Alid revolt

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Alid revolt can refer to any rebellion by Alid partisans against the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates:

Second Fitna period of general political and military disorder during the early Umayyad dynasty, following the death of the first Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I

The Second Fitna or the Second Islamic Civil War was a period of general political and military disorder and conflicts that afflicted the Islamic community during the early Umayyad caliphate. It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I in 680 and lasted for about twelve years. The war involved the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dynasty, the first by Husayn ibn Ali, as well as his supporters including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi who rallied for his revenge in Iraq and the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.

Battle of Harura

The Battle of Harura took place in late 686 near Kufa, Iraq. It was fought between the forces of Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, the governor of Basra on behalf of his brother Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, the ruler of Kufa. It ended with the latter's decisive defeat and the slaying of most of his commanders. In the immediate aftermath, Mus'ab besieged and killed al-Mukhtar in Kufa, sanctioned the killing of thousands of his sympathizers in the city and annexed Kufa and its dependencies, i.e. the Sawad and Jibal. Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar, al-Mukhtar's governor over Mosul and its dependencies, i.e. the Jazira, Adharbayjan and Arminiya, afterward defected to Mus'ab. Thus, all of Iraq came under Zubayrid authority as a result of Mus'ab's victory.

The Alid revolt of 762–763 or Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul was an uprising by the Hasanid branch of the Alids against the newly established Abbasid Caliphate. The Hasanids, led by the brothers Muhammad and Ibrahim, rejected the legitimacy of the Abbasid family's claim to power. Reacting to mounting persecution by the Abbasid regime, in 762 they launched a rebellion, with Muhammad rising in revolt at Medina in September and Ibrahim following in Basra in November. The lack of co-ordination and organization, as well as the lukewarm support of their followers, allowed the Abbasids under Caliph al-Mansur to react swiftly. The Caliph contained Muhammad's rebellion in the Hejaz and crushed it only two weeks after Ibrahim's uprising, before turning his forces against the latter. Ibrahim's rebellion had achieved some initial successes in southern Iraq, but his camp was riven by dissent among rival Shi'a groups as to the prosecution of the war and future political objectives. In the end, Ibrahim's army was decisively defeated at Bakhamra in January 763, with Ibrahim dying of his wounds shortly after. The failure of the rebellion did not mark the end of Alid unrest, but it consolidated the power of the Abbasid dynasty.

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Abdallah ibn Muawiya

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ja'far ibn Abi Talib was an Alid leader who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate at Kufa and later Persia during the Third Fitna.

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Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani

Ziyad ibn Abdallah ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, commonly known as Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, was an Umayyad nobleman and a pretender to the Umayyad Caliphate, which had been overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate in early 750. Abu Muhammad led a revolt against the Abbasids, but his forces were defeated and he fled to Arabia, where he was killed in the early part of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur's reign.

Abu al-Ward

Majzaʾa ibn al-Kawthar ibn Zufar ibn al-Ḥārith al-Kilābī was a mid-8th century Umayyad governor of Jund Qinnasrin in Syria. He was a cavalry commander of Umayyad Caliph Marwan II and later the leader of a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate in Syria which aimed to reestablish the Umayyad Caliphate in 750.

Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i was a pro-Alid leader from Kufa, who led the Tawwabin movement during the Second Islamic Civil War to avenge the death of Husayn ibn Ali. He had participated in battles during the First Islamic Civil War on the side of Ali, although at occasions was disapproving of his decisions. After the death of Muawiyah, he was the most prominent of the Kufans who urged Ali's son Husyan to revolt. After the death of Husyan at the Battle of Karbala in 680, in which he failed to support Husayn, Ibn Surad and some other Alid partisans of Kufa sacrificed themselves in an attempt to avenge his death.

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