Cabaret de l'Enfer (The Cabaret of Hell) was a famous cabaret in Montmartre, founded in November 1892 by Antonin Alexander and demolished in 1950 to allow for the expansion of a Monoprix supermarket. The Cabaret de L'Enfer was the counterpart to The Cabaret du Ciel (The Cabaret of Sky), another cabaret which shared the same address on the Boulevard de Clichy. Antonin Alexander was the creator, director, and host of the twin ventures.
Jules Claretie, who wrote that future historians of the mores of the Belle Epoque "could not silently pass by these cabarets", [1] described them as "putting Dante's poem within walking distance". [2] For Georges Renault and Henri Château, "Le Ciel and L'Enfer, gaping wide-open all in a row" was worthy of the label "spectacular". [3] The flâneurs of Paris entered through the monumental jaws of Leviathan, devourer of the damned. The intimidating façade was "a stucco ode to female nudity being devoured by infernal flames". [4]
Situated at the foot of the hill of Montmartre, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, The Cabaret de l'Enfer was a precursor to theme restaurants, whose ambience was its main attraction, and only occasionally hosted café singers. In 1895, three years after opening at 34 Boulevard de Clichy, Antonin moved the establishment down the street to number 53, where it remained for more than half a century. [5]
Meanwhile, the original location was purchased by a competitor, the illusionist Dorville, and his administrator, Roger, who opened a "cabaret macabre", the Cabaret du Néant (Cabaret of the Void), which specialized in more sinister "invocations of what lies beyond the grave", while the Cabaret du Ciel (Cabaret of Heaven) joyfully proposed "mystical illusions" and the Cabaret of Hell, "magic tricks". [6] [7]
According to Jules Claretie, the spectacles offered by the Cabarets of Ciel and Enfer "did not differ in essence from the attractions seen at the fête de Neuilly...They used the same illusionist tricks produced by combinations of mirrors and the play of light. But an organ added mysterious music to these rapid tableaux". [8] The atmosphere was jovial, and Antonin, a former literature professor, maintained its geniality, setting the tone with humorous, costumed discourses delivered either as Saint Peter or Mephistopheles. [9] The doorman of the cabaret of Hell, dressed as the Devil, greeted customers by telling them "Enter and be damned!". Once inside, the patrons were served by waiters dressed in devil suits. In 1899, a visitor reported that, in the jargon used inside the café, an order of "three black coffees spiked with cognac" was relayed to the bar as: "Three seething bumpers of molten sins, with a dash of brimstone intensifier!". [10]
The mood was different at the Cabaret du Néant, "where a sinister irony was expressed, not with angels and devils, but with people, mortals, death". [9] In their 1897 book, Montmartre , Renault and Château emphasize this critical difference: "if the Ciel and Enfer of the lovable M. Antonin merit a visit, this is not true of the Néant, which is frequented by hysterical and neurotic persons; M. Dorville is the founder and owner of this cabaret of Death where, by aid of mirrors, the customer is made to witness the decomposition of bodies, where the tables are coffins, the diners are the dead, the waiters are the undertakers, and so on and so forth". [11]
The Surrealists, led by André Breton, occasionally met at the Cabaret de l'Enfer. Breton's studio occupied the fourth floor above the cabaret. It was in this studio that he and Robert Desnos organized the famous sessions of semi-sleep and automatic writing of the 1920s. [12]
A few years after the Liberation of Paris, the Monoprix supermarket that had neighbored the Cabaret de L'Enfer since 1934 bought both cafés, gutted them, expanded, and replaced the two façades with their own front entrance. The Monoprix currently occupies the length of the ground floor between the corner with Rue Pierre-Fontaine and number 51. The entrance stands where the Cabaret de l'Enfer used to be. [13]
The lengthy spree of serial killer Guy Georges, whose multiple rapes, aggression with knives, tortures, and murders terrorized Parisians for seven years, ended in April 1998 when Captain Bernard Basdevant identified and neutralized the criminal at the spot where the Cabaret de l'Enfer once stood. It was inside the Monoprix that Georges first confessed to be "the killer of East Paris". [14]
Moulin Rouge is a cabaret in Paris, on Boulevard de Clichy, at Place Blanche, the intersection of, and terminus of Rue Blanche.
Montmartre is a large hill in Paris's northern 18th arrondissement. It is 130 m (430 ft) high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank. Montmartre is primarily known for its artistic history, for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit, and as a nightclub district.
The Cemetery of Montmartre is a cemetery in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, France, that dates to the early 19th century. Officially known as the Cimetière du Nord, it is the third largest necropolis in Paris, after the Père Lachaise Cemetery and the Montparnasse Cemetery.
Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie was a French literary figure and director of the Théâtre Français.
La Goulue, was the stage name of Louise Weber, a French can-can dancer who was a star of the Moulin Rouge, a popular cabaret in the Pigalle district of Paris, near Montmartre. Weber became known as La Goulue because as an adolescent, she was known for guzzling cabaret patrons' drinks while dancing. She also was referred to as the Queen of Montmartre.
A showgirl is a female performer in a theatrical revue who wears an exotic and revealing costume and in some shows may appear topless. Showgirls are usually dancers, sometimes performing as chorus girls, burlesque dancers or fan dancers, and many are classically trained with skills in ballet. The term showgirl usage is also sometimes extended by strippers and some strip clubs to use it as part of their business name. The French view the term as an American idiomatic expression.
Le Chat Noir was a 19th century entertainment establishment in the bohemian Montmartre district of Paris. It was opened on 18 November 1881 at 84 Boulevard de Rochechouart by impresario Rodolphe Salis, and closed in 1897 not long after Salis' death.
Jean-Louis Forain was a French Impressionist painter and printmaker, working in media including oils, watercolour, pastel, etching and lithograph. Compared to many of his Impressionist colleagues, he was more successful during his lifetime, but his reputation is now much less exalted.
Henri Ghéon, born Henri Vangeon in Bray-sur-Seine, Seine-et-Marne, was a French playwright, novelist, poet and critic.
Jules-Henri Brésil was a French writer who collaborated with Adolphe d'Ennery on the librettos of at least two operas.
Jules Roy was a French writer. "Prolific and polemical" Roy, born an Algerian pied noir and sent to a Roman Catholic seminary, used his experiences in the French colony and during his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War as inspiration for a number of his works. He began writing in 1946, while still serving in the military, and continued to publish fiction and historical works after his resignation in 1953 in protest of the First Indochina War. He was an outspoken critic of French colonialism and the Algerian War of Independence and later civil war, as well as a strongly religious man.
The Rue Lepic is a street in the former commune of Montmartre, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, climbing the hill of Montmartre from the Boulevard de Clichy to the Place Jean-Baptiste-Clément.
Henri Rivière was a French artist and designer best known for his creation of a form of shadow play at the Chat Noir cabaret, and for his post-Impressionist illustrations of Breton landscapes and the Eiffel Tower.
The Boulevard de Clichy is a famous street of Paris, which lends its name to the Place de Clichy, resulted from the fusion, in 1864, of the roads that paralleled the Wall of the Farmers-General, both inside and out. It extends from the Place de Clichy to the Rue des Martyrs, nearly a kilometre away. During its tenure, the street has been known as the Boulevard des Martyrs, then the Boulevard Pigalle, and, finally, the Boulevard de Clichy. It is equally well known as the Boulevard Clichy.
Cabaret des Quat'z'Arts was a venue at 62 Boulevard de Clichy, in Paris, France. The interdisciplinary mixture of the arts created avant-garde collaborative performances. Similar to Le Chat Noir, the Quat'z'Arts was a gathering place for artists, composers, musicians, performers, poets, illustrators, and theater critics, attracting newcomers such as Pablo Picasso and Apollinaire. It provided space for permanent and temporary art exhibits by the likes of Emile Cohl, Jules-Alexandre Grün, Charles Léandre, Georges Redon, Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Louis Abel-Truchet, and Adolphe Willette.
Charles Henri Pille was a French painter and illustrator.
Robert Charles Henri Le Roux (1860–1925), known by the pen name Hugues Le Roux, was a French writer and journalist. He wrote primarily about the French colonies and travel.
Cabaret du Néant was a cabaret in Montmartre, Paris, founded in 1892. The Cabaret du Néant was an early pioneer of the modern theme restaurant and dealt with various aspects of mortality and death. The dark theme of the cabaret included magic tricks and illusions focusing on morbid subjects.
The Cabaret du Ciel was a well-known cabaret in the Montmartre district of Paris. The Cabaret du Ciel was an early version of modern theme restaurants, with a theme centered around celestial concepts connected to the afterlife in Paradise. The cabaret was located next to the Cabaret de L'Enfer at the same address at 53 Boulevard de Clichy.
Auguste Allongé was a French painter, illustrator and engraver.