Hungary–Romania relations

Hungarian-Romanian relations

Hungary	Romania

Hungarian-Romanian relations are foreign relations between Hungary and Romania dating back to the Middle Ages and continuing after the Romanian unification in 1859 and independence in 1877. In the past, they involved Wallachia and Moldavia.

Both countries share 443 km (275 mi) of common border and are full members of NATO and the European Union; however, despite current alliances, there are historical national tensions over Transylvania. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

Bilateral relations

Romania's ethnic Hungarian party also participated in all the government coalitions between 1996 and 2008 and from 2009. In 1996, Romania signed and ratified a basic bilateral treaty with Hungary that settled outstanding disagreements, laying the foundation for closer, more cooperative relations. ^[5]

Economic relations

In 2012, the total amount of international trade between Romania and Hungary was 7.3 billion euro, of which exports from Romania were 2.4 billion euro, whereas exports from Hungary were 4.9 billion euro. ^[6] Hungary ranks as the third of Romania's trade partners, after Germany and Italy. ^[7]

MOL Group and OTP Bank, two of Hungary's largest companies, ^[8] are present in Romania since 2003 and 2004 respectively. ^{[9] [10]} MOL Group operates (as of August 2013) a network of 138 fuel stations in Romania, which accounts for approximately 10 percent of the total network. OTP Bank has a widespread network of branches in Romania, with presence in every county. ^[11]

Wizz Air is a low-cost airline from Hungary, which operates flights from several airports in Romania (Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Târgu Mureș, Sibiu, Timișoara, Iasi, Suceava and Craiova) to various destinations in Europe. ^[12] It is the largest low-cost airline operating in Romania, ^[13] and in 2013 it carried 3.2 million passengers on its over 72 local routes. ^[14]

RCS & RDS, Romania's leading company in internet and cable and satellite television services, is arguably the second or third company on the television market in Hungary, with (as of August 2013) around 22.4 percent of market share. ^[15]

Hungary → Romania

Export and import from Hungary to Romania ^{[16] [17]}

Million (€)	2012	2013	2014	2015	..	2017
Export	4,767.23	4,600.36	4,609.39	4,742.39	..	5,600.00
Import	2,050.98	2,120	2,500.07	2,550.72	..	2,900.00
Balance	2,716.25	2,480.34	2,109.32	2,191.68	..	2,700.68

Most important Hungarian investors in Romania: MOL, OTP Bank, Gedeon Richter Plc.

Most important Romanian investors in Hungary: RCS & RDS, Automobile Dacia.

Conflict

Thinking about Dacia, Romanians consider it the old territory of their ancestors before any Huns arrived in Europe. The ancient Kingdom of Dacia was established and documented starting in 168 BC. In regards to Hungary, there is disagreement over Transylvania, which Romanians believe is claimed to be Hungarian by Hungarians, despite prehistoric records of Geto-Dacians suggesting otherwise. ^[18] Under Attila, the Huns did conquer Transylvania in 376 who kept it until the death of Attila in 453. Later, the territory was periodically occupied and exploited by the Huns.

Despite having a mostly positive relationship, many Hungarians believe that Romania does not deserve the current territory of Transylvania, because Transylvania was also an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1526, 1848-1849, 1867-1920) and the Lands of the Hungarian Crown (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526-1570), Principality of Transylvania (1570-1867)) until the Treaty of Trianon.

World War I

Main article: Romania during World War I

During the war, initially the Kingdom of Romania was neutral to the Central Powers, thus with Austria-Hungary. In August 1916 Romania entered the war on side of the Allies and attacked the Kingdom of Hungary, however it was pushed back to the frontier in October and by January 1917, two-thirds of Romania were occupied by the Central Powers. The Romanians were forced to retreat to the historical region of Moldavia, but were able to stave off complete collapse in 1917 by reorganizing their army and repulsing the Central Powers' offensive at Mărășești and Oituz. Nevertheless, after the October Revolution of 1917, Russia fell into civil war, and the Russian government signed two ceasefire agreements with the Central Powers, followed later (on December 15) by a full armistice. Lacking Russian support, the Romanian government was subsequently forced to sue for peace, concluding in December 1917 the Armistice of Focșani.

Hungarian–Romanian War

Main article: Hungarian–Romanian War

In 1918, Romania re-entered the war with similar objectives to those of 1916. During the 1919 Hungarian–Romanian War Hungary, led by Communist forces, tried to secure its borders, however it was soon defeated and later occupied by Romanian forces.

Treaty of Trianon

Main article: Treaty of Trianon

The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement of 1920 that formally ended World War I between most of the Allies (among them the Kingdom of Romania) and the Kingdom of Hungary, the latter being one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. As a result of the treaty the regions of Transylvania, parts of the Banat, Crișana and Maramureș became part of the Kingdom of Romania.

Interwar period and World War II

Main articles: Hungary in World War II, Romania in World War II, and Second Vienna Award

The Treaty of Trianon and its consequences dominated Hungarian public life and political culture in the inter-war period. Moreover, the Hungarian government swung then more and more to the right; eventually, under Regent Miklós Horthy, Hungary established close relations with Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany. These politics and the sought for revision succeeded to regain the territories of southern Czechoslovakia by the First Vienna Award in 1938 and the annexation of the remainder of Subcarpathia in 1939. These were only a fraction of the territories lost by the Treaty of Trianon, anyway the loss that the Hungarians resented the most was that of Transylvania ceded to the Romanians.

In 1940, the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina inspired Hungary to escalate its efforts to resolve "the question of Transylvania". Hungary hoped to gain as much of Transylvania as possible, but the Romanians submitted only a small region for consideration. Eventually, the Hungarian-Romanian negotiations fell through entirely. After this, the Romanian government asked Italy and Germany to arbitrate. Foreign Ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany and Galeazzo Ciano of Italy met on 30 August 1940 at the Belvedere Palace in Vienna and decided that Romania cede Northern Transylvania, with an area of 43,104 km² (16,643 sq mi) and a population of 2,577,260, out of which, according to the Romanian estimates, 1,304,903 were Romanians (50.2%) and 978,074 (37.1%) Hungarians, ^[19] or, according to the Hungarian census of 1941, 53.5% were Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians. ^[20]

In 1940, ethnic disturbances between Hungarians and Romanians continued after some incidents following the occupation of Northern Transylvania by the Hungarian military, culminating in massacres at Treznea and Ip. After some ethnic Hungarian groups considered unreliable or insecure were sacked/expelled from Southern Transylvania, the Hungarian officials also regularly expelled some Romanian groups from Northern Transylvania. Also, many Hungarians and Romanians fled or chose to opt between the two countries. There was a mass exodus; over 100,000 people on both sides of the ethnic and political borders relocated. ^[21]

During World War II, Hungary and Romania became allies and participated in the war against the Soviet Union. But after the coup on 23 August 1944 Romania switched sides and fought against Hungary. Consequently, Soviet and Romanian troops invaded Hungary, occupied Northern Transylvania by October 1944 and re-established the Romanian administration in the region in March 1945. The 1947 Treaty of Paris reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in Treaty of Trianon 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.

Post-Cold War Era

Soon after the demise of the Communist regimes in Hungary and Romania, in March 1990, violent ethnic clashes in Transylvania strained the relationship between both countries to the brink of war. As a result, the first Open Skies Treaty in the world to mutually assess the strength and disposition of opposing military forces was worked out and became effective in 1992. This is considered a direct precursor of the 2002 multilateral Treaty on Open Skies that once included Russia and the United States. ^{[22] [23]}

Hungary and Romania are NATO allies and members of the European Union. However, nationalist tension persists. ^{[1] [2] [3] [24] [4] [25]}

Resident diplomatic missions

• Hungary has an embassy in Bucharest, consulates-general in Cluj-Napoca and Miercurea Ciuc, and honorary consulates in Timișoara, Iași, Constanța and Drobeta-Turnu Severin ^[26]
• Romania has an embassy in Budapest and has consulates-general in Gyula and Szeged. ^[27]

• 
  Embassy in Budapest
• 
  Consulate-General of Romania in Szeged

See also

• Foreign relations of Hungary
• Foreign relations of Romania
• Hungarians in Romania
• Romanians in Hungary
• Hungary–Romania football rivalry
• Transylvanianism
• Union of Hungary and Romania
• 2004 enlargement of the European Union
• 2007 enlargement of the European Union

References

1. Bayer, Lili; Rosca, Matei (4 June 2020). "Hungary's century of anger". Politico . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
2. Done, Cătălin-Gabriel (4 August 2020). "Confronting Nationalisms: Romania and the Autonomy of the Romanian-Hungarians". EuropeNow. Council for European Studies . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
3. Całus, Kamil (4 December 2020). "Cooperation despite mistrust. The shadow of Trianon in Romanian-Hungarian relations". OSW Commentary. Centre for Eastern Studies . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
4. Tatarenko, Agata (16 June 2020). "Another tension in Romanian-Hungarian relations". Visegrad Team - IEŚ Commentaries. Institute of Central Europe . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
5. "Lege nr. 113/1996 pentru ratificarea Tratatului de înţelegere, cooperare şi bună vecinătate dintre România şi Republica Ungară, semnat la Timişoara la 16 septembrie 1996 – DRI". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
6. "Exporturile Romaniei catre Ungaria s-au dublat in ultimii patru ani, dar raman la jumatatea importurilor". Business24.ro.
7. "Comunicat de Presa". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
8. "Top 500 companii europene în funcţie de capitalizarea bursieră – opt sunt poloneze, trei din Cehia şi două din Ungaria. Niciuna din România". ZF.ro.
9. "MOL a alocat 12 mil. euro pentru integrarea statiilor Shell". ZF.ro.
10. "Persoane fizice | OTP Bank".
11. "Persoane fizice | OTP Bank".
12. "Zboruri Avion | Zboruri online spre 140 destinații | Wizz Air".
13. "Wizz Air - informatii si articole despre Wizz Air". Wall-Street.
14. "Wizz Air a transportat anul trecut 3,2 mil. pasageri din şi spre România, în creştere cu 14%". ZF.ro.
15. "Cum arata piata de TV in Ungaria: locomotiva este condusa de o romanca". Wall-Street. 7 August 2013.
16. "MKIK Gazdaság- és Vállalkozáskutató Intézet" (PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
17. Unirea, Ziarul (10 April 2018). "Țările din UE în care România a importat și exportat cele mai mari cantități de mărfuri".
18. I. Andriţoiu, Civilizaţia tracilor din sud-vestul Transilvaniei în epoca bronzului, București, 1992
19. Charles Upson Clark (1941). Racial Aspects of Romania's Case. Caxton Press.
20. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116
21. A történelem tanúi - Erdély - bevonulás 1940 p 56. - The witnesses of history - Transylvania - Entry 1940 p. 56. - ISBN   978-963-251-473-4
22. Dunay, Pál; Krasznai, Marton; Spitzer, Hartwig; Wiemker, Rafael; Wynne, William (2004). Open Skies: A Cooperative Approach to Military Transparency and Confidence Building (PDF). United Nations Publications: UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research). p. 265. ISBN   978-92-9045-164-8.
23. Lindley, Dan (13 May 2007). Promoting Peace with Information: Transparency as a Tool of Security Regimes. Princeton University Press. pp. 315–6. ISBN   978-0-691-12943-3.
24. Palfi, Rita; Asbóth, Beatrix; Musaddique, Shafi (16 June 2019). "Diplomatic tensions flare between Romania and Hungary after cemetery incident". Euronews . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
25. Burdeau, Cain (27 April 2021). "European Court of Human Rights: Romania Wrong to Tell Politician to Take Down Flags". Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 27 September 2021.
26. "Embassy of Hungary Bucharest". bukarest.mfa.gov.hu.
27. "EMBASSY OF ROMANIA in Hungary". budapesta.mae.ro.