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Abortion in Brazil is a crime, with penalties of one to three years of imprisonment for the recipient of the abortion, and one to four years of imprisonment for the doctor or any other person who performs the abortion on someone else. In three specific situations in Brazil, induced abortion is not punishable by law: in cases of risk to the pregnant woman’s life; when the pregnancy is the result of rape; and if the fetus is anencephalic. In these cases, the Brazilian government provides the abortion procedure free of charge through the Sistema Único de Saúde. This does not mean that the law regards abortion in these cases as a right, but only that women who receive abortions under these circumstances, and the doctors, will not be punished. The punishment for a woman who performs an abortion on herself or consents to an abortion performed by another outside these legal exceptions is one to three years of detention. The base penalty for a third party that performs an illegal abortion with the consent of the patient, ranges from one to four years of detention, with the possibility of increase by a third if the woman comes to any physical harm, and can be doubled if she dies. Criminal penalties fixed at four years or less can be converted to non-incarceration punishments, such as community service and compulsory donation to charity.
The Prêmio José Reis de Divulgação Científica is an annual honor awarded by the Brazilian Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) to the institution, media organization, publication, or individual who most contributed to the dissemination and public awareness of science and technology in Brazil. It is thus named in honor of Dr. José Reis, a Brazilian biologist and science writer who was one of the pioneers in the field.
NGT is a Brazilian television network. The station came about through the acquisition of two educational television concessions by businessman Marco Antônio Bernardes Costa; one in the city of Osasco, in the state of São Paulo, on behalf of the Fundação Fátima, and another in the city of Rio de Janeiro, on behalf of the Fundação Veneza. These concessions became the two headquarters of the network, together producing its national programming. The network has 35 affiliated television stations in 15 Brazilian states, as well as several retransmitters in 17 states, covering 13.6% of Brazilian territory.
Richard Miskolci is a Brazilian sociologist. He is Full Professor of Sociology at UNIFESP, Brazil, and also a researcher of CNPq. Miskolci is the leader of the Research Center Quereres.
Ana Montenegro was a Brazilian author, journalist, activist, editor, and poet. She was a militant communist and lived in exile for more than 15 years after the 1964 coup. She was a lawyer who advised on human rights and women's rights issues and actively fought against racism. She wrote extensively on women's issues, from their health to their socio-economic rights; the legal-cultural struggle of blacks against racism; and the struggles of urban and rural workers to gain their rights under the Constitution. After returning from exile, she was honored by her local bar association, her state, and the nation of Brazil for her human rights work. In 2005, she was one of the 1000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Eugênia Anna Santos was a Brazilian Iyalorixá. She founded the candomblé Ilê Axé Opó Afonjá in Salvador, now considered a National Historic Landmark, and in Rio de Janeiro.
Cristina Possas de Albuquerque is a Brazilian public health scientist working with infectious diseases and emerging infectious diseases from an eco-social perspective.
Legitimate defense of honor is a legal term in Brazilian jurisprudence, used by the defense to justify the defendant's acts as a crime of passion, attributing the motivating factor of the crime to the behavior of the victim. This justification has been used, among other reasons, to eliminate or reduce the culpability of a spouse or lover who has committed violence against a female partner. In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled the measure unconstitutional in jury trials of femicide cases.
The first National Meeting of Black Women took place in Brazil from December 2 to December 4, 1988, in Valença, Rio de Janeiro. 450 women from 17 Brazilian states attended. The purpose of this meeting was to foster greater solidarity and organizational structure among black Brazilian women, particularly Fluminense women. Prior to the national meeting, the First State Meeting of Black Women of Rio de Janeiro occurred in 1987.
Maria Aparecida Schumaher, known as Schuma, is a Brazilian pedagogue and feminist.
The origins of feminism in Brazil trace back to the 19th century. During the Empire of Brazil, some jurists attempted to legalize women's suffrage, with or without the consent of the husband. Later, the republican constitution of 1891 did not exclude women from voting, because they were not considered individuals who could have rights. That made some women request, without success, their inclusion among the voters. The 1891 constitution initially had a clause that gave women the right to vote, but it was abolished in its last version because the idea that politics was not an honorable activity for women prevailed.
Ana Vicente was an Anglo-Portuguese writer with a strong Catholic faith, known for her support for feminist causes.
Maria Alzira Lemos, also known as Maria Alzira Costa de Castro Cardoso Lemos (1919–2005), was a Portuguese parliamentary deputy, socialist, feminist and women's rights activist, who assisted with the creation of the Portuguese Platform for the Rights of Women.
Gender-neutral language in Portuguese is a recent strand of demands for greater gender equality and social inclusion between men, women and non-binary individuals. It can be divided into inclusive or non-sexist language, and non-binary or neuter language or neolanguage. Inclusive language aims to use existing words to include all genders, while neuter language uses new or modified words to accomplish this.
Maria Lúcia Amaral is a Portuguese lawyer, university professor, politician and judge. She was vice-president of the Constitutional Court of Portugal and is Portugal's 10th Ombudsman, being the first woman to hold this post.
Leolina Barbosa de Souza Costa, better known as Nita Costa, was a Brazilian politician and philanthropist.
Teresa Joaquim is a social anthropologist who is the coordinator of the first master's program in women's studies in Portugal. Women's Studies – Gender, Citizenship and Development was launched at the Universidade Aberta in 1995 and Joaquim pressed for it to be expanded to include a PhD platform in 2002. She served as a member of the National Ethics Council for Life Sciences between 1996 and 2001 and as part of the Helsinki Group on Women in Science. She has participated in numerous policy development projects evaluating inclusion and equal opportunity for women for the government of Portugal, as well as the European Union.
Bila Sorj is a Brazilian academic and pioneer of women's studies. Born in Brazil, she made aliyah to Israel to work communally on a kibbutz and earn her bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Haifa. Returning to Brazil in 1976, she taught sociology and began incorporating women's studies into her work at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Completing her PhD at the University of Manchester in 1979, she began teaching at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1984. She completed post-doctorate studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris. Her research primarily focuses on employment and the ways that gender affects both paid and unpaid labor. She also studies Judaism. Her 2000 book, Israel terra em transe: democracia ou teocracia?, was a finalist for the Prêmio Jabuti in 2001. She is the coordinator of the Núcleo de Estudos de Sexualidade e Gênero in the graduate program of the department of Anthropology and Sociology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. She is regarded as one of the academics who opened the field of gender studies in Brazil.
Luzia Margareth Rago is a Brazilian historian, researcher of women's studies and feminist. She is a professor at the State University of Campinas, where she has been a lecturer since 2000. Influenced by authors such as Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Jean-François Lyotard and Jacques Derrida, she seeks to establish a specific methodology for what she calls "feminist science".
Susana de Noronha is a Portuguese anthropologist, PhD in sociology, and researcher at the Center for Social Studies (CES) at the University of Coimbra. In addition to her research, she works as an invited assistant professor at the Department of Sociology of the Institute of Social Sciences (ICS) at the University of Minho.
References
- CNPq (ed.). "Albertina Gordo de Oliveira Costa" (in Portuguese). Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- Parreira Cordeiro, Jaime Francisco (2002). Falas do novo, figuras da tradição: o novo e o tradicional na educação brasileira (anos 70 e 80) (in Portuguese). UNESP. p. 251. ISBN 978-857-139-384-4.
- Bruschini, Maria Cristina A.; Ardaillon, Danielle; Unbehaum Ridenti, Sandra G. (1998). Tesauro para estudos de gênero e sobre mulheres (in Portuguese). Editora 34. p. 302. ISBN 978-857-326-111-0.
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