Related Research Articles
Hate speech is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation". Hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, colour, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation". Legal definitions of hate speech vary from country to country.
State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of intentional violence and fear to achieve political or ideological aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Basque conflict, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States.
Counterterrorism, also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism. Counterterrorism strategies are a government's motivation to use the instruments of national power to defeat terrorists, the organizations they maintain, and the networks they contain.
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals. It was first defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft, fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, labor racketeering, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, identity theft, and forgery. White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime.
The Prevention of Terrorism Acts were a series of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 to 1989 that conferred emergency powers upon police forces where they suspected terrorism.
There is no universal agreement on the legal definition of terrorism, although there exists a consensus academic definition created by scholars.
Alex Peter Schmid is a scholar in terrorism studies, who from 1999 to 2005 was Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna. He is particularly known for his work on the definition of terrorism.
From 2000 to 2015, the British Parliament passed a series of Terrorism Acts that were aimed at terrorism in general, rather than specifically focused on terrorism related to Northern Ireland. The timings were influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks and 7 July London bombings, as well as the politics of the global War on Terrorism, according to the politicians who announce them as their response to a terrorism act.
The Sri Lankan state has been accused of state terrorism against the Tamil minority as well as the Sinhalese majority, during the two Marxist–Leninist insurrections. The Sri Lankan government and the Sri Lankan Armed Forces have been charged with massacres, indiscriminate shelling and bombing, extrajudicial killings, rape, torture, disappearance, arbitrary detention, forced displacement and economic blockade. According to Amnesty International state terror was institutionalized into Sri Lanka's laws, government and society.
David S. Wall FRSA FAcSS is Professor of Criminology at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds, England, where he researches and teaches cybercrime, policing, organised and transnational crime and intellectual property crime. He rejoined the University of Leeds in August 2015 from Durham University, where he was Professor of Criminology. Between 2011 and 2014 he was Head of the School of Applied Social Sciences (SASS). Before moving to Durham in 2010 he was Professor of Criminal Justice and Information Society at the University of Leeds, where he also held the position of Head of the School of Law (2005–2007) and Director of the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies (2000–2005). He is a Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute.
The United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee is one of six main committees of the General Assembly of the United Nations. It deals primarily with legal matters and is the primary forum for the consideration of international law and other legal matters concerning the United Nations.
Far-left politics, also known as the radical left or extreme left, are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left. The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to represent the left of social democracy, while others limit it to the left of communist parties. In certain instances—especially in the news media—far left has been associated with some forms of authoritarianism, anarchism, communism, and Marxism, or are characterized as groups that advocate for revolutionary socialism and related communist ideologies, or anti-capitalism and anti-globalization. Far-left terrorism consists of extremist, militant, or insurgent groups that attempt to realize their ideals through political violence rather than using democratic processes.
Maxwell "Max" Taylor is a Criminal and Legal psychologist. His early work specialised in the study of terrorism but he also became involved in the study of sex offenders, and in the development of capacity building activities for disadvantaged children in conflict zones, returning later to the study of terrorism.
The Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation is an independent person, appointed by the Home Secretary and by the Treasury for a renewable three-year term and tasked with reporting to the Home Secretary and to Parliament on the operation of counter-terrorism law in the UK.
There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements, while other acts have been related to politics, religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the intercontinental countries of Turkey and Russia are not included in this list.
Incitement to terrorism is a category in some national legal systems which may criminalize direct encouragement of acts of violence or praise for proscribed terrorist organizations. It was also prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624 in 2005.
Special Branch was a unit in the Metropolitan Police in London, formed as a counter-terrorism unit in 1883 and merged with another unit to form Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) in 2006. It maintained contact with the Security Service (MI5) and had responsibility for, among other things, personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs and performing the role of examining officer at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.
This is a select annotated bibliography of scholarly English language books and journal articles about the subject of Genocide studies; for bibliographies of genocidal acts or events, please see the See also section for individual articles. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included for items related to the development of Genocide studies. Book entries may have references to journal articles and reviews as annotations. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further Reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available materials on the development of Genocide studies.
References
- ↑ "Professor Emeritus Clive Walker". University of Leeds.
- ↑ Cullen, Samantha (3 August 2018). "Leeds Law professor has contributed to Government anti-terrorist legislation". University of Leeds.
- ↑ Dixon, Hayley (28 August 2017). "Britain can only deport foreign terrorists to two countries at a time, report says". The Telegraph.
- ↑ Walsh, Dermot P. J. (1987). "Reviewed Work: Political Violence and the Law in Ireland". Irish Jurist (1966-). 22 (2): 329–332. JSTOR 44027872.
- ↑ Gilbert, Geoff (1989). "Political Violence and the Law in Ireland. By Gerard Hogan and Clive Walker. [Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1989". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 39: 251–253. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/39.1.251-a.
- ↑ Warbrick, Colin (1987). "The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law. By Clive Walker. [Manchester: University Press. 1986. xi + 272 pp. £27·50] - Ireland's Terrorist Dilemma. Edited by Yonah Alexander and Alan O'day. [Dordrecht and Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff. International Studies on Terrorism. 1986. 279 pp. Dfl. 150/£49·50]". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 36 (4): 947–949. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/36.4.947.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Paul (1987). "The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law by Clive Walker. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986, 235 + (appendices, tables and index) 37 pp (hardback £27.50)". Legal Studies. 7 (2): 236–238. doi:10.1017/S0261387500011879. S2CID 148875033.
- ↑ Dubnoff, Caren G. "THE RIGHT TO SPEAK ILL: DEFAMATION, REPUTATION AND FREE SPEECH". Law & Courts Section of the American Political Science Association.
- ↑ Roebuck, James (2012). Terrorism and the Law, by Clive Walker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, lxxiii + 538 + (index) 15pp (£145.00 hardback). Legal Studies. Vol. 32. pp. 166–172. doi:10.1111/j.1748-121X.2011.00222_3.x. ISBN 978-0-19-956117-9. S2CID 142414006.
- ↑ Romero Moreno, Felipe (1 March 2015). "From Gutenberg to the Internet Free Speech, Advancing Technology, and the Implications for Democracy, by Russell L. WeaverFree Speech in an Internet Era Papers from the Free Speech Discussion Forum, Edited by Clive Walker and Russell L. Weaver". International Journal of Law and Information Technology. 23: 89–97. doi:10.1093/ijlit/eau009.
- ↑ Lefebvre, Stéphane (1 July 2014). "Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State". Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Book Reviews.
- ↑ Lapointe, Thierry (2014). "Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State, Aniceto Masferrer et Clive Walker (dir.), 2013, Northampton, Ma, Edward Elgar, 342 p." Études Internationales (in French). 45: 159–161. doi: 10.7202/1025124ar .
- ↑ Grasso, Costantino (2017). "Colin King and Clive Walker (Eds.), Dirty assets". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 50 (4): 626–627. doi:10.1177/0004865816678354. S2CID 151737196.
- ↑ Teimouri, Heidarali (2016). "Other Areas of International Law - Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism edited by Genevieve LENNON and Clive WALKER. New York: Routledge, 2015. xix+486 pp". Asian Journal of International Law. 7: 225. doi: 10.1017/S2044251316000400 .
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
