued function taking on positive values, then for almost all , the inequality
In mathematics, Raynaud's isogeny theorem, proved by Raynaud (1985), relates the Faltings heights of two isogeneous elliptic curves.
Shinichi Mochizuki is a Japanese mathematician working in number theory and arithmetic geometry. He is one of the main contributors to anabelian geometry. His contributions include his solution of the Grothendieck conjecture in anabelian geometry about hyperbolic curves over number fields. Mochizuki has also worked in Hodge–Arakelov theory and p-adic Teichmüller theory. Mochizuki developed inter-universal Teichmüller theory, which has attracted attention from non-mathematicians due to claims it provides a resolution of the abc conjecture.
Inter-universal Teichmüller theory is the name given by mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki to a theory he developed in the 2000s, following his earlier work in arithmetic geometry. According to Mochizuki, it is "an arithmetic version of Teichmüller theory for number fields equipped with an elliptic curve". The theory was made public in a series of four preprints posted in 2012 to his website. The most striking claimed application of the theory is to provide a proof for various outstanding conjectures in number theory, in particular the abc conjecture. Mochizuki and a few other mathematicians claim that the theory indeed yields such a proof but this has so far not been accepted by the mathematical community.
In mathematics, Hodge–Arakelov theory of elliptic curves is an analogue of classical and p-adic Hodge theory for elliptic curves carried out in the framework of Arakelov theory. It was introduced by Mochizuki (1999). It bears the name of two mathematicians, Suren Arakelov and W. V. D. Hodge. The main comparison in his theory remains unpublished as of 2019.
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