The Cassidy/JLU orthography is a phonemic system for writing Jamaican Patois originally developed by the linguist Frederic Cassidy. [1] It is used as the writing system for the Jamaican Wikipedia, known in Patois, and written using the Cassidy/JLU system, as the Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia.
Patois has long been written with various respellings compared to English so that, for example, the word "there" might be written ⟨de⟩, ⟨deh⟩, or ⟨dere⟩, and the word "three" as ⟨tree⟩, ⟨tri⟩, or ⟨trii⟩. Standard English spelling is often used and a nonstandard spelling sometimes becomes widespread even though it is neither phonetic nor standard (e.g. ⟨pickney⟩ for /pikni/, 'child').
Cassidy advocated for creole languages to use an orthography, or writing style, that did not rely on European spelling conventions.
The more the creole differs phonemically from the lexicalizing language (English, French, Dutch - whatever), the more it must differ in its orthography. It should be taught and learned in a system of its own ... Paramount should be a phonemically accurate, consistent, autonomous system
— Cassidy (1993) [2]
Cassidy's orthography, initially proposed in 1961, uses a phonemic system that closely reproduces the sound of the language. The Cassidy System was later adopted and modified by the Jamaican Language Unit (JLU) at the University of the West Indies. [3]
In 2002, the Jamaican Language Unit was set up at the University of the West Indies at Mona to begin standardizing the language, with the aim of supporting non-English-speaking Jamaicans according to their constitutional guarantees of equal rights, as services of the state are normally provided in English, which a significant portion of the population cannot speak fluently. The vast majority of such persons are speakers of Jamaican Patois. It was argued that failure to provide services of the state in a language in such general use or discriminatory treatment by officers of the state based on the inability of a citizen to use English violates the rights of citizens. The proposal was made that freedom from discrimination on the ground of language be inserted into the Charter of Rights. [4]
The JLU standardized the Jamaican alphabet as follows: [5]
Letter | Patois | English |
---|---|---|
i | sik | sick |
e | bel | bell |
a | ban | band |
o | kot | cut |
u | kuk | cook |
Letter | Patois | English |
---|---|---|
ii | tii | tea |
aa | baal | ball |
uu | shuut | shoot |
IPA | Letter | Patois | English |
---|---|---|---|
/ia/ | ie | kiek | cake |
/ua/ | uo | gruo | grow |
/ai/ | ai | bait | bite |
/au/ | ou | kou | cow |
Nasal vowels are written with -hn, as in kyaahn (can't) and iihn (isn't it?)
IPA | Letter | Patois | English |
---|---|---|---|
/b/ | b | biek | bake |
/d/ | d | daag | dog |
/tʃ/ | ch | choch | church |
/f/ | f | fuud | food |
/g/ | g | guot | goat |
/h/ | h | hen | hen |
/dʒ/ | j | joj | judge |
/k/ | k | kait | kite |
/l/ | l | liin | lean |
/m/ | m | man | man |
/n/ | n | nais | nice |
/ŋ/ | ng | sing | sing |
/p/ | p | piil | peel |
/r/ | r | ron | run |
/s/ | s | sik | sick |
/ʃ/ | sh | shout | shout |
/t/ | t | tuu | two |
/v/ | v | vuot | vote |
/w/ | w | wail | wild |
/j/ | y | yong | young |
/z/ | z | zuu | zoo |
/ʒ/ | zh | vorzhan | version |
h is written according to local pronunciation, so that hen (hen) and en (end) are distinguished in writing for speakers of western Jamaican, but not for those of central Jamaican.
In 2012 the Bible Society, in collaboration with the JLU, translated the New Testament into Jamaican using the Cassidy orthography, it was published as Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment. [6]
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Frederic Gomes Cassidy was a Jamaican-born linguist and lexicographer. He was a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and founder of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) where he was also the chief editor from 1962 until his death. He was an advocate for the Jamaican language and a pioneer of autonomous orthographies for creole languages.
Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment is a translation of the New Testament into Jamaican Patois prepared by the Bible Society of the West Indies in 2012. In advance of the publication, a translation of the Gospel of Luke was published in 2010 as Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im. The translation has been seen as a step towards gaining official recognition for the language, but has also been viewed as detrimental to efforts at promoting the use of English. Noel Leo Erskine, Professor of Theology and Ethics at Emory University, argued that the translation of the Bible into Patois is a breakthrough allowing Jamaicans to hear Christian scripture in their primary language and will promote the understanding that all cultures have access to divine truth.