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Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones, either by stimulating or inhibiting their release. They are also called liberins and statins (respectively), or releasing factors and inhibiting factors. The examples are hypothalamic-pituitary hormones that can be classified from several viewpoints: they are hypothalamic hormones, they are hypophysiotropic hormones, and they are tropic hormones.
Chloroalkyl ethers are a class of organic compounds with the general structure R-O-(CH2)n-Cl, characterized as an ether connected to a chloromethyl group via an alkane chain.
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor(GHS-R), also known as ghrelin receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs), such as ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". The role of GHS-R is thought to be in regulating energy homeostasis and body weight. In the brain, they are most highly expressed in the hypothalamus, specifically the ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus. GSH-Rs are also expressed in other areas of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. Outside the central nervous system, too, GSH-Rs are also found in the liver, in skeletal muscle, and even in the heart.
Somatostatin receptor type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR2 gene.
Somatostatin receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR5 gene.
Somatostatin receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR1 gene.
Shekel Somatostatin receptor type 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR3 gene.
Somatostatin receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR4 gene.
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRGPRX2 gene.
Agonists are gyrase inhibitors like ciprofloxacine and non-steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents like atracurium as well as vancomycin. Activation of MRGPRX2 leads to mast cell degranulation with subsequent pseudo-allergic reactions.
Cell division protein kinase 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK8 gene.
The Parikh–Doering oxidation is an oxidation reaction that transforms primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The procedure uses dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the oxidant, activated by the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex in the presence of triethylamine base.
The Somatostatin family is a protein family with somatostatin as titular member, a hormone which inhibits the release of the pituitary somatotropin, and inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas of fasted animals. Cortistatin is a cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties.
In organic chemistry, a vinyl iodide functional group is any alkene with an iodide substituent directly bonded to one of the alkene carbons (sp2). Vinyl iodides are versatile molecules that serve as important building blocks and precursors in organic synthesis. They are commonly used in carbon-carbon forming reactions in transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Heck reaction, Sonogashira coupling, and Suzuki coupling. Synthesis of well-defined geometry or complexity vinyl iodide is important in stereoselective synthesis of natural products and drugs.
Diverted total synthesis in chemistry is a strategy in drug discovery aiming at organic synthesis of natural product analogues rather than the natural product itself. The target can be the modification of a natural product or the modification of an intermediate. In this sense it differs from other strategies such as total synthesis and semisynthesis. The purpose can be gaining a scientific understanding of the biological activity of the original natural product or the discovery of new drugs with the same biological activity but simpler to produce. The concept was introduced by Samuel J. Danishefsky in 2006. Notable examples of this strategy are the potential drug ixabepilone which is an analogue of the natural product epothilone B and carfilzomib which is derived from epoxomicin and eravacycline derived from tetracycline. Cabergoline is derived from a number of ergot alkaloids one of which is lysergic acid and Simvastatin is based on Lovastatin.
The Mukaiyama hydration is an organic reaction involving formal addition of an equivalent of water across an olefin by the action of catalytic bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(II) complex, phenylsilane and atmospheric oxygen to produce an alcohol with Markovnikov selectivity.
