Coat of arms of South Africa (1910–2000)

Coat of arms of South Africa (1910–2000)
Versions
The originally granted arms
Armiger	Union of South Africa
Adopted	1910
Relinquished	2000
Crest	On a wreath of the colours, a lion passant guardant Gules, supporting with the dexter paw four staves erect, alternately Argent and Azure and banded Or.
Blazon	Quarterly per fess wavy: I, Gules, a female figure representing Hope, resting the dexter arm upon a rock, and supporting with the sinister hand an anchor Argent; II, Or, two black wildebeest in full course at random, both proper; III, Or, upon an island an orange tree Vert fructed proper; IV, Vert, a trek wagon Argent.
Supporters	Dexter a springbok and sinister an oryx (gemsbok), both proper.
Compartment	Below the shield, on a compartment grassed Vert, two Proteas each with two flower heads proper.
Motto	Ex Unitate Vires

The first coat of arms of South Africa was granted to the Union of South Africa by King George V and later amended by the British College of Arms. It contained representation of the four provinces within the Union. The coat of arms was later retained by the Republic of South Africa after independence and for a period until after the end of apartheid, until being retired in 2000. ^[1] The 1910 coat of arms was replaced in 2000 by the current coat of arms of South Africa.

Description

The arms on a book cover from the 1940s

The coat of arms featured a shield quartered. In each quarter was a symbol of the four provinces of South Africa. An ox wagon representing Transvaal Province, a woman with an anchor representing Cape Province, two wildebeests representing Natal Province and an orange tree representing the Orange Free State Province. ^[1] The crest of the arms featured a lion holding four bound sticks. ^[2] The supporters were a springbok and a gemsbok. ^[3] Below the arms was the Latin motto, Ex Unitate Vires (translated as "Union Is Strength" but from 1961, translated as "Unity Is Strength"). ^[4]

The blazon (formal description of the arms in heraldic terms) is: "Quarterly per fesse wavy First Quarter Gules a female figure representing Hope resting the dexter arm upon a rock and supporting with the sinister hand an Anchor Argent Second Quarter Or two Wildebeesten in full course at random both proper Third Quarter Or upon an island an Orange tree Vert fructed proper Fourth Quarter Vert a Trek Waggon Argent And for the Crest On a Wreath of the Colours A Lion passant guardant Gules supporting with the dexter paw four staves erect alternately Argent and Azure and branded Or And for the Supporters, On the dexter side A Spring Buck and on the sinister side An Oryx (Gemsbuck) both proper together with the motto EX UNITATE VIRES." ^[3]

History

The arms on the South African Red Ensign

1930 to 1932 version; continued to be used for decades afterward in some limited respects such as on police and military insignia.

When Cape Colony, Transvaal Colony, Natal Colony, and the Orange River Colony joined together as the Union of South Africa, it was determined that as a dominion within the British Empire, South Africa should have its own symbol. In 1910, King George V issued a royal warrant for a coat of arms for the Union of South Africa. The arms were then used to create the South Africa Red Ensign used unofficially as the national flag of South Africa until 1928, when the Oranje, Blanje, Blou was adopted. However, the South Africa Red Ensign continued to be used at sea as the merchant ensign until 1951. ^[5] In 1930, the London-based artist Kruger Gray designed an embellished version of the arms, which was officially adopted by the College of Arms in 1932. ^[6] In 1961, following the declaration of the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act made no reference to changing the coat of arms, and therefore the 1910 grant was retained. ^[7]

The 1910 version used until 1930 continued to be used in some rank insignia of the South African Defence Force and its successor organisation the South African National Defence Force until 2002. The 1930 version was used on the insignia of the South African Police until the 1990s.

During the apartheid era, a facsimile of the coat of arms was featured prominently on the back of the R20 denomination of the South African rand. ^[8]

Replacement

Following the end of apartheid in the early 1990s, the new Constitution of South Africa stated that the state coat of arms would remain the same despite the flag and national anthem changing. ^[2] Nevertheless the arms were still viewed as outdated as they had been created by the white British and Afrikaner minorities without input from the black majority. ^[9] In 1999, the Department of Arts and Culture held a contest to design a new coat of arms. ^[10] In 2000, the coat of arms was replaced on Freedom Day. ^[11] Despite the replacement, the old coat of arms was still used for some official purposes after 2000, such as on some military rank insignia until 2002 and on South African passports (which were still issued with the old coat of arms on the cover) until 2007. ^[12] This was attributed to the government's desire to use up old stocks of passports before issuing ones with the new design. ^{[1] [12]}

References

1. Myolisi Gophe (2006-06-26). "SA passports still carry old coat of arms". Independent Online . Retrieved 2016-09-07.
2. Keller, Bill (1994-05-08). "Symbols/The New South Africa – The First Emblems of Unity – A Little Something for Everyone". The New York Times . Retrieved 2016-09-07.
3. Bruce Berry (September 24, 2006). "South Africa – Coat of Arms". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
4. "South African Coat of Arms". Safariafrica.co.za. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
5. Brownell, Frederick Gordon (May 2011). "Flagging the 'new' South Africa, 1910-2010". Historia. 56 (1): 42–62.
6. South African Information Service (1993). South Africa Official Yearbook 1993. South African State Department of Information. p. 247.
7. Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961. Wikisource. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
8. Southern African Currency Page (2018). "Suid-Afrikaanse Rand South African Rand Old Rand Notes (1970-1994)". Southern African Currency Page. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 4 July 2018. Van Riebeeck also featured on the reverse of the R20 note, albeit indirectly, with an image of van Riebeeck's landing party (three ships) and the (old) South African Coat of Arms, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" -- "From Unity, Strength" (also translated as "Unity Creates Strength").
9. "Finding Symbols For New S. Africa. Citizens Submit 7,000 Flag Designs". Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on 2016-10-08. Retrieved 2016-09-07– via HighBeam.
10. Moeschberger, Scott (2014). Symbols that Bind, Symbols that Divide: The Semiotics of Peace and Conflict. Springer. p. 187. ISBN   978-3319054643.
11. Smith, Benjamin; Lewis-Williams, J. D.; Blundell, Geoffrey; Chippindale, Christopher (2000). "Archaeology and symbolism in the new South African coat of arms". Antiquity. 74 (285): 467–468. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00059688. S2CID   162034040.
12. "Passports get new Coat of Arms". Independent Online . 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2016-09-07.