489P/Denning

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489P/Denning
G820 1894-03-30 489P Denning.jpg
The comet on 30 March 1894 by Max Wolf
Discovery [1]
Discovered by William F. Denning
Discovery site Bristol, England
Discovery dateMarch 26, 1894
Designations
D/1894 F1
P/2007 HE4
1894 I, 1894a
Orbital characteristics [2]
Epoch 18 August 2002 (JD 2452504.5)
Observation arc 113.14 years
Number of
observations		302
Aphelion 7.312 AU
Perihelion 1.575 AU
Semi-major axis 4.443 AU
Eccentricity 0.6456
Orbital period 9.37 years
Inclination 4.007°
22.579°
Argument of
periapsis 		107.96°
Mean anomaly 180.38°
Last perihelion2 September 2016
Next perihelion4 December 2025
TJupiter 2.579
Earth MOID 0.596 AU
Jupiter MOID 0.065 AU
Comet total
magnitude (M1)		7.6

489P/Denning is a Jupiter-family comet with an orbital period of 9.4 years. It was discovered by William Frederick Denning on 26 March 1894 but was subsequently lost until 2024, when asteroid 2007 HE4 was identified as the same object. [3]

Contents

Observational history

William Frederick Denning was searching for comets from Bristol, England, when on 26 March 1894 he found a faint object in Leo Minor. [a] The next few days the magnitude of the comet was reported to be about 11. The comet also featured a tail about 5 arcminutes long. The comet upon discovery had passed both the perihelion and closest approach to Earth and was becoming fainter. In April the comet was observed as very faint and elongated. Few observations were made in May. The comet was last detected on 5 June 1894. [4] It is possible the comet experienced an outburst in 1894. [3]

The first orbit was calculated by Lipót Schulhof with positions from 27 to 31 March and indicated a parabolic orbit with perihelion on 13 February 1894. However, by mid April he suspected that the comet deviated from the orbit. The first elliptical orbit he calculated, with positions from 27 March to 25 April, had a perihelion date of 9 February and an orbital period of 6.74 years. Other orbits calculated were 7.94 years by Lewis Boss, 6.79 years by Schulhof, 6.76 years by John Russell Hind, and 7.70 years by Hind. [4]

The comet wasn't recovered and became lost. In 2024 it was noted that Mars-crossing asteroid 2007 HE4, which was discovered by LINEAR on 17 April 2007 with an apparent magnitude of 18.7–19.5, had a comet-like orbit [3] and was ranked by a machine learning model as likely active due to only being observed on one opposition. [5] Maik Meyer found that the asteroid's orbit was a good match with the proposed orbit of comet Denning. [3] Images of the object by the Great Shefford Observatory from 18 and 19 April were re-examined and it appeared slightly elongated, with an aspect ratio of 3:2 when compared with nearby stars, and extending eastwards. [6] Images obtained by the 1.82 m (6.0 ft) telescope of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory on 19 April 2007 when stacked showed a coma with a diameter of 5".3 and a faint, spike-like tail extending for 8 arcseconds. The apparitions from 1972 to 1997 weren't favorable. The 1963–4 apparition was favorable, however no plates were found. [3]

During the 2025 apparition the comet is predicted to reach 18th magnitude. [3]

Orbit

As a Jupiter-family comet, 489P/Denning approaches close to planet Jupiter. A close approach, at a distance of 0.071 AU (10.6 million km) took place in July 1830. During the 1894 apparition the comet had a perihelion distance of 1.15 AU and an orbital period of 7.42 years. An approach to Jupiter on 18 June 1925 at a distance of 0.24 AU raised the orbital period to 8.00 years and perihelion to 1.29 AU and a further approach on 8 November 1986 at a distance of 0.19 AU raised them to 9.31 years and 1.56 AU respectively. [3]

During the 1894 apparition the comet passed 0.27 AU (40 million km) from Earth on 12 February. [7] Other close encounters took place on 25 December 1908, at a distance of 0.62 AU, and on 29 January 1964 at a distance 0.47 AU. [3]

Notes

  1. ↑ Reported initial position upon discovery was: α = 148h 45m, δ = 57° 45′ [1]

References

  1. 1 2 W. F. Denning (1894). "Neuer Comet Denning 1894 März 26" [New Comet Denning, 1894 March 26]. Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 135: 103–104. Bibcode:1894AN....135..103.. doi:10.1002/asna.18941350405.
  2. ↑ "489P/Denning – Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D. W. Green (2 August 2024). "Comet P/2007 HE4 = P/1894 F1 (Denning)". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 5425.
  4. 1 2 G. W. Kronk. "D/1894 F1 (Denning)". Cometography.com. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  5. ↑ P. VanWylen. "2007 HE4". Comets-ML mailing list. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  6. ↑ N. James (31 July 2024). "W. F. Denning's lost comet has been found". britastro.org. British Astronomical Association. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  7. ↑ R. J. Buckley (1979). "New Orbits for some Nineteenth-Century Comets". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 89 (3): 256–264. Bibcode:1979JBAA...89..256B.
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