Related Research Articles
Hate speech is a term with varied meaning and has no single, consistent definition. It is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation". The Encyclopedia of the American Constitution states that hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation". There is no single definition of what constitutes "hate" or "disparagement". Legal definitions of hate speech vary from country to country.
State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it. Different definitions of terrorism emphasize its randomness, its aim to instill fear, and its broader impact beyond its immediate victims.
Counterterrorism, also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism.
The Prevention of Terrorism Acts were a series of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 to 1989 that conferred emergency powers upon police forces where they suspected terrorism.
There is no consensus, scholarly or legal, on the definition of terrorism.
A lone wolf attack, or lone actor attack, is a particular kind of mass murder, committed in a public setting by an individual who plans and commits the act on their own. In the United States, such attacks are usually committed with firearms. In other countries, knives are sometimes used to commit mass stabbings. Although definitions vary, most databases require a minimum of four victims for the event to be considered a mass murder.
Alex Peter Schmid is a scholar in terrorism studies, who from 1999 to 2005 was Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna. He is particularly known for his work on the definition of terrorism.
From 2000 to 2015, the British Parliament passed a series of Terrorism Acts that were aimed at terrorism in general, rather than specifically focused on terrorism related to Northern Ireland.
David S. Wall FRSA FAcSS is Professor of Criminology at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds, England, where he researches and teaches cybercrime, policing, organised and transnational crime and intellectual property crime. He rejoined the University of Leeds in August 2015 from Durham University, where he was Professor of Criminology. Between 2011 and 2014 he was Head of the School of Applied Social Sciences (SASS). Before moving to Durham in 2010 he was Professor of Criminal Justice and Information Society at the University of Leeds, where he also held the position of Head of the School of Law (2005–2007) and Director of the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies (2000–2005). He is a Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute.
The United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee is one of six main committees of the General Assembly of the United Nations. It deals primarily with legal matters and is the primary forum for the consideration of international law and other legal matters concerning the United Nations.
Terrorism in the United Kingdom, according to the Home Office, poses a significant threat to the state. There have been various causes of terrorism in the UK. Before the 2000s, most attacks were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict. In the late 20th century there were also attacks by Islamic terrorist groups. Since 1970, there have been at least 3,395 terrorist-related deaths in the UK, the highest in western Europe. The vast majority of the deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict and happened in Northern Ireland. In mainland Great Britain, there were 430 terrorist-related deaths between 1971 and 2001. Of these, 125 deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict, and 305 deaths were linked to other causes, including 270 in the Lockerbie bombing. Since 2001, there have been almost 100 terrorist-related deaths in Great Britain.
Maxwell "Max" Taylor is a criminal and legal psychologist. His early work specialised in the study of terrorism but he also became involved in the study of sex offenders, and in the development of capacity building activities for disadvantaged children in conflict zones, returning later to the study of terrorism.
The Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation is appointed by the Home Secretary and by the Treasury for a renewable three-year term and tasked with reporting to the Home Secretary and to Parliament on the operation of counter-terrorism law in the UK.
The Protection of Diplomats Convention is a United Nations anti-terrorism treaty that codifies some of the traditional principles on the necessity of protecting diplomats.
There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements, while other acts have been related to politics, religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the intercontinental countries of Turkey and Russia are not included in this list.
Incitement to terrorism is a category in some national legal systems which may criminalize direct encouragement of acts of violence or praise for proscribed terrorist organizations. It was also prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624 in 2005.
Special Branch was a unit in the Metropolitan Police in London, formed as a counter-terrorism unit in 1883 and merged with another unit to form Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) in 2006. It maintained contact with the Security Service (MI5) and had responsibility for, among other things, personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs and performing the role of examining officer at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.
This is a select annotated bibliography of scholarly English language books and journal articles about the subject of genocide studies; for bibliographies of genocidal acts or events, please see the See also section for individual articles. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included for items related to the development of genocide studies. Book entries may have references to journal articles and reviews as annotations. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further Reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available materials on the development of genocide studies.
References
- ↑ "Professor Emeritus Clive Walker". University of Leeds.
- ↑ Cullen, Samantha (3 August 2018). "Leeds Law professor has contributed to Government anti-terrorist legislation". University of Leeds.
- ↑ Dixon, Hayley (28 August 2017). "Britain can only deport foreign terrorists to two countries at a time, report says". The Telegraph.
- ↑ Walsh, Dermot P. J. (1987). "Reviewed Work: Political Violence and the Law in Ireland". Irish Jurist (1966-). 22 (2): 329–332. JSTOR 44027872.
- ↑ Gilbert, Geoff (1989). "Political Violence and the Law in Ireland. By Gerard Hogan and Clive Walker. [Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1989". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 39: 251–253. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/39.1.251-a.
- ↑ Warbrick, Colin (1987). "The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law. By Clive Walker. [Manchester: University Press. 1986. xi + 272 pp. £27·50] - Ireland's Terrorist Dilemma. Edited by Yonah Alexander and Alan O'day. [Dordrecht and Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff. International Studies on Terrorism. 1986. 279 pp. Dfl. 150/£49·50]". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 36 (4): 947–949. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/36.4.947.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Paul (1987). "The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law by Clive Walker. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986, 235 + (appendices, tables and index) 37 pp (hardback £27.50)". Legal Studies. 7 (2): 236–238. doi:10.1017/S0261387500011879. S2CID 148875033.
- ↑ Dubnoff, Caren G. "THE RIGHT TO SPEAK ILL: DEFAMATION, REPUTATION AND FREE SPEECH". Law & Courts Section of the American Political Science Association.
- ↑ Roebuck, James (2012). Terrorism and the Law, by Clive Walker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, lxxiii + 538 + (index) 15pp (£145.00 hardback). Vol. 32. pp. 166–172. doi:10.1111/j.1748-121X.2011.00222_3.x. ISBN 978-0-19-956117-9. S2CID 142414006.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ↑ Romero Moreno, Felipe (1 March 2015). "From Gutenberg to the Internet Free Speech, Advancing Technology, and the Implications for Democracy, by Russell L. WeaverFree Speech in an Internet Era Papers from the Free Speech Discussion Forum, Edited by Clive Walker and Russell L. Weaver". International Journal of Law and Information Technology. 23: 89–97. doi:10.1093/ijlit/eau009.
- ↑ Lefebvre, Stéphane (1 July 2014). "Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State". Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Book Reviews.
- ↑ Lapointe, Thierry (2014). "Counter-Terrorism, Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Crossing Legal Boundaries in Defence of the State, Aniceto Masferrer et Clive Walker (dir.), 2013, Northampton, Ma, Edward Elgar, 342 p." Études Internationales (in French). 45: 159–161. doi:10.7202/1025124ar.
- ↑ Grasso, Costantino (2017). "Colin King and Clive Walker (Eds.), Dirty assets". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 50 (4): 626–627. doi:10.1177/0004865816678354. S2CID 151737196.
- ↑ Teimouri, Heidarali (2016). "Other Areas of International Law - Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism edited by Genevieve LENNON and Clive WALKER. New York: Routledge, 2015. xix+486 pp". Asian Journal of International Law. 7: 225. doi: 10.1017/S2044251316000400 .
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
