Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS

Last updated

The Catholic Church is a major provider of medical care to HIV/AIDS patients. Much of its work takes place in developing countries, although it has also had a presence in the global north. Its opposition to condoms, despite their effectiveness in preventing the spread of HIV, has invited criticism from public health officials and anti-AIDS activists.

Contents

Catholic views on condoms

The Catholic Church's opposition to contraception includes a prohibition on condoms. [1] [2] [3] It believes that chastity should be the primary means of preventing the transmission of AIDS. [4] [5] The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective, irresponsible and immoral by some public health officials and AIDS activists, [4] [6] [7] who share evidence that condoms prevent the transmission of HIV. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

The use of condoms specifically to prevent the spread of AIDS has involved Catholic theologians arguing both sides. [14] [15] [16] Pope Benedict XVI pointed out that when a male prostitute uses a condom "with the intention of reducing the risk of infection, can be a first step in a movement towards a different way, a more human way, of living sexuality." [17] He said that the concern for others suggested by this action is laudable, but does not mean that either prostitution or condoms are in themselves good. [18] [19] [17]

1980s

In 1988, a debate within the Catholic Church over the use of condoms to prevent AIDS sparked an intervention from the Vatican. The Church in 1968 had already stated in Humanae Vitae that chemical and barrier methods of contraception went against Church teachings. The debate was over whether or not condoms could be used, not as contraceptives, but as a means of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In 1987, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a document suggesting that education on the use of condoms could be an acceptable part of an anti-AIDS program. In response, Joseph Ratzinger, then-prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, stated that such an approach "would result in at least the facilitation of evil", not merely its toleration. [a]

In the 1980s, Catholic hospitals received a waiver from the State of New York from the requirement to offer condoms and other services that conflicted with Church teaching in return for state funding. [5] In the same decade, the Archdiocese of New York would not lease classroom space to the New York Board of Education to hold classes on AIDS education unless the board agreed to waive parts of the curriculum that the Church found objectionable. [5] It also objected because the curriculum made "no mention of modesty, chastity, premarital sexual abstinence or even marital fidelity." [5]

1990s

Pope John Paul II upheld the church's traditional prohibition on condoms. [20] His position was harshly criticized by some doctors and AIDS activists who said that it led to deaths and millions of AIDS orphans. [20] It was also suggested that his position on condoms cost him the Nobel Peace Prize, which he was widely expected to receive. [21]

In September 1990, John Paul II visited the small town of Mwanza, in northern Tanzania, and gave a speech that many believe set the tone for the AIDS crisis in Africa. [22] John Paul II said that condoms were a sin in any circumstance. [22] He lauded family values and praised fidelity and abstinence as the only true ways to combat the disease. [22] In December 1995, the Pontifical Council for the Family issued guidelines saying that "parents must also reject the promotion of so-called 'safe sex' or 'safer sex', a dangerous and immoral policy based on the deluded theory that the condom can provide adequate protection against AIDS." [23]

2000s

In 2003, Cardinal Trujillo, then president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, stated in a BBC documentary that the "scientific community accepts" that the HIV virus can pass through condoms. [24] This claim was refuted by the World Health Organisation as "scientifically incorrect" in a formal statement, reflecting their position that condoms provide effective protection against HIV transmission. [25] The Cardinal later provided additional context for his comment in a statement. He attributed his assertion that the virus can pass through microscopic pores in latex to two papers by Catholic authors (Jacques Suaudeau and J.P. M Lelkens), [26] [27] citing studies which "hypothesize that ... the process of vulcanization could contribute to the irregularity of the latex surface and the presence of microscopic pores." [28] The Cardinal's statement did not repeat his previously implied claim of scientific consensus on conclusions from those studies.

In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI (formerly Ratzinger) listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms. [29]

In 2005, a senior research scientist at the Harvard School of Public Health, Edward C. Green, stated that while "in theory, condom promotions ought to work everywhere ... that's not what the research in Africa shows." [30] Green also indicated that strategies that worked in Africa were "strategies that break up these multiple and concurrent sexual networks – or, in plain language, faithful mutual monogamy or at least reduction in numbers of partners, especially concurrent ones." [30]

There was much media attention about Benedict's comments on condom use after his interview with Peter Seewald in 2010. In the interview, Benedict discussed how the Church was helping people with AIDS and the need to fight the trivialisation of sexuality. Replying to the interviewer's comment that, "It is madness to forbid a high-risk population to use condoms", Benedict stated:

There may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility, on the way toward recovering an awareness that not everything is allowed and that one cannot do whatever one wants. But it is not really the way to deal with the evil of HIV infection. That can really lie only in a humanization of sexuality. [31]

This explanation was interpreted by many as a change of tack by the Vatican [32] which necessitated a clarification from the Vatican that "the pope does not morally justify the disordered exercise of sexuality, but maintains that the use of the condom to diminish the danger of infection may be "a first assumption of responsibility", as opposed to not using the condom and exposing the other person to a fatal risk. [33] Due to confusion over a translation, it was later clarified that Benedict's comments did not just refer to men, but women and transexuals as well. [34]

As John Haas, the president for the American National Catholic Centre for Bioethics, noted, Benedict did not address the issue of whether condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission. The new statement from Benedict was criticized by conservative Catholics such as Jimmy Akin, who described Benedict's statements as "private opinions" as opposed to "official Church teaching". [35]

2010s

After a trip to Africa, in which he spoke little on AIDS but visited with HIV positive children, Pope Francis dismissed the question of whether or not condoms should be used to fight transmission. [36] An annoyed Francis said the church's views on condom usage was a small issue compared to a lack of clean water and malnutrition. [36]

Dissent

There have been a number of Catholics and theologians who have dissented from the Church's position on the use of condoms. [37]

Some bishops have suggested that condom use may be acceptable in some circumstances to prevent AIDS. In 1996, the Social Commission of the French Bishops' Conference said that condom use "can be understood in the case of people for whom sexual activity is an ingrained part of their lifestyle and for whom [that activity] represents a serious risk." [38] [39] In 1993, the German Bishops' Conference noted: "...consideration must be given ... to the spread of AIDS. It is a moral duty to prevent such suffering, even if the underlying behavior cannot be condoned in many cases..." [40]

Carlo Maria Martini, the archbishop of Milan, opined that when one spouse has HIV but the other does not that using condoms could be considered "a lesser evil". [41] [42] But he quickly noted that the church should not acknowledge these considerations publicly because of "the risk of promoting an irresponsible attitude." [43]

Kevin Dowling, bishop of Rustenburg, believes that the Catholic Church should reverse its position on the use of condoms to prevent HIV transmission. [44] Following this, he received a number of rebukes from the South African papal nuncio. The bishops' conference condemned his words, describing condoms as "an immoral and misguided weapon" in the fight against HIV, and argued that condom use could even encourage the spread of HIV by promoting extramarital sex. [45]

Martin Rhonheimer, theologian and professor of Ethics and Political Philosophy at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, believes that using a condoms to prevent AIDS can be justified on the basis of the principle of double effect. Because the pair use the condom to prevent disease, not conception, the infertility of this act should be considered as side effect of using a condom. [46] Janet E. Smith disagreed, saying the "embedded meaning" of using a condom must be consider as its essential part.

Scientific assessment

According to sex education experts, abstinence-only sex education is not effective, and comprehensive sex education should be used instead. [47] [48] [49] Research has found that abstinence only education fails to decrease people's risks of transmitting STDs in the developed world. [50]

The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective, irresponsible and immoral by many public health officials and AIDS activists. [4] [6] [7] Empirical evidence suggests that condoms reduce the numbers of those who are infected with an STD, including HIV. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Some researchers claim that the primary challenge is getting people to use condoms all the time. [51]

Medical care for AIDS patients

St. Vincent's Hospital, New York StVincents.jpg
St. Vincent's Hospital, New York

The Catholic Church, with over 117,000 health centers, is the largest private provider of HIV/AIDS care. [52] While not allowing the use of condoms, [53] Catholic Church-related organizations provide more than 25% of all HIV treatment, care, and support throughout the world, [54] [52] [55] with 12% coming from Catholic Church organizations and 13% coming from Catholic non-governmental organizations. [56]

According to the Vatican, care providers include 5,000 hospitals, 18,000 dispensaries, and 9,000 orphanages located both in rural and urban environments. [54] [57] [53] Much of the Church's aid effort is concentrated in developing nations – in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. [58] [59] Catholic medical centers treat those already infected and make efforts to prevent the spread of the disease. Catholic hospitals were among the first to treat HIV/AIDS patients [60] [61] in the early 1980s. [62]

United States

By 2008, Catholic Charities USA had 1,600 agencies providing services to people with AIDS, including housing and mental health services. [58] The Archdiocese of New York opened a shelter for AIDS patients in 1985. [63] In the same year, they also opened a hotline for people to call for resources and information. [63] The Missionaries of Charity, led by Mother Teresa, opened hospices in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco in the 1980s as well. [64] [63] Individual parishes also began opening hospices for AIDS patients. [b] [63] [65]

Australia

AIDS arrived in Australia in the 1980s. Soon after, the Sisters of Charity began to admit patients with the new disease at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in Sydney's inner city, which became a world leader in HIV research. [66] However, despite its geographic proximity to the infected community, it was reported that the atmosphere at St Vincent's was initially homophobic in the early 1980s, but hospital administrators took action to correct the situation. [67]

Africa

The African Jesuit AIDS Network was established in 2002 by Jesuits from Africa and Madagascar as a network of organizations that fight against HIV/AIDS [68] Based on the outskirts of Nairobi, they develop responses that meet the needs in the local context to the disease, including education, prevention, and treatment. [69] The founding of the network was in response to a major effort by the Jesuits to make AIDS in Africa a major priority. [70]

The Community of Sant'Egidio is "among global leaders on HIV/AIDS" [71] with a large presence in Africa. Its Drug Resource Enhancement against Aids and Malnutrition (DREAM) program is one of the most studied approaches to HIV / AIDS treatment in the world, with many of the roughly 100 papers attesting to its efficacy. [72] DREAM takes a holistic approach, combining highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with the treatment of malnutrition, tuberculosis, malaria, and sexually transmitted diseases while emphasizing health education at all levels. [73] The program was initiated in Mozambique in March 2002 and has spread throughout the continent in dispersed health centers. [74] Funding has come from various international organizations [75] including the World Bank and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, [76] as well as from Italy's winegrowers. [77]

Ministry to people with HIV/AIDS

With the advent of AIDS, the Church initially responded nervously but soon began actively providing ministry and medical care to people with AIDS. [78]

Parishes and dioceses have instituted various forms of paid and volunteer pastoral care and special activities for people with AIDS [79] [80] [81] [82] and in the 1980s, some dioceses began hiring staff [83] and commissioning priests for AIDS ministry. [84] In 1989, the top services provided in the United States were health and hospice care, AIDS advocacy, and education and prevention; [85] others were drug treatment programs, housing, legal services, advocacy on behalf of those with AIDS, financial assistance, information about the disease and referrals for services, psychological and emotional support for both patients and family members, meals and groceries, and transportation services. [86] [79]

Saint Aloysius Gonzaga is the patron saint of those with AIDS and their caregivers. [87]

Popes

During a 1987 visit to San Francisco, a city hit hard by the pandemic, John Paul II physically and verbally embraced AIDS patients at Mission Dolores in San Francisco's Castro district. [88] [89] [90] [91] One of those he hugged was a four-year-old boy who had contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion. [92] [90] His visit was not welcomed by all, and one AIDS patient termed it "a deliberate slap in the face" given the proximity to the city's gay district. [93] John Paul II spoke of the Church's activism to "prevent the moral background" of HIV/AIDS and of the importance of giving medical care to people with AIDS; [93] in later statements, he would condemn discrimination against people with AIDS, while also saying that it resulted from "abuse of sexuality". [94]

Pope Francis visited a hospice on Holy Thursday while he was archbishop of Buenos Aires to wash and kiss the feet of 12 drug addicts with AIDS. [95] While attending World Youth Day in Panama, he visited a Church-run home for those infected with HIV. [96]

United States bishops

While insisting that there was a personal responsibility to avoid risky behavior, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops rejected the notion that there may be "innocent" or "guilty" victims of the virus. [97] Anyone with the disease, whether acquired through a tainted blood transfusion, hetero- or homosexual sex, drug use, or otherwise, should be afforded the same care and compassion. [97]

The Conference was the first church body to address the pandemic in 1987 with a document entitled "On "The Many Faces of AIDS: A Gospel Response". [91] In the document they said the church must provide pastoral care to those infected with HIV as well as medical care. [98] It called discrimination against people with AIDS "unjust and immoral". [98] It also rejected extra-marital sex and the use of condoms to halt the spread of the disease. [98] They reiterated the Church's teaching that human sexuality was a gift and was to be used in monogamous marriages. [98]

In Always Our Children, their 1997 pastoral letter on homosexuality, the American bishops noted "importance and urgency" to minister to those with AIDS, especially considering the impact it had on the gay community. [99] Also in the 1980s, the bishops of the United States issued a pastoral letter, "A Call to Compassion", saying those with AIDS "deserve to remain within our communal consciousness and to be embraced with unconditional love." [93]

Joseph L. Bernardin, the Archbishop of Chicago, issued a 12-page policy paper in 1986 that outlined "sweeping pastoral initiatives" his archdiocese would be undertaking. [64] In 1987, the bishops of California issued a document saying that just as Jesus loved and healed lepers, the blind, the lame, and others, so too should Catholics care for those with AIDS. [63] The year before, they publicly denounced Proposition 64, a measure pushed by Lyndon H. LaRouche to forcibly quarantine those with AIDS, and encouraged Catholics to vote against it. [64]

Others

With the spread of the disease to North America, the Church in the United States established the National Catholic AIDS Network to provide care to AIDS patients, their families and loved ones. [97] The Network hosted conferences and served as a clearinghouse of information to Catholic AIDS ministries. [97] The National Catholic Educational Association published materials beginning in 1988 for use in elementary, secondary, and college classes. [97] [100]

Vatican AIDS Conferences

1989 conference

In 1989, the Vatican held a conference on AIDS. [101] [102] [98] The three day affair drew over 1,000 delegates, including church leaders and the world's top scientists and AIDS researchers, from 85 countries. [101] [94] It included Robert Gallo, the co-discoverer of HIV, Nobel Prize winners, theologians, hospital administrators, and psychologists. [103] [104]

At the opening session of the conference, Cardinal John O'Connor urged the public to be treated with respect and not as public health hazards, as outcasts, or shunned and left to die. [101] [94] [102] This included, he said, those in prison who were often put in solitary confinement until they died. [101] O'Connor also reiterated his opposition to condoms as a method to prevent the transition of HIV. [101]

At the closing of the conference, John Paul II called for a global plan to combat AIDS and pledged the full support of the Catholic Church for those who were battling it. [94] [105] [98] Doing so, he said, was fundamental to the mission of the Church. [94] He said the church was called to both help prevent the spread of the disease and to care for those infected with it. [106] He also deplored what he viewed as the destructive behaviors that spread the disease. [98]

2000 conference

The Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers held a two-day conference in 2000 that coincided with World AIDS Day. [107] [108] Dozens of AIDS experts attended. [107] It had been thought that the conference may open the door to condom use [108] but the church reaffirmed its position that condoms were morally impermissible. [108] [109] Archbishop Javier Lozano Barragan, the president of the council and convener of the conference, said at the opening of the conference that the use of condoms did "not respect the absolute dignity of the human person." [108]

At the conference, a draft of a vade mecum, or handbook, for people who minister to those with AIDS was presented. [107] [109] Fiorenza Deriu Bagnato, an Italian social researcher, also spoke at the conference. [109]

2011 conference

In May 2011, the Vatican sponsored another international conference with the theme of "The Centrality of Care for the Person in the Prevention and Treatment of Illnesses Caused by HIV/AIDS", during which church officials continued teaching that condoms were immoral and ineffective" [110] [111] Due to sometimes conflicting comments by Benedict, who did not attend the conference, AIDS activists had hoped for a change in the Churches outlook on the use of condoms but they were disappointed. [111] Experts in the field discussed 'people-centered approaches' to prevent HIV transmission, treatment and care of those infected with it, and economic support to those in greatest need. [110] Attendees included theologians, health officials and AIDS researchers. [111]

Zygmunt Zimowski, President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers, stressed victims behavior as a cause. "Were promiscuity not endemic, HIV wouldn't be an epidemic." [110] [111] He said it could not simply be considered a medical or public health issue and that a holistic approach should be used for AIDS prevention and treatment. [110]

Church officials also condemned the fact that those in poorer parts of the world receive substandard medical care. [111]

Social justice

Across the globe, Catholic authorities have spoken out and written about the need for the Church to address the AIDS pandemic in a manner consistent with its mission. [98] Archbishop Fiorenzo Angelini, the convener of the 1989 Vatican Conference on AIDS, said "victims are our brothers and we should not sit in judgement of them." [104]

During a 1990 visit to Dar es Salaam in East Africa, which had one of the highest rates of AIDS infections in all of Africa, John Paul II urged the world to work on behalf of AIDS patients and to promote "the true well-being of the human family". [112] Likewise, he condemned the public authorities, which, out of either indifference, condemnation, or discrimination, did not act to alleviate their suffering. [112] During the 2001 Special Session of the United Nations on HIV/AIDS, John Paul II raised special concern about the transmission of the virus from mother to child and access to medical care and life-saving medications. [113]

Cláudio Hummes, then-Archbishop of São Paulo, speaking at the 2003 Plenary Session of the United Nations on the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, criticized pharmaceutical companies for making medications prohibitively expensive for many of the world's poorest. [113]

Ethicist Lisa Sowle Cahill has said that the "primary cause of the spread of this horrendous disease is poverty. Related barriers to AIDS prevention are racism; the low status of women; and an exploitative global economic system which influences the marketing of medical resources." [114] Medical anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer and David Walton, along with the priest and moral theologian Kevin T. Kelly, have all argued that to address the AIDS crisis that society must also address poverty and the low status of women. [114] Their arguments, along with others published in Catholic Ethicists on HIV/AIDS Prevention, examined the issue of HIV/AIDS in the context of social justice considerations. [55] [115]

In 1989, the United States Bishops Conference, in an attempt to move the discourse around AIDS from a medical context to a social one, said AIDS was "a product of human actions in social contexts ... shaped by larger cultural and social structures." [116] They placed the epidemic in a different context than how many public health officials typically considered the issue. [116] Arguing that social factors, including historic political and social oppression and marginalization of infected populations, played a role in the spread of the pandemic was similar to those being made by left-leaning AIDS theorists. [116] The said several social factors, including changing sexual mores, economic poverty, and the drug use that often accompanies it, were driving causes of the epidemic. [117] The bishops said to ignore these issues when addressing AIDS was not only intellectually dishonest but also unfair to those in risk-prone populations. [117]

2016 meetings with pharmaceutical companies

According to the Catholic News Service, Church officials have consistently lobbied drug makers and governments in poor nations to increase the provision of antiretroviral medicines to children. [118] Pope Francis invited pharmaceutical executives to meetings in Rome with Pontifical Academy of Sciences officials and representatives from the United Nations and the United States. [118] [119] At the meeting, UNAIDS Director of the Community Support, Social Justice, and Inclusion Program Deborah Von Zinkernagel reminded church officials that it was also important to work to lessen the stigma of having AIDS. [119]

Church officials recognized that there was not a great deal of profit to be made in selling drugs to this demographic, so they instead made moral arguments for why the companies should work in this area. [118] [119] Following those meetings in April and May 2016, new targets were written into a document signed at the United Nations' High-Level Meeting on Ending AIDS in June. [118] The targets called for getting medications to 1.6 million children within two years. [118]

The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a United States government agency that funds global AIDS response efforts, and the World Council of Churches credited the series of meetings with making progress in an area where previous efforts had stalled. [119] Within a year the program expanded to include getting diagnostic equipment into poor and remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa so that children and their parents could learn their HIV status. [119]

Priests with AIDS

In the 1980s, dioceses in the United States varied in how they responded to clergy with AIDS. [120] [121] Some were compassionate while others ostracized those infected. [121] [120] There was no national policy on how to handle priests with AIDS at the time, but a spokesman for the bishops' conference said the church should not be punitive but rather provide them with the same care and support as any other sick person. [120] In 1998, evidence suggested that the vast majority of priests with AIDS were treated with dignity and provided ample medical care. [122] In 2005, most dioceses offered health care and housing to priests with AIDS until their deaths. [123] There is no global policy on how to handle priests with AIDS. [123]

By 1987, at least 12 of the 57,000 priests in the United States had died of AIDS. [120] [121] By 2001, over 300 priests had died of AIDS. [124] [123] In 2000, the Kansas City Star released a three-part report that claimed priests were dying of AIDS at a rate four times greater than the general population. [124] [125] The report gained widespread coverage in the media, but the study was criticized as being unrepresentative and having "little, if any, real value". [125] The total number of priests who have or have died of AIDS is unknown, partly due to their desire to keep their diagnoses confidential, and estimates vary widely. [123]

Many priests acquired the disease by having sex with other men. [124] [123] Others became infected while working as missionaries in parts of the world with poor health practices and systems. [123] In the past, seminaries did not teach anything to seminarians how to handle their sexuality. [123] This was, according to Auxiliary Bishop Thomas Gumbleton, a "failure on the part of the church" that led to priests dealing with it in unhealthy ways. [123] A 1972 report found that most a large majority of priests did not have a healthy sexual identity and were psychologically underdeveloped. [123] Many dioceses and religious orders now require applicants to take an HIV test before being admitted as a seminarian. [123]

One of the first priests to gain widespread attention because of his AIDS status was Michael R. Peterson. [123] The month before he died, Peterson and his bishop, James Hickey, sent a letter to every diocese and religious superior in the United States. [123] Peterson said that by coming forward he hoped to gain compassion and understanding for himself and others with AIDS. [123] Hickey said Peterson's diagnosis was a call to reach out with compassion to others with the disease. [123]

The first (and perhaps only) Catholic bishop publicly known to have died of AIDS was Auxiliary Bishop Emerson John Moore of New York in 1995. [126]

Relationship with homosexuality

The church's condemnation of homosexuality, even while it provides care to AIDS patients, has been a locus of controversy with regard to its relationship to AIDS. [122] Instances of homophobia, and related AIDS-phobia, within the Church have led to harmful practices and attitudes among some members of the clergy and laity. [97] Catholic teaching on condoms and opposition to homosexuality, seen as exacerbating the pandemic, has led groups such as ACT UP to hold protests such as Stop the Church. [122] Most mainstream AIDS organizations, however, have worked with the Church to bring an end to the pandemic. [122]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For the full text of the letter, see: On "The Many Faces of AIDS". See also Karol Wojtyla's Love and Responsibility
  2. ↑ The first was in New Orleans in 1985. [65]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Benedict XVI</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013

Pope Benedict XVI was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. Upon his resignation, Benedict chose to be known as "Pope emeritus", and he retained this title until his death in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in the United States</span> HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States

The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV, found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily via the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs, and education programs to help people avoid infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John O'Connor (cardinal)</span> American Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal

John Joseph O'Connor was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of New York from 1984 until his death in 2000, and was made a cardinal in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines</span> Assembly of Catholic bishops

The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) is the permanent organizational assembly of the Catholic bishops of the Philippines exercising together certain pastoral offices for the Christian faithful of their territory through apostolic plans, programs and projects suited to the circumstances of time and place in accordance with law for the promotion of the greater good offered by the Catholic Church to all people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christoph Schönborn</span> Cardinal and archbishop of Vienna (born 1945)

Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert Schönborn, OP is a Bohemian-born Austrian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Vienna from 1995 until 2025. He was chairman of the Austrian Bishops' Conference from 1998 to 2020 and was made a cardinal in 1998. He is a member of the Dominican Order.

Prior to the 20th century, the three major branches of Christianity—Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism —generally held a critical perspective of birth control. Among Christian denominations today, however, there is a large variety of views regarding birth control that range from the acceptance of birth control to only allowing natural family planning to teaching Quiverfull doctrine, which disallows contraception and holds that Christians should have large families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfonso López Trujillo</span> Colombian Catholic cardinal

Alfonso López Trujillo was a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilfrid Napier</span> South African Catholic prelate

Wilfrid Fox Napier O.F.M. is a South African Franciscan friar and prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Durban from 1992 to 2021 and has been a cardinal since 2001. He served as Bishop of Kokstad from 1981 to 1992.

Pope John Paul II was criticised for, amongst other things, an alleged lack of response to child sex abuse in the Catholic Church.

Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom, also known as the ABC strategy, abstinence-plus sex education or abstinence-based sex education, is a sex education policy based on a combination of "risk avoidance" and harm reduction which modifies the approach of abstinence-only sex education by including education about the value of partner reduction, safe sex, and birth control methods. Abstinence-only sex education is strictly to promote the sexual abstinence until marriage, and does not teach about safe sex or contraceptives. The abstinence-based sex education program is meant to stress abstinence and include information on safe sex practices. In general terms, this strategy of sex education is a compromise between abstinence-only education and comprehensive sex education. The ABC approach was developed in response to the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa, and to prevent the spread of other sexually transmitted infections. This approach has been credited by some with the falling numbers of those infected with AIDS in Uganda, Kenya and Zimbabwe, among others. From 1990 to 2001 the percentage of Ugandans living with AIDS fell from 15% to between 5 and 6%. This fall is believed to result from the employment of the ABC approach, especially reduction in the number of sex partners, called "zero grazing" in Uganda.

Maurice Michael Otunga was a Kenyan Catholic prelate and cardinal. He served as the Archbishop of Nairobi from 1971 until his resignation in 1997. Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate in 1973 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane in Rome.

The relationship between the Catholic Church and homosexuality is complex and often contentious, involving various conflicting views between the Catholic Church and some in the LGBTQ community. According to Catholic doctrine, solely having same-sex attractions itself is not considered inherently sinful; it is the act of engaging in sexual activity with someone of the same sex that is regarded as a grave sin against chastity. The Church also does not recognize nor perform any sacramental marriages between same-sex couples. However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church emphasizes that all same-sex individuals must "be accepted and treated with respect, compassion, and sensitivity," and that all forms of unjust discrimination should be discouraged and avoided at all cost.

Kevin Patrick Dowling, C.SS.R., is a South African prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. A Redemptorist, he was the second Bishop of Rustenburg from 1991 to 2020.

The post–Vatican II history of the Catholic Church is the recent history of the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).

The relationship between religion and HIV/AIDS has been an ongoing one, since the advent of the pandemic. Many faith communities have participated in raising awareness about HIV/AIDS, offering free treatment, as well as promoting HIV/AIDS testing and preventative measures. Christian denominations, such as Lutheranism and Methodism, have advocated for the observance of World AIDS Day to educate their congregations about the disease. Some Churches run voluntary blood testing camps and counselling centers to diagnose and help those affected by HIV/AIDS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church and health care</span> Relationship between the Catholic Church and health care

The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of health care services in the world. It has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals, with 65 percent of them located in developing countries. In 2010, the Church's Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers said that the Church manages 26% of the world's health care facilities. The Church's involvement in health care has ancient origins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christophe Pierre</span> French cardinal and Vatican nuncio

Christophe Louis Yves Georges Pierre is a French prelate of the Catholic Church. He is a cardinal who has been serving as the apostolic nuncio (ambassador) to the United States since 2016. Pierre previously served as apostolic nuncio to Mexico, Uganda and Haiti.

The Christian tradition has generally proscribed any and all noncoital genital activities, whether engaged in by couples or individuals, regardless of whether they were of the same or different sex. The position of the Roman Catholic Church with regards to homosexuality developed from the writings of Paul the Apostle and the teachings of the Church Fathers. These were in stark contrast to contemporary Greek and Roman attitudes towards same-sex relations which were more relaxed.

Dissent from the Catholic Church's teaching on homosexuality has come with a number of practical and ministerial arguments from both the clergy and the laity of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church teaches that while being gay is not a sin in and of itself, any sex outside of marriage, including between same-sex partners, is sinful, and therefore being gay makes one inclined towards this particular sin.

The 1989 Vatican AIDS conference, known officially as the Fourth International Conference of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, was a three-day academic symposium that ran from November 13 to November 15, 1989. Hosted by the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers at the Synod Hall in Vatican City, it included over 1,000 delegates, including church leaders and the world's top scientists and AIDS researchers, from 85 countries. The theme was "To live: why? AIDS : Church and health in the world." Attendees gathered to develop a pandemic response that was total, spiritual, cultural, psychological, and medical.

References

  1. ↑ Smith 1998, p. 164pp.
  2. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sixth commandment". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013.
  3. ↑ Kalbian, Aline (2014). Sex, Violence, and Justice: Contraception and the Catholic Church. Georgetown University Press. ISBN   9781626160491.
  4. 1 2 3 Thavis, John (18 March 2009). "Pope's condom comments latest chapter in sensitive church discussion". Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 293.
  6. 1 2 Bradshaw, Steve (9 October 2003). "Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids". The Guardian.
  7. 1 2 Partnerships in civil society Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 "Condom". Planned Parenthood. 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  9. 1 2 Cates, Willard; Steiner, Markus J. (March 2002). "Dual Protection Against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What Is the Best Contraceptive Approach?". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 29 (3): 168–174. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007 . PMID   11875378. S2CID   42792667.
  10. 1 2 Winer, Rachel L.; Hughes, James P.; Feng, Qinghua; O'Reilly, Sandra; Kiviat, Nancy B.; Holmes, King K.; Koutsky, Laura A. (22 June 2006). "Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (25): 2645–2654. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa053284 . PMID   16790697.
  11. 1 2 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (20 July 2001). Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention (PDF). Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  12. 1 2 Weller, Susan C; Davis-Beaty, Karen (21 January 2002). "Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (3): CD003255. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003255. PMC   8407100 . PMID   11687062.
  13. 1 2 World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), INFO Project (2007). Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers. INFO Project at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. p. 200. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009.
  14. ↑ "The Lesser Evil". 26 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  15. ↑ Guevin, Benedict; Martin Rhonheimer (Spring 2005). "Debate: On the Use of Condoms to Prevent Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly: 35–48.
  16. ↑ May, William E. (Summer–Fall 2007). "The Theological Significance of Consummation of Marriage, Contraception, Using Condoms to Prevent HIV, and Same-Sex Unions". Josephinum Journal of Theology. 14 (2). Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Catholic Library Association: 207–217.
  17. 1 2 Smith, Janet (21 November 2010). "Pope Benedict, Condoms, and the Light of the World". Zenit News Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  18. ↑ Allen Jr., John L. (8 October 2014). "The synod's key twist: The sudden return of gradualism". Crux. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  19. ↑ Grabowski, John S. (29 October 2014). "The law of gradualism: A process toward God". Our Sunday Visitor . Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  20. 1 2 Rosenthal, Elisabeth (16 April 2005). "Top Catholics question condom ban". The New York Times.
  21. ↑ Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 129-130.
  22. 1 2 3 Clayton, Jonathan (18 March 2009). "John Paul's 1990 speech 'sentenced millions to die'". The Times .
  23. ↑ Pontifical Council for the Family The Truth and Meaning of Human Sexuality
  24. ↑ "Panorama, SEX and the HOLY CITY". 12 October 2003. Archived from the original on 17 October 2003.
  25. ↑ "Vatican position on condom use and HIV scientifically incorrect - UN agency | UN News". news.un.org. 13 October 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  26. ↑ Suaudeau, J. (1 January 2003). "Sesso sicuro (Safe Sex)". Lexicon: 795–817.
  27. ↑ Lelkens, J.P.M. (1994). "AIDS: il preservativo non preserva. Documentazione di una truffa (AIDS: the condom does not preserve. Documentation of a scam)". Studi Cattolici (Catholic Studies). 405: 718–723.
  28. ↑ Trujillo, Alfonso (1 December 2003). "Family Values Versus Safe Sex". Archived from the original on 13 March 2004.
  29. ↑ "Pope rejects condoms for Africa". BBC News. 10 June 2005.
  30. 1 2 The Washington Post. Green, Edw. C. "The Pope may be right". 29 March 2009.
  31. ↑ "Pope Benedict on condoms in the light of the world". Catholic World Report.
  32. ↑ Quinn, Ben (20 November 2010). "Pope signals shift away from Catholic church's prohibition of condoms". The Guardian. London.
  33. ↑ "Statement On Pontiff's Words Regarding Condoms - 'The Pope Does Not Reform or Change the Church's Teaching'". Zenit. 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  34. ↑ "Pope: Condoms OK for women with HIV too". NBC News. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  35. ↑ Benagiano, Giuseppe; Carrara, Sabina; Filippi, Valentina; Brosens, Ivo (June 2011). "Condoms, HIV and the Roman Catholic Church". Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 22 (7): 701–709. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.02.007 . PMID   21507723.
  36. 1 2 "Pope Francis indicates little concern over condom use in fight against Aids". The Guardian. Associated Press. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  37. ↑ Smith 1998, p. 166-167.
  38. ↑ French Bishops Council, "AIDS: Society in Question", 1996.
  39. ↑ Smith 1998, p. 166.
  40. ↑ German Bishops Conference, "Bevölkerungs-wachstum und Entwicklungsforderung (Population Policy and Development)", 1993.
  41. ↑ Time , 1 May 2006.
  42. ↑ BBC. Cardinal backs limited condom use 21 April 2006
  43. ↑ L'Espresso. When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine 20 May 2006
  44. ↑ Lindow, Megan (2005). "European Heroes 2005: Lives in the Balance". Time. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  45. ↑ Nolen, Stephanie (7 April 2007). "South African bishop defies Vatican on condoms". The Globe and Mail . Toronto. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
  46. ↑ Newton, W. (2011). "Condoms and HIV: The State of the Debate". The Linacre Quarterly. 78 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1179/002436311803888519. PMC   6026956 . PMID   30082930.
  47. ↑ Ott, Mary A; Santelli, John S (October 2007). "Abstinence and abstinence-only education". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 19 (5): 446–452. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b. PMC   5913747 . PMID   17885460.
  48. ↑ "Fact Sheet" (PDF). SIECUS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2010. (includes research citations).
  49. ↑ Kirby, D. (2007). "Emerging Answers 2007: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases". National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.
  50. ↑ Underhill, Kristen; Operario, Don; Montgomery, Paul (17 October 2007). "Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005421. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2. PMID   17943855.
  51. ↑ Nordenberg, Tamar (March–April 1998). "Condoms: Barriers to Bad News". FDA Consumer . 32 (2). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 22–5. PMID   9532952 . Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  52. 1 2 "Catholic AIDS workers: Pope echoing us on condoms". The Mercury News. Associated Press. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  53. 1 2 Suarez, Ray (27 May 2011). "Catholic Church Looks to Lead Conversation on Combating HIV/AIDS". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  54. 1 2 UNAIDS requests Pope Benedict XVI for support in efforts to stop new HIV infections in children; UNAIDS Feature Story; 11 April 2012
  55. 1 2 Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 134.
  56. ↑ Miller, Patricia (2001). "The Lesser Evil: The Catholic Church and the AIDS Epidemic". Conscience. 22 (3): 6–13, 41–42.
  57. ↑ O'Loughlin, Michael (12 January 2020). "AIDS, the Catholic Church and LGBT issues today". America (Podcast). Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS & the Catholic Church. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  58. 1 2 Stahl, Brittany (14 December 2008). "AIDS and the Catholic Church". NYC Pavement Pieces. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  59. ↑ "United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS".
  60. ↑ O'Loughlin, Michael (1 December 2019). "Surviving the AIDS crisis as a gay Catholic". America (Podcast). Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS & the Catholic Church. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  61. ↑ Patterson, Amy Stephenson (31 December 2010). The Church and AIDS in Africa: The Politics of Ambiguity. FirstForumPress. pp. 54–57. ISBN   9781935049043 . Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  62. ↑ Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 118.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 139.
  64. 1 2 3 Hyer, Marorie (31 October 1986). "Bishop Urges Church Action On AIDS Care". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  65. 1 2 Finney Jr., Peter (4 May 2019). "New Orleans priest founded first Catholic AIDS hospice". Crux . Catholic News Service. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  66. ↑ "Compass: Sisters of Charity - ABC TV". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 9 April 2004.
  67. ↑ Australian Federation of AIDS organisations, https://www.afao.org.au/article/never-turning-back-2/
  68. ↑ Europa Press (28 June 2007). "Sida.- El sida causará la muerte de 55 millones de africanos entre 2000 y 2020, según la Red de los Jesuitas Africanos" (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  69. ↑ Kaiser 2014, p. 138-139.
  70. ↑ Kaiser 2014, p. 139.
  71. ↑ Marshall, Katherine. AIDS: From Judgment to Hope, Huffington Post, 12/6/11. Retrieved 12/6/11.
  72. ↑ "Global Health and Africa Report" (PDF). Tony Blair Faith Foundation.
  73. ↑ Marazzi, M. C. (2005). "DREAM: An integrated faith-based initiative to treat HIV/AIDS in Mozambique" (PDF). World Health Org.
  74. ↑ "DREAM & Sant'Egidio". Aids Free Birthright. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  75. ↑ "Bush". Santa Maria Times. 10 June 2007. p. A8. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  76. ↑ Holmes, Stephanie (8 June 2007). "BBC: Profile: Community of Sant'Egidio" . Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  77. ↑ Pulella, Philip (3 December 2010). "Italian vineyards do part to fight AIDS in Africa". Reuters. p. 18. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  78. ↑ Ramirez, Margaret (12 July 2006). "Catholics Work to Change Stigma Associated with AIDS". McClatchy - Tribune News Service. ProQuest   456545351.
  79. 1 2 Hovanasian, Debbie (29 May 2010). "Merrimack Valley Catholic Charities celebrates 90 years of helping those in distress". The Sun . Lowell, Massachusetts. ProQuest   347388353.
  80. ↑ Wilson, Terry (23 May 1997). "Loved Ones of Aids Victims Mourn Together at Memorial Day Service". Chicago Tribune . Chicago, Illinois. p. 2C. ProQuest   418402469.
  81. ↑ Matuza, Sharon (18 September 1996). "AIDS Ministry: The Focus is On Life". The Record . Bergen County, New Jersey. ProQuest   424768566.
  82. ↑ Murphy, Caryle (23 May 2003). "McCarrick Issues Call to Arms on AIDS". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  83. ↑ Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 151.
  84. ↑ Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 139-140.
  85. ↑ Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 152.
  86. ↑ Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 149.
  87. ↑ "St. Aloysius Gonzaga". Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  88. ↑ Stein, Mark A.; Morain, Dan (18 September 1987). "Pope Assures AIDS Patients of God's Love". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  89. ↑ Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 119-20.
  90. 1 2 Nolte, Carl (21 September 2015). "Pope in S.F.: When John Paul II blessed AIDS sufferers". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  91. 1 2 Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 120.
  92. ↑ Gravend-Tirole 2008.
  93. 1 2 3 Reinhold, Robert (17 September 1987). "The Papal Visit; AIDS Issue at Fore as Pope Visits San Francisco Today". The New York Times.
  94. 1 2 3 4 5 Parmelee, Jennifer (16 November 1989). "Pope Condemns Bias Against Victims of AIDS". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  95. ↑ "Pope Francis' sympathy to drug addicts, AIDS victims". CBS News. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  96. ↑ Winfield, Nicole; Zamorano, Juan (27 January 2019). "Pope seeks to end stigma of AIDS with visit to church home". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smith 1998, p. 168.
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Smith 1998, p. 164.
  99. ↑ Siker, Jeffrey S. (November 2006). Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-313-01431-4 . Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  100. ↑ Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1993, p. 147.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 "Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use". The New York Times. 14 November 1989.
  102. 1 2 Allen, Peter L. (June 2002), The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present, University of Chicago Press, p. 142, ISBN   978-0-226-01461-6 , retrieved 27 July 2018
  103. ↑ Petro 2015, p. 135.
  104. 1 2 O'Grady, Desmond (20 November 1989). "HIV-positive priest halts Vatican conference on AIDS". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  105. ↑ Burchard, Linda (11 December 1989). "Vatican appoints Lee native to head global AIDS effort". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved 11 May 2020– via newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  106. ↑ Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 123.
  107. 1 2 3 "Vatican plans to issue document of HIV/AIDS ministry". The Catholic Advance. Wichita, Kansas. Catholic News Service. 8 December 2000. p. 6. Retrieved 28 June 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  108. 1 2 3 4 "Vatican says condoms not 'legitimate'". Windsor Star . Windsor, Ontario. Reuters. 2 December 2000. p. 83. Retrieved 28 June 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  109. 1 2 3 "Signs of the Times". America . 16 December 2000. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  110. 1 2 3 4 "UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibé gives guest lecture at Vatican International Study Meeting on HIV". UNAIDS. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 Suarez, Ray (30 May 2011). "Vatican Maintains Stance on Condoms at HIV/AIDS Summit". PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  112. 1 2 Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 124.
  113. 1 2 Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 131.
  114. 1 2 Gravend-Tirole 2008, p. 130.
  115. ↑ Keenan, James F., ed. (1 May 2000). Catholic Ethicists on HIV/AIDS Prevention. A&C Black. ISBN   978-0-8264-1230-0 . Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  116. 1 2 3 Petro 2015, p. 130.
  117. 1 2 Petro 2015, p. 131.
  118. 1 2 3 4 5 Jeffrey, Paul (25 July 2016). "Vatican spearheads effort to get AIDS drugs to children -- soon". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  119. 1 2 3 4 5 Jeffrey, Paul (9 August 2018). "Vatican makes progress on pushing drug availability for kids with HIV". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  120. 1 2 3 4 Corwin, Miles (16 February 1987). "Priest With AIDS--'It's Important That People Know'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  121. 1 2 3 Lindsey, Robert (2 February 1987). "AIDS Among Clergy Presents Challenges to Catholic Church". The New York Times.
  122. 1 2 3 4 Smith 1998, p. 169.
  123. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Hundreds of priests in the U.S. die of AIDS". The Tampa Bay Times. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  124. 1 2 3 "20/20: Priests With AIDS". ABC News. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  125. 1 2 Tischler, Henry L. (1 January 2010). Cengage Advantage Books: Introduction to Sociology. Cengage Learning. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-495-80440-6 . Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  126. ↑ Sexton, Joe (7 October 1995). "Death of a Bishop: Of Holy Orders And Human Frailty;Beloved Clergyman Hid Personal Battles". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 18 July 2023.


Works cited

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.