Uthman Beg or Osman Beg was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Sara Khatun was an influential woman of the Aq Qoyunlu state, as the political adviser of her son, Uzun Hasan. She was a successful and well-respected diplomatic mediator.
Yakub I was the founder of the beylik of Germiyan, located in western Anatolia around Kütahya. Although Germiyan revolted against Mesud II, the Sultan of Rum, Yakub accepted vassalage under Kayqubad III. The Sultanate of Rum disintegrated shortly after. At that point, Yakub's realm extended as far east as Ankara and incorporated various towns taken from the Byzantine Empire and the Catalan Company. Yakub was the suzerain of many of his neighbors, and his reign was described as economically prosperous by contemporary historians. He was succeeded by his son Mehmed, nicknamed Chakhshadan.
Suleiman Shah, also known as Shah Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1361 until his death. His reign was initially peaceful, but he was eventually involved in a conflict with the Karamanids, which forced him to seek an alliance with the Ottoman state. He arranged the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son and future successor, Bayezid. Although he secured an alliance with the Ottomans, Germiyan lost considerable land as Suleiman left numerous towns and smaller settlements for them to seize, including the capital Kütahya, as part of the dowry payment. Suleiman relocated to Kula and died there in 1387.
Yaqub b. Uzun Hasan, commonly known as Sultan Ya'qub was the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1478 until his death on 24 December 1490. A son of Uzun Hasan, he became the ruler of the dynasty after the death of his brother Sultan Khalil. The borders of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty remained stable during his reign. In his book Alam-Aray-i Amini, Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani praised him as a decent successor of Uzun Hasan. Ya'qub received praise from other historians for supporting poets and scientists.
Alvand Mirza was a member of the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty, the son of Iskandar Kara, the ruler of Mosul, Diyarbakir, and Asadabad. The people from the marriage of his son Pirguli Beg and Khadija Begim, the granddaughter of Jahan Shah from Yusif Mirza, founded the Indian branch of the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty.
Bayram Khwaja Barani Yiwa was the founder of the Qara Qoyunlu, a Muslim Turkoman tribal confederation, that in a short space of time came to rule the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
Celaleddin Kötürüm Bayezid, was a prince of the Candar dynasty that reigned as Bey of Candar from 1361 until 1383.
Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu was a Turkoman military officer from the Mawsillu clan, who served the Aq Qoyunlu. He was one of the leading figures during the reign of Sultan Ya'qub Beg, and played a pivotal role in the succession struggle that took place after the latter's death. He put Ya'qub's eldest son Baysunghur on the throne, ruling as the virtual ruler of the realm until he was defeated and killed by his rival, Sulayman Beg Bijan.
Baysunghur was the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1490 to 1493. He was the son and successor of Ya'qub Beg. He had little power during his short reign, serving as a figurehead, while real power was in possession of his tutor and commander Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu in 1490–1492, and then under another commander, Sulayman Beg Bijan in 1492–1493. Baysunghur was killed in 1493 by his cousin Rustam Beg, who succeeded him.
Ahmad Göde or Gövde Ahmad, born Sultanzade Ahmed and commonly known as Ahmad Beg or Sultan Ahmad, was a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu.
The Battle of Khoy is considered to be the decisive battle between the sons of Uzun Hasan, Sultan Khalil and Sultan Yaqub, which ended the battle for the throne on August 14, 1478. Although the battle began with the victory of Sultan Khalil, it ended with the victory of Sultan Yaqub and Sultan Khalil was killed. After entering Tabriz, Sultan Yaqub decided to pardon most of Khalil's supporters.
Sarim al-Din Ibrahim I was Beg of Ramadan by June 1354 to 1383. Following his father Ramadan's death, Ibrahim arrived in Damascus and honored the Mamluk Sultan, securing the regional authority the Mamluks had granted Ramadan. Soon after, Ibrahim allied himself with Ghars al-Din Khalil, the ruler of the Dulkadirids, in an attempt to seize Sis. The Mamluk governor of Aleppo was assigned to deal with Ibrahim but was defeated by other local lords. The Mamluks recognized Ibrahim's authority in 1381 and granted him the title na'ib (viceroy) of Adana two years later. Ibrahim made a new attempt to realize his ambition to capture Sis. This restored the state of war between the Ramadanids and the Mamluk Sultanate. After fleeing from the Mamluks for some time, Ibrahim was caught by the Mamluk na'ib of Sis. Ibrahim was executed in the town of Sis. He was succeeded by his brother Ahmed.
Shuja' al-Din Suleiman I Pasha was Bey of Candar from 1309 until his death. He was the son of Shams al-Din Yaman, who defeated the governor of Kastamonu, Yavlak Arslan, and was granted administration of the region by Ilkhan Gaykhatu. However, after Yaman's death, it came under the control of its former ruler's son, Mahmud. On 16 July 1309, Suleiman took Kastamonu and reigned under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate until the death of the last Ilkhan Abu Sa'id. During his last several years, he issued his own coins and declared independence. He maintained stable relations with his neighbors but continued to raid the Byzantine Empire despite an offer of peace. He intended to hand the rule over to his youngest son Choban, which elicited a revolt from Suleiman’s oldest son Ibrahim, who instead became his successor.
Ghiyath al-Din Ibrahim I Shah was Bey of Candar from 1341 to 1346. During the reign of his father, Suleiman I, he was trusted with the administration of Sinop. He took control upon his father's death, who had instead designated Ibrahim's youngest brother, Choban, as his heir. In 1341, Ibrahim captured about ten Genoese vessels after a skirmish with the Republic of Genoa, who had a trading post near Sinop. He was possibly succeeded by his uncle, Yakub. However, nothing is known about Yakub's reign, and his son and Ibrahim's cousin, Adil, is known to have risen to the throne in 1346.
Shihab al-Din Ahmed was Beg of Ramadan from 1383 to 1417.
Sarim al-Din Ibrahim II was Beg of Ramadan from 1417 to 1418.
Izz al-Din Hamza was Beg of Ramadan from 1418 to 1426.
Adil Beg was the ruler of Candar in northern Anatolia from c. 1346 until c. 1361. There are undated coins honoring him as an emir that were minted in Kastamonu and Sinop. Coins that potentially belong to him but do not mention his name include the title sultan. Adil is known to have allowed the formation of Venetian and Genoese colonies in Sinop. According to local traditional narrative, Adil died in a battle. His death year is unclear but was likely before 1362, when the literary work Maktel-i Hüseyin dedicated to Adil's son Bayezid refer to Adil's past reign. Historian Yaşar Yücel dates Bayezid's accession to the throne to 1361. According to the modern historian İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Adil's reputed tomb is in the village of Kuzyaka, south of Kastamonu, where his mummified body is placed along with other deceased people, inside the vault below the türbe (mausoleum).
