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The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were colonization and Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian Slavs.
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Vytenis was Grand Duke of Lithuania from c. 1295 to c. 1316. He became the first of the Gediminid dynasty to rule for a considerable amount of time. In the early 14th century, his reputation outshone that of Gediminas, who is regarded by modern historians as one of the greatest Lithuanian rulers. The rule of Vytenis was marked by constant warfare in an effort to consolidate the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Ruthenians, Masovians, and the Teutonic Order.
The Battle of Medininkai took place on 27 July 1320 between the Teutonic Order and the Samogitian army near Medininkai.
The Battle of Memel was fought between the Samogitians and the Livonian Order in 1257 near Memel.
The Lithuanian Crusade was a series of campaigns by the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order under the pretext of forcibly Christianizing the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Livonian Order occupied Riga in 1202 and in the 1230s they settled in Chełmno Land, a fief of Poland. They first conquered other neighboring Baltic tribes—Curonians, Semigallians, Latgalians, Selonians, and Old Prussians—in the Livonian Crusade and Prussian Crusade.
References
- ↑ "Skuodo mūšis: sukanka 750 metų". Vakarų ekspresas (in Lithuanian). 2009-07-17.
- 1 2 3 4 Urban, William. The Baltic Crusade, pp. 245–246.
- 1 2 Baranauskas, Tomas (2006-08-19). "Chronology. High Middle Ages: Part 2 (1183–1283)". Medieval Lithuania. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
- ↑ Baranauskas, Tomas (2006-09-22). "Ar priminsime Europai apie Šiaulių mūšį?" (in Lithuanian). Delfi.lt . Retrieved 2007-06-02.
- ↑ Baranauskas, Tomas (2003-03-23). "Mindaugo karūnavimo ir Lietuvos karalystės problemos". Voruta (in Lithuanian). 6 (504). ISSN 1392-0677.
- ↑ Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). "Establishment of the State". The History of Lithuania Before 1795. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
- ↑ Urban, William (1994). The Baltic Crusade (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 240–241. ISBN 0-929700-10-4.
- ↑ Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978). Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties (in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 184–185. LCCN 79346776.
- ↑ Gudavičius, Edvardas (1998). Mindaugas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Žara. p. 273. ISBN 9986-34-020-9.
- ↑ Gudavičius, Edvardas. Mindaugas, p. 268
- ↑ Gudavičius, Edvardas. Mindaugas, pp. 270–273
- ↑ Gudavičius, Edvardas. Mindaugas, p. 274
- ↑ Gudavičius, Edvardas. Mindaugas, pp. 275–276
- ↑ Urban, William. The Baltic Crusade, p. 248.