10P/Tempel

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10P/Tempel
Comet Tempel 2 by Lick Observatory, 1946.jpg
Comet Tempel 2 photographed by H. M. Jeffers from the Lick Observatory in 1946 [1]
Discovery
Discovered by Wilhelm Tempel
Discovery date4 July 1873
Designations
P/1873 N1, P/1878 O1
  • Tempel 2
  • 1873 II, 1878 III, 1894 III
  • 1899 IV, 1904 III, 1915 I
  • 1920 II, 1925 IV, 1930 VII
  • 1946 III, 1951 VIII, 1957 II
  • 1962 VI, 1967 X, 1972 X
  • 1978 V, 1983 X, 1988 XIV
  • 1994 VII
Orbital characteristics [2] [3]
Epoch 5 May 2025 (JD 2460800.5)
Observation arc 130.78 years
Number of
observations		5,700
Aphelion 4.710 AU
Perihelion 1.417 AU
Semi-major axis 3.064 AU
Eccentricity 0.53738
Orbital period 5.362 years
Inclination 12.027°
117.80°
Argument of
periapsis 		195.50°
Mean anomaly 276.53°
Last perihelion24 March 2021
Next perihelion2 August 2026 [4]
TJupiter 2.965
Earth MOID 0.410 AU
Jupiter MOID 0.622 AU
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
10.6 km (6.6 mi) [5]
8.948±0.001 hours [6]
0.022 [7]
Comet total
magnitude (M1)		14.3

10P/Tempel, also known as Tempel 2, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet with a 5-year orbital period. It was discovered on 4 July 1873 by Wilhelm Tempel. [8] At the perihelion passage on 2 August 2026 the solar elongation is calculated at 164 degrees, with apparent magnitude approximately 8, [4] with closest approach to Earth on 3 August 2026 at a distance of 0.414 AU (61.9 million km). [2]

Contents

10P/Tempel closest Earth approach on 2026-Aug-03 [2]
Date & time of
closest approach		Earth distance
(AU)		Sun distance
(AU)		Velocity
wrt Earth
(km/s)		Velocity
wrt Sun
(km/s)		Uncertainty
region
(3-sigma)		Reference
2026-Aug-03 20:59 ± 1 min0.414 AU (61.9 million km; 38.5 million mi)1.42 AU (212 million km; 132 million mi)6.531.0± 204 km Horizons

Physical characteristics

The comet nucleus is estimated to be roughly the size of Halley's Comet at 10.6 km (6.6 mi) in diameter with a low albedo of 0.022. [7] The nucleus is dark because hydrocarbons on the surface have been converted to a dark, tar like substance by solar ultraviolet radiation. The nucleus is large enough that even near aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun which is near the orbit of Jupiter) the comet remains brighter than about magnitude 21.

Comet Tempel 2 imaged by George van Biesbroeck from the Yerkes Observatory on 23 July 1925. Comet Tempel II 1925.jpg
Comet Tempel 2 imaged by George van Biesbroeck from the Yerkes Observatory on 23 July 1925.

During the 2010 apparition the comet brightened to about apparent magnitude 8. [4] The most favorable apparition of 10P/Tempel 2 was in 1925 when it came within 0.35 AU (52 million km; 33 million mi) of Earth with an apparent magnitude of 6.5. [8] [9]

Infrared spectroscopy conducted in July 2010 revealed the presence of CH
3OH, C
2H
6, NH
3 and HCN in trace amounts within its coma, with their peak intensities suggesting a possible existence of a distributed source that was released from the nucleus as sublimed icy grains. [10]

Proposed exploration

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory proposed a flyby of the comet with a flight spare of Mariner 4 . [11] The probe was instead used for a Venus flyby as Mariner 5 . [11]

10P/Tempel was to be the target of the NASA part of the International Comet Mission after transporting a European probe to a flyby of Halley's Comet. [12] The plan was to use Solar electric propulsion to get the craft to orbit the comet. [13] The program was cancelled in November 1979. [13]

References

  1. ↑ F. L. Whipple (1981). On Observing Comets for Nuclear Rotation (PDF). Modern Observational Techniques for Comets Conference Proceedings.
  2. 1 2 3 "10P/Tempel 2 – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  3. ↑ "10P/Tempel Orbit". Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 S. Yoshida (27 January 2008). "10P/Tempel 2". www.aerith.net. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  5. ↑ P. L. Lamy; I. Toth; Y. R. Fernández; H. A. Weaver (2004). "The Sizes, Shapes, Albedos, and Colors of Cometary Nuclei" (PDF). Comets II. pp. 223–264. JSTOR   j.ctv1v7zdq5.22.
  6. ↑ D. G. Schleicher; M. M. Knight; S. E. Levine (2013). "The Nucleus of Comet 10P/Tempel 2 in 2013 and Consequences Regarding its Rotational State: Early Science from the Discovery Channel Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (5): 137–145. arXiv: 1309.2944 . Bibcode:2013AJ....146..137S. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/146/5/137 . S2CID   55337675.
  7. 1 2 M. F. A'Hearn; H. Campins; D. G. Schleicher; R. L. Millis (1989). "The Nucleus of Comet P/Tempel 2". The Astrophysical Journal. 347: 1155–1166. Bibcode:1989ApJ...347.1155A. doi: 10.1086/168204 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  8. 1 2 G. W. Kronk. "10P/Tempel 2". Cometography.com. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  9. 1 2 G. van Biesbroeck (1926). "On the Appearance of the Comets in 1925 from Observations at the Yerkes Observatory". Popular Astronomy. 34: 224–228. Bibcode:1926PA.....34..224V.
  10. ↑ L. Paganini; M. J. Mumma; B. P. Bonev; G. L. Villanueva; et al. (2012). "The formation heritage of Jupiter Family Comet 10P/Tempel 2 as revealed by infrared spectroscopy". Icarus. 218 (1): 644–653. arXiv: 1201.5166 . Bibcode:2012Icar..218..644P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.004. S2CID   106398196.
  11. 1 2 P. Ulivi; D. M. Harland (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. pp. 57–58. ISBN   978-0-387-49326-8.
  12. ↑ N. Calder (1992). Giotto to the Comets. Presswork. pp. 25–28. ISBN   0-9520115-0-6.
  13. 1 2 D. W. Hughes (2006). "The Giotto-Halley 20th anniversary". Astronomy and Geophysics. 47 (1): 1.27 –1.28. Bibcode:2006A&G....47a..27H. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2006.47127.x. ISSN   1366-8781. S2CID   122044809.
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