Women's suffrage in California

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Title page of How We Won the Vote in California by Selina Solomons, published 1912 How We Won the Vote in California by Selina Solomons published 1912 01.jpg
Title page of How We Won the Vote in California by Selina Solomons, published 1912

The women's suffrage movement began in California in the 19th century and was successful with the passage of Proposition 4 on October 10, 1911. [1] Many of the women and men involved in this movement remained politically active in the national suffrage movement with organizations such as the National American Women's Suffrage Association and the National Woman's Party.

Contents

Origins of the movement

Eminent Opinions on Woman Suffrage, San Francisco Call newspaper July 4, 1909 Eminent Opinions on Women's Suffrage San Francisco Call July 4, 1909.pdf
Eminent Opinions on Woman Suffrage, San Francisco Call newspaper July 4, 1909

Historian Ronald Schaffer has noted the women's suffrage movement in California "is a story of slow building and initial defeat." [2] Starting the 1860s, a small number of activists began mobilizing for women's suffrage in this western state. In 1868, orators Laura de Force Gordon and Anna Dickinson gave a series of lectures advocating for women's suffrage. [3] Susan B. Anthony was so impressed with Gordon that she was quoted as saying, "“You can't imagine how it delights my soul to find such an earnest, noble young woman possessed of powers oratorical.” [4] Gordon was a prolific west coast orator who gave over 100 speeches. [4]

In 1869, Emily Pitt and Elizabeth T. Schenck organized the first Pacific coast suffrage meeting in San Francisco. [3] Early on in the suffrage movement in California there was an extensive amount of connection between western suffragists and national suffrage organizers on the east coast. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was impressed with Elizabeth T. Schneck, calling her "a woman of remarkable cultivation and research." [5] In 1870, Susan B. Anthony wrote to Elizabeth T. Schenck calling on her to gather support amongst suffragists in the pacific states to endorse a bill which would have enfranchised women in Washington, D.C. [6] Anthony noted in her letter that Schenck's suffrage organization had made a financial commitment to the National Woman Suffrage Association. [6] In 1871 Stanton and Anthony took their only trip to California and drew large crowds to their speaking engagements. [3] Also in 1870 Laura de Force Gordon founded the California Woman Suffrage Society. [4] She also successfully worked with lawyer and suffragist Clara Shortridge Foltz to pass the 1878 Woman Lawyer's Bill which allowed women to practice law in the state of California. [4] Foltz was a mother of five in addition to one of the first female lawyers on the west coast. [7] It was also in 1878 that suffragists distributed petitions to remove the words "white male" from the California constitution although this effort was ultimately unsuccessful. [8]

In 1890 Addie Ballou, a well known spiritualist and suffragist, served as chair for an annual woman suffrage convention. [9] In 1894 the Republican Party in the state of California endorsed women's suffrage. [8]

Defeat of Amendment 6 in 1896

Orator and suffragist Naomi Anderson Naomi Anderson.png
Orator and suffragist Naomi Anderson

Both California and Idaho held referendums on women's suffrage in 1896. [10] African American suffragist Naomi Anderson traveled throughout the state to campaign for suffrage. [8] Sarah Overton from San Jose also campaigned for the cause. [11] Ida Harper published a letter in the Los Angeles Herald advocating for the passage of Amendment 6 where she noted the suffrage movement would welcome the support of both political parties. [12] The endorsement of newspapers was very important, as they were the main source of the publicity for the Amendment. Part of the defeat was when two newspapers, the San Francisco Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times, did not endorse the movement. [13] The Democratic Party was also one of the reasons the vote did not pass. Clara Shortridge Foltz, who was also a very important woman in this campaign, spoke to the Democrats to try and win their vote, but it ended up being a lost cause. [14] Many Roman Catholics, the anti Catholic America Protective Association, people from the Bay Area, and men who did realize the full potential of the proposition, kept the amendment from passing. [15] After an eight-month campaign a majority of male voters rejected this amendment. [16] Despite two-thirds of both the California State Senate and California State Assembly voting to put the measure on the ballot, it failed 45-55 percentage-wise (110,355 Yes votes and 137,099 No votes. [14] )Some suffragists believed the power of the liquor lobby was the reason for the defeat as it was assumed women voters would vote for temperance. [2] Many male voters were worried women would vote to ban the sale of alcohol. [8]

Early 20th century suffrage activity

Suffragist Lydia Flood Jackson LydiaFloodJackson1919.tif
Suffragist Lydia Flood Jackson

California suffragists continued to persevere in the aftermath of the failure of the 1896 proposition. In the late 19th century and through the early 20th century suffragists in California published the Yellow Ribbon suffrage newsletter. [8] Women such as Mary Simpson Sperry, Mary McHenry Keith and Ellen Clark Sargent traveled the state, organized suffrage meetings and published articles on the movement. [17] [18] Sargent had proposed a federal amendment for women's suffrage as far back as 1878. [19] Strategically, these suffragists used the occasion of the nation's birthday to highlight the lack of elective franchise for women. By 1907 over five thousand women in California support suffrage. [20] California suffragists also used the press to advance the cause. The July 4, 1909 edition of the San Francisco Call featured editorials by these suffragists. [4] Mary Sperry, who was the president of the California Equal Suffrage Association, argued that politics has a direct impact on women's lives and they therefore deserve the vote. [17] She wrote, "Women are not altogether ignorant of the defects of this government. Let us teach and tell what we know for the good of the community at large." [17] Sargent argued women should take it upon themselves to learn as much as possible about government to prepare themselves to be educated voters. Sargent argued, "We must step out into the open and make ourselves so well acquainted with government in all its bearings that we will be considered authority upon the points we shall have investigated and thus command the respect of the most intelligent people, men and women." [17]

African American suffragists in Alameda County

Black women in California had been working for suffrage as far back as the 1890s. [21] The Fannie Jackson Coppin Club was an important club for African American women in Alameda County who were active in the suffrage movement. Lydia Flood Jackson and Hettie B. Tilghman were among the leaders of this organization. [22] Other active members included Melba Stafford and Willa Henry. Flood Jackson also served as a leader of the California Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. In the 1920s, Tilghman was heavily involved with the League of Women Voters. She also served as president of the Alameda County League of Colored Women Voters. [23] Suffragist Georgianna Offutt served as vice president of this organization. [24]

Pamphlet of the Los Angeles Political Equality League distributed by suffragist Maria de Lopez Pamphlet of the Los Angeles Political Equality League by Maria de Lopez.jpg
Pamphlet of the Los Angeles Political Equality League distributed by suffragist María de López

Latina suffragists in California

One of the major organizers of the suffrage campaign in southern California was Maria de Lopez. Maria Guadalupe Evangelina Lopez, president of the College Equal Suffrage League, served as a Spanish translator for the movement. [25] She also was the first woman to give a speech in Spanish in support of women's suffrage. During this time she was also involved in the Votes for Women club along with Clara Shortridge Folz. [25]

The 1911 campaign

The 1911 campaign involved a large number of suffragists throughout the state. For example, Minnie Sharkey helped organize suffragists in Butte County in northern California. [26] Suffragists passed out over 3 million pages of literature as well as 90,000 votes for women buttons in the southern part of the state. [8] In 1911 at the age of 62, Clara Shortridge Foltz drafted a suffrage amendment to the constitution which said, "Women citizens of this state who comply with elections laws and are twenty-one years old shall be entitled to vote at all elections." [27] Suffrage was passed in California using very similar language as Folz's amendment and it passed by only 3,587 votes. [28] [16] In the South Bay, Sarah Massey Overton was politically active in the 1911 campaign. According to historian Delilah Beasley, she belonged to the Political Equality Club as well as the San Jose Suffrage Amendment League and recruited African American voters to the polls. [22] On November 8, 1911, Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee became the first Chinese woman to register to vote in the United States. [29]

Men in the California suffrage campaign

In the 1911 campaign, California suffragists produced an important leaflet titled, "Extracts from the Speech of Father Gleason" which aimed to appeal to the Catholic voter.

Art in the suffrage movement

California suffragists produced many short suffrage plays such as Mary Lambert's The Winning of Senator Jones and Selina Solomons's The Girl from Colorado. [19] A suffrage play from England, "How the Vote Was Won" was presented to California suffragists from the College Equal Suffrage League while the suffrage amendment was being discussed by the California legislature. [30]

Women's suffrage in California after 1911

Proposition 4 did not extend the right to vote to all women in California. Native Americans were barred from voting until the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. [8] Most Puerto Rican women could not vote (in practice) until 1935 when the literacy requirement was removed. [8]

Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee, the first Chinese American woman to register to vote in the United States Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee voting in 1911.jpg
Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee, the first Chinese American woman to register to vote in the United States

After proposition 4 was passed in 1911, many California suffragists remained active in the fight for women's suffrage at the national level including Mary Austin and Maud Younger. [31] In 1912 California suffragist Alice Park took over NAWSA's congressional committee charged with working towards the passage of a federal amendment granting women suffrage. [32] Several joined the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage including Lillian Harris Coffin and actress Mabel Taliaferro who also went by the name Mrs. Frederick Thompson. [33]

Clara M. Schlingheyde, a noted California suffragist, traveled to Budapest in 1913 to represent California at the congress of International Women's Suffrage Alliance. [34]

Mary McHenry Keith continued to advocate for women's rights through her involvement with the National Woman's Party (NWP). Members of the NWP who had spent time in prison fighting for suffrage traveled to San Francisco in 1919 as part of the "Prison Special" tour. 129 women have been elected to the legislature in the state of California since 1911. [8]

Publications about the movement

Historian Delilah L. Beasley documented the numerous contributions of African American women to the suffrage cause in her 1919 self-published book The Negro Trailblazers of California . [35] The book has remained in print for over 100 years. [35] Suffragist Selina Solomons wrote a firsthand account of the movement shortly after the passage of proposition 4 titled, How We Won the Vote in California: A True Story of the Campaign of 1911. [36]

See also

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Women's suffrage efforts in Texas began in 1868 at the first Texas Constitutional Convention. In both Constitutional Conventions and subsequent legislative sessions, efforts to provide women the right to vote were introduced, only to be defeated. Early Texas suffragists such as Martha Goodwin Tunstall and Mariana Thompson Folsom worked with national suffrage groups in the 1870s and 1880s. It wasn't until 1893 and the creation of the Texas Equal Rights Association (TERA) by Rebecca Henry Hayes of Galveston that Texas had a statewide women's suffrage organization. Members of TERA lobbied politicians and political party conventions on women's suffrage. Due to an eventual lack of interest and funding, TERA was inactive by 1898. In 1903, women's suffrage organizing was revived by Annette Finnigan and her sisters. These women created the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA) in Houston in 1903. TESA sponsored women's suffrage speakers and testified on women's suffrage in front of the Texas Legislature. In 1908 and 1912, speaking tours by Anna Howard Shaw helped further renew interest in women's suffrage in Texas. TESA grew in size and suffragists organized more public events, including Suffrage Day at the Texas State Fair. By 1915, more and more women in Texas were supporting women's suffrage. The Texas Federation of Women's Clubs officially supported women's suffrage in 1915. Also that year, anti-suffrage opponents started to speak out against women's suffrage and in 1916, organized the Texas Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (TAOWS). TESA, under the political leadership of Minnie Fisher Cunningham and with the support of Governor William P. Hobby, suffragists began to make further gains in achieving their goals. In 1918, women achieved the right to vote in Texas primary elections. During the registration drive, 386,000 Texas women signed up during a 17-day period. An attempt to modify the Texas Constitution by voter referendum failed in May 1919, but in June 1919, the United States Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment. Texas became the ninth state and the first Southern state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment on June 28, 1919. This allowed white women to vote, but African American women still had trouble voting, with many turned away, depending on their communities. In 1923, Texas created white primaries, excluding all Black people from voting in the primary elections. The white primaries were overturned in 1944 and in 1964, Texas's poll tax was abolished. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed, promising that all people in Texas had the right to vote, regardless of race or gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Montana</span>

The women's suffrage movement in Montana started while it was still a territory. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was an early organizer that supported suffrage in the state, arriving in 1883. Women were given the right to vote in school board elections and on tax issues in 1887. When the state constitutional convention was held in 1889, Clara McAdow and Perry McAdow invited suffragist Henry Blackwell to speak to the delegates about equal women's suffrage. While that proposition did not pass, women retained their right to vote in school and tax elections as Montana became a state. In 1895, National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) came to Montana to organize local groups. Montana suffragists held a convention and created the Montana Woman's Suffrage Association (MWSA). Suffragists continued to organize, hold conventions and lobby the Montana Legislature for women's suffrage through the end of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, Jeannette Rankin became a driving force around the women's suffrage movement in Montana. By January 1913, a women's suffrage bill had passed the Montana Legislature and went out as a referendum. Suffragists launched an all-out campaign leading up to the vote. They traveled throughout Montana giving speeches and holding rallies. They sent out thousands of letters and printed thousands of pamphlets and journals to hand out. Suffragists set up booths at the Montana State Fair and they held parades. Finally, after a somewhat contested election on November 3, 1914, the suffragists won the vote. Montana became one of eleven states with equal suffrage for most women. When the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, Montana ratified it on August 2, 1919. It wasn't until 1924 with the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act that Native American women gained the right to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Utah. Women earned the right to vote on February 12, 1870 while Utah was still a territory. The first woman to vote under equal suffrage laws was Seraph Young on February 14, 1870. During this time, suffragists in Utah continued to work with women in other states to promote women's suffrage. Women continued to vote until 1887 when the Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed. When Utah was admitted as a state in 1896, women regained the right to vote. On September 30, 1919 Utah ratifies the Nineteenth Amendment. Native American women did not have full voting rights in Utah until 1957.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Nevada</span>

Women's suffrage began in Nevada began in the late 1860s. Lecturer and suffragist Laura de Force Gordon started giving women's suffrage speeches in the state starting in 1867. In 1869, Assemblyman Curtis J. Hillyer introduced a women's suffrage resolution in the Nevada Legislature. He also spoke out on women's rights. Hillyer's resolution passed, but like all proposed amendments to the state constitution, must pass one more time and then go out to a voter referendum. In 1870, Nevada held its first women's suffrage convention in Battle Mountain Station. In the late 1880s, women gained the right to run for school offices and the next year several women are elected to office. A few suffrage associations were formed in the mid 1890s, with a state group operating a few women's suffrage conventions. However, after 1899, most suffrage work slowed down or stopped altogether. In 1911, the Nevada Equal Franchise Society (NEFS) was formed. Attorney Felice Cohn wrote a women's suffrage resolution that was accepted and passed the Nevada Legislature. The resolution passed again in 1913 and will go out to the voters on November 3, 1914. Suffragists in the state organized heavily for the 1914 vote. Anne Henrietta Martin brought in suffragists and trade unionists from other states to help campaign. Martin and Mabel Vernon traveled around the state in a rented Ford Model T, covering thousands of miles. Suffragists in Nevada visited mining towns and even went down into mines to talk to voters. On November 3, the voters of Nevada voted overwhelmingly for women's suffrage. Even though Nevada women won the vote, they did not stop campaigning for women's suffrage. Nevada suffragists aided other states' campaigns and worked towards securing a federal suffrage amendment. On February 7, 1920, Nevada became the 28th state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania</span>

The women's suffrage movement in Pennsylvania was an outgrowth of the abolitionist movement in the state. Early women's suffrage advocates in Pennsylvania wanted equal suffrage not only for white women but for all African Americans. The first women's rights convention in the state was organized by Quakers and held in Chester County in 1852. Philadelphia would host the fifth National Women's Rights Convention in 1854. Later years saw suffragists forming a statewide group, the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association (PWSA), and other smaller groups throughout the state. Early efforts moved slowly, but steadily, with suffragists raising awareness and winning endorsements from labor unions.

Mary Elizabeth Simpson Sperry was a leading California suffragist who served as president of the California Woman Suffrage Association.

References

  1. ↑ "California Women Suffrage Centennial | California Secretary of State". www.sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  2. 1 2 Schaffer, Ronald (November 1976). "The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective". Pacific Historical Review. 45 (4): 469–493. doi:10.2307/3638099. JSTOR   3638099.
  3. 1 2 3 Haughton, Barbara (July 4, 1909). "Suffrage Campaigns in California". The San Francisco Call. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Overlooked No More: Laura de Force Gordon, Suffragist, Journalist and Lawyer". The New York Times. 2019-01-09. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  5. ↑ Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn; Harper, Ida Husted (1887). History of Woman Suffrage. Susan B. Anthony.
  6. 1 2 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Gordon, Ann Dexter; Anthony, Susan B. (1997). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Against an aristocracy of sex, 1866 to 1873. Rutgers University Press. ISBN   9780813523187.
  7. ↑ "A hundred years later, a trailblazer gets her due". www.calbarjournal.com. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "On the Road to Ratification - California State Archives". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  9. ↑ Davis, Reda (1967). California Women: A Guide to Their Politics 1885-1911. p. 63.
  10. ↑ "Woman Suffrage in the West (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  11. ↑ De Graaf, Lawrence B. (2001). Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. Autry Museum of Western Heritage. p. 221.
  12. ↑ "Los Angeles Herald 12 April 1896 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  13. ↑ "San Francisco Call 6 November 1896 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  14. 1 2 Babcook, Barbara (2011). Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Flotz. Stanford UP.
  15. ↑ Schaffer, Ronald (1976). "The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective". Pacific Historical Review. 45 (4): 469–493. doi:10.2307/3638099. JSTOR   3638099.
  16. 1 2 "Women Get the Right to Vote | California Secretary of State". www.sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Humanities, National Endowment for the (1909-07-04). "The San Francisco call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1895-1913, July 04, 1909, Image 4". The San Francisco Call. p. 4. ISSN   1941-0719 . Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  18. ↑ "California equal suffrage association letterhead :: Women's Suffrage and Equal Rights". ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  19. 1 2 Sewell, Jessica Ellen (2011). Women and the Everyday City: Public Space in San Francisco, 1890-1915. University of Minnesota Press. p. 133.
  20. ↑ Cherny, Robert (2011). California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression. University of Nebraska Press. p. 211.
  21. ↑ Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. Indiana University Press. p. 140.
  22. 1 2 Beasley, Delilah (1919). The Negro Trail Blazers of California.
  23. ↑ "Biography of Hettie Blonde Tilghman, 1871-1933 | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  24. ↑ "Biography of Georgianna K. Offutt, 1868-1949 | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  25. 1 2 "LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Women's Rights in Los Angeles" (PDF). Preservation Los Angeles. October 2018.
  26. ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Minnie Sharkey Abrams | Alexander Street Documents". documents.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  27. ↑ Schwartz, Mortimer D.; Brandt, Susan L.; Milrod, Milrod (1976). "Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law" (PDF). Hastings Law Journal.
  28. ↑ "A Brief Summary of the 1911 Campaign". www.sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens-suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  29. ↑ "Chinese American Citizens Alliance -- Oakland Lodge". www.cacaoakland.org. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  30. ↑ Winning Equal Suffrage in California: Reports of the College Equal Suffrage League of Northern California in the Campaign of 1911. College Equal Suffrage League of Northern California. 1913. p. 45.
  31. ↑ "Mrs. Mary Austin, of California, the noted writer, [is] a prominent member of the National Advisory Council of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. She is a graduate of Blackburn University where she received the degree of A.B." Library of Congress. 1914-01-01. Retrieved 2019-08-09.
  32. ↑ Gullett, Gayle (2000). Becoming Citizens: The Emergence and Development of the California Women's Movement, 1880-1911. University of Illinois Press.
  33. ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Mrs. Frederic Thompson, aka Mabel Taliaferro | Alexander Street Documents". documents.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  34. ↑ "Well Known Girl to be Delegate to Suffragist Meeting". Sacramento Union. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  35. 1 2 "Rebel Girls From Bay Area History: Delilah L. Beasley, Pioneering Journalist". KQED. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  36. ↑ Solomons, Selina (1912). How we won the vote in California : a true story of the campaign of 1911. San Francisco Public Library. San Francisco, Cal. : The New Woman Publishing Co.
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