Ramtil oil

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Ramtil oil, also known as Niger seed oil is used mainly in cooking but also for lighting. In India it is pressed from the seed of Guizotia oleifera of the family Asteraceae. A very similar oil is made in Africa from G. abyssinica . The oil is used as an extender for sesame oil, which it resembles, as well as for making soap, in addition to its role as an illuminant. [1] [2]

India Country in South Asia

India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Asteraceae Family of plants

Asteraceae or Compositae is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants (Angiospermae).

Africa The second largest and second most-populous continent, mostly in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres

Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent, being behind Asia in both categories. At about 30.3 million km2 including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

Contents

Countries

The plant was originally cultivated in the Ethiopian highlands but is also cultivated in Mexico, Germany, Brazil, Nepal, India as well as other parts of Southeast Asia. The seeds are sold and grown in the United States as a niche crop. [3]

Mexico Country in the southern portion of North America

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the tenth most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

Germany Federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North Seas to the north, and the Alps, Lake Constance and the High Rhine to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west.

Brazil Federal republic in South America

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.

Composition

The oil is rich in linoleic acid (75-80%) and other essential nutrients, with a fatty acid composition comparable to safflower and sunflower. The oil contains palmitic and stearic acids (7-8%) and oleic acid (5-8%). Indian Niger oil is reportedly higher in oleic acid (25%) and lower in linoleic acid (55%). [4]

Linoleic acid (LA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet.

Fatty acid carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually not found in organisms, but instead as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are important structural components for cells.

Safflower species of plant, safflower

Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds and was used by the early Spanish Colonies along the Rio Grande river as a substitute for Saffron. Plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments.

Ethiopia revival

There was an extended declining period of Niger seed oil production, due to the import of cheap palm oils, but an apparent waning appetite for these, and a government ban on oil imports, there has been a marked revival and several manufacturers produce one, two, three and five liters of oil. [5]

Palm oil edible vegetable oil from fruit of oil palms

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.

Related Research Articles

Sunflower seed fruit of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

The sunflower seed is the fruit of the sunflower. There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic, high oleic, and sunflower oil seeds. Each variety has its own unique levels of monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats. The information in this article refers mainly to the linoleic variety.

Sesame oil sesame seed oil

Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in India, it is used as a flavour enhancer in Middle Eastern, African, and Southeast Asian cuisines. It has a distinctive nutty aroma and taste. The oil is used for cooking, and is one of the earliest-known crop-based oils. Worldwide mass modern production is limited due to the inefficient manual harvesting process required to extract the oil.

Okra species of plant, use Q12047207 for the vegetable (okra)

Okra or okro, Abelmoschus esculentus, known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of West African, Ethiopian, and South Asian origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world.

Pumpkin seed Graine de courge.

A pumpkin seed, also known as a pepita, is the edible seed of a pumpkin or certain other cultivars of squash. The seeds are typically flat and asymmetrically oval, has a white outer husk, and is light green in color after the husk is removed. Some cultivars are huskless, and are grown only for their edible seed. The seeds are nutrient- and calorie-rich, with especially high content of fat, protein, dietary fiber, and numerous micronutrients. Pumpkin seed can refer either to the hulled kernel or unhulled whole seed, and most commonly refers to the roasted end product used as a snack.

Corn oil Oil from the seeds of Zea mays L.

Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn contains 1.55 pounds of corn oil. Corn agronomists have developed high-oil varieties; however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers.

<i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> species of plant

Guizotia abyssinica is an erect, stout, branched annual herb, grown for its edible oil and seed. Its cultivation originated in the Ethiopian highlands, and has spread to other parts of Ethiopia. Common names include noog/nug ; niger, nyger, nyjer, or niger seed ; ramtil or ramtilla; inga seed; and blackseed.

Soybean oil oil from the seeds of Glycine max

Soybean oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean. It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks and oil paints.

Sunflower oil oil pressed from the seed of Helianthus annuus

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of sunflower. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. The world's total production of sunflower oil in 2014 was nearly 16 million tonnes, with Ukraine and Russia as the largest producers.

Tea seed oil

Tea seed oil is an edible plant oil. It is obtained the seeds of Camellia oleifera.

Perilla oil Oil from the seeds of Perilla ocymoides

Perilla oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from perilla seeds. Having a distinct nutty aroma and taste, the oil pressed from the toasted perilla seeds is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and cooking oil in Korean cuisine. The oil pressed from untoasted perilla seeds is used for non-culinary purposes.

Candlenut oil or kukui nut oil is extracted from the nut of the Aleurites moluccanus, the candlenut or kuku'i.

Stillingia oil is gained by solvent from the plant seeds of the Sapium family such as, Sapium sebiferum and Sapium discolor. It is used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes. It dries readily on a glass plate in 4–6 hours. Stillingia oil's properties, such as a high iodine value, and chemical components classifies it as a drying oil. Why it has the appropriate properties to be a drying oil remain disputed. Following are three different arguments from J. Devine (1950), A. Crossley with T.P. Hilditch (1953), and V. C. Batterson with W. M. Potts (1938):

  1. "The literature analysis of stillingia oil, which has recently been shown to contain an abnormal spectroscopic component, does not accord with its excellent drying properties. In a re-examination of a number of commercial samples the abnormal component is shown to be 2: 4-decadienoic acid, present to the extent of 3% to 6%, and hitherto undetected in naturally occurring oils. This component behaves anomalously during analysis by alkali isomerization, but the effect can be allowed for and the remaining components of the oil are estimated approximately at 40% linolenic, 25% to 30% linoleic, 20% oleic and 9% saturated acids, together with a little conjugated triene acid of the elaeostearic type which is possibly an adulterant. The 2: 4-decadienoic acid may play a relatively prominent part in the drying and polymerizing properties of stillingia oil."
  2. "The glycerides of stillingia oil have been studied by resolution into a series of fractions by crystallization from acetone. Deca-2: 4-dienoic acid, which forms about 8% (mol.) of the total acids of the oil, is shown to occur almost exclusively as monodecadienoic di-C18-polyethenoid glycerides with the short-chain acyl group in the β-or symmetrical position. The chief constituents of the oil are linoleodilinolenins, decadienolinoleolinolenins and decadieno-dilinolenins, with lesser proportions of saturated-linoleolinolenins, saturated-dilinolenins, oleolinoleolinolenins and oleodilinolenins. Owing to the presence of the decadienoic acid (8%) with linolenic acid (51%) and linoleic acid (22%), the total proportion of tripolyethenoid glycerides (95%) in the oil is greater than in linseed oil and comparable with that in conophor oil. This accounts for the relative behaviour of stillingia oil and linseed oil as drying oils in paint films."
  3. "The sample of Chinese oil gave an iodine number of 169.0, a saponification value of 206.2, and a thiocyanogen value of 100.7, and was found to contain the following percentages of acids: Oleic 10.4%, linoleic 49.9%, linolenic 25.4%, palmitic 5.89%, stearic 2.64% and arachidicacid 0.14%. From the characteristics and composition of these samples, it would appear that stillingia is suitable for use in the manufacture of paints and varnishes."
Watermelon seed oil

Watermelon seed oil is extracted by pressing from the seeds of the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon). It is particularly common in West Africa, where it is also called ootanga oil or kalahari oil. Watermelons probably originated almost 5,000 years ago in the Kalahari Desert of Africa where botanists have found its wild ancestors still growing. Watermelons migrated north through Egypt, and during the Roman era they were cultivated and prized. Traditionally, the seeds are extracted from the seed casing, and dried in the sun. Once dried, the seeds are pressed to extract the oil.

<i>Telfairia pedata</i> species of plant

Telfairia pedata, commonly known as oysternut, queen's nut, Zanzibar oilvine, is a dioecious African liana which can grow up to 30 metres long, having purple-pink fringed flowers, and very large, many-seeded, drooping, ellipsoid berries which can weigh up to 15 kg. It is valuable for having edible fruit, seeds and oil.

Kusum oil

Kusum oil is a type of oil extracted from the seed of the Kusum tree. The plant, which is also commonly known as Ceylon oak, lac tree, or Macassar oiltree, belongs to the Sapindaceae family. The schleichera family is named after J. C. Schleicher, a Swiss botanist, and the species name means "oily" or "rich in oil." The tree is native to South Asia, but is also found in some parts of Southeast Asia.

Vateria indica oil is extracted from the seeds of the Vateria indica plant, a species in the Dipterocarpaceae family. The Vateria indica plant is indigenous to the Western Ghats, Kerala and Tamil Nadu regions of India. It thrives in the evergreen forests, surviving up to 800 meters above sea level. Oil from the seeds of the plant is extracted through a chemical refining process which makes the plant edible.

Phulwara oil

Phulwara oil is extracted from seeds of Phulwara tree. Phulwara Trees are also known locally as Chiuri Trees, Kaeleb Trees, or Butter Nut Trees. Refined Phulwara Oil is marketed as Phulwara Ghee.

Ambadi seed oil

Ambadi seed oil is extracted from seeds of the ambadi plant, also called kenaf. It is an annual or perennial plant in the Malvaceae family and related to the roselle plant. It is believed to be native to Asia or Tropical Asia.

References

  1. ↑ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). "Noog abyssinia". Minor oil crops. FAO . Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  2. ↑ E.A. Weiss (1983). Oilseed Crops. Longman. pp. 486–508.
  3. ↑ Niger seed oil benefits- Retrieved 2-16-11-21
  4. ↑ Niger seed oil- Retrieved 2016-11-21
  5. ↑ Ethiopian businesses- Retrieved 2016-11-21
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