Disability |
---|
Part of a series on |
LGBT topics |
---|
LGBT portal |
Disability and LGBT identity both can play significant roles in the life of an individual. Disability and sexuality can intersect in compounding ways, and, for many people, being both disabled and LGBT can result in double marginizalization. [1] [2] The two identities, either by themselves or in tandem, can complicate questions of discrimination (in the workplaces, schools, or otherwise) and access to resources like accommodations, support groups, and elder care.
LGBT identity and its relationship to disability has also been analyzed by academics. LGBT identities have been pathologized as mental disorders by some groups, both historically and in the present. [3] [4] [5] Alternatively, some activists, scholars, and researchers have suggested that under the social model of disability, society's failures to accommodate and include LGBT people makes such an identity function as a disability. [6]
In general, studies have found that LGBT populations report higher rates of disability than the general population.
In studies looking at populations in the United States, LGBT populations report higher rates of disability compared to the heterosexual and cisgender majorities. [1] [7] [8] According to the Movement Advance Project in 2019, an estimated 3 to 5 million LGBT people in the United States have a disability. [9]
In a 2020 study of Australian LGBT people, 38% of respondents reported having at least one disability. [10]
In China, a rough estimate of cantong, or LGBT people with disabilities, is about 5 million people. [11]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2024) |
Academics writing about queer theory and disability studies have drawn from one another's work, as both examine what society deems as normal and how those people outside of that definition are treated. [12] For example, theorist Robert McRuer has used Adrienne Rich's idea of compulsory heterosexuality to examine how society might also perpetuate "compulsory able-bodiness". [13] In Feminist, Queer, Crip Alison Kafer's "engagement with the intersections of gender and cripping time is never stronger than in the instances where she makes explicit the mainstream responses to gendered disability narratives." [14]
Until 1990, the World Health Organization classified homosexuality as a mental disorder. [3] In 2019, the organization also removed "gender identity disorder", referring to transgender people, from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. [15]
Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), a group founded by Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, worked both to support trans and gay people and disabled people. [16] STAR called for the end of non-consensual psychiatric incarcerations of queer individuals, something Johnson had experienced in her life. [16]
Other activists in the United States involved in both the gay rights and the disability rights movements include Kenny Fries, [17] Barbara Jordan, and Connie Panzarino. [18]
In the late 1970s, disabled attendees and groups are recorded at San Francisco Pride. [19]
In the 1980s and early 1990s, the case of Sharon Kowalski was taken up by both disability and gay rights activists. [18] Kowalski, a lesbian, had become disabled after a car accident, and her father had been awarded custody of her. Her father then moved Kowalski to a nursing home five hours away from her partner, Karen Thompson, and prevented Thompson from visiting Kowalski. In a victory for both groups of activists, the Minnesota Court of Appeals ruled that Thompson be made Kowalski's legal guardian, in line with Kowalski's wishes.
Disability Pride Month was founded in 1990, inspired by both gay and Black pride. [18]
In June 2014, the White House hosted a panel on LGBT issues and disability. [20]
Until 1973, homosexuality was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. [3] [4] [21] Although many gay liberation activists celebrated its removal, others were blase or wary about aligning the wider community with psychiatric associations or providers. [22] Before its removal, both antipsychiatric and gay liberation activists had used homosexuality's inclusion in the DSM as leverage to criticize psychiatry as a whole. [22]
In the late 1970s, Bobbie Lea Bennett became the first trans woman to have her gender-affirming surgery covered by Medicare. Bennett, as a wheelchair user with osteogenesis imperfecta, was already covered by the policy, which forced the courts to decide whether the surgery was considered a "legitimate medical treatment"; up until this point, transgender activists trying to have their surgeries covered under the policy had to argue that being transgender, in and of itself, was a disability. [23]
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) made disability a protected class in the United States. However, the law purposefully excluded homosexuality, bisexuality, and "[t]ransvestitism, transsexualism...[and] gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments" from the act's definition of disability. [6] This exclusion has led to some cases in which prosecutors have argued that gender dysphoria is a "gender identity disorder" that therefore cannot be accommodated under the ADA. [6] In 1998, Bragdon v. Abbott confirmed that HIV was considered a protected disability under the ADA, which has been used to protect HIV-positive individuals in years since, many of whom are members of the LGBT community. [6]
In 2017, Kate Lynn Blatt became the first trans woman who was allowed to sue her employer under the ADA for not accommodating her gender dysphoria. [24]
LGBT individuals with disabilities are subject to higher rates of childhood bullying [25] and lack of comprehensive sex education. [25]
LGBT individuals with disabilities who are assisted by family or caregivers may have more difficulty finding time to be intimate with or have sex with their partners. [26] Those who live in group homes might similarly have difficulties with maintaining privacy within relationships. [26] People who cannot drive or require assistance while traveling may have more limited opportunities to attend LGBT support groups, community spaces, or events. [26]
Limited travel opportunities may lead some disabled LGBT people, especially those living in socially conservative areas, to pursue online or long-distance relationships. [11]
In some cases, medical providers or other authorities will use a transgender person's disability status to deny them gender-affirming care, using the argument that the person is not capable enough to give informed consent for such care. [6] Similarly, people may deny LGBT self-identification on the basis of someone's disability, particularly intellectual disability. [10]
Alternatively, LGBT individuals may avoid seeking needed medical care, such as STI testing, [27] or accessing disability services because of prejudiced comments or treatment by their healthcare providers. [6] [28] [29] Those who do seek medical care, but do not disclose their identity, may have adverse health consequences when their identity is not taken into account by their physicians. [29]
LGBT individuals with disabilities that need in-home care may be especially vulnerable, as they may be less likely to have family that can care for them, and nurses or other hired caregivers may make prejudiced or uneducated statements to their patients. [10] [26] [30] [31] [32] [33] Some individuals may choose to change their appearance or behavior so as to appear straight or cisgender to caregivers. [30] For people who are unsure of their sexual or gender identity, caregivers or assistants may be unwilling to discuss the topic with their client. [26]
Both LGBT people and people with disabilities face high rates of sexual assault compared to the general population; for people who are both LGBT and disabled, the statistics are even higher. [8]
Limited opportunities for employment may drive some disabled LGBT people to remained closeted at work, to avoid being fired. [11] For disabled individuals who are out, their disability and LGBT identity may further limit job opportunities. [34]
A 2020 study of American lawyers found that nearly 60% of respondents who were both LGBT and disabled reported having experienced discrimination in the workplace related to their identities. [35]
A common complaint among disabled LGBT people is that the LGBT community does not discuss disability, and the disabled community does not discuss queer identities. This is particularly an issue among the LGBT movements in countries such as China [11] and Nepal. [34]
Within the LGBT community, accessibility remains an important issue. [9] [36] Not all LGBT community spaces, for example, have accessible buildings or parking, sign language interpretation, Braille signage, or TTY services. [9] [37] LGBT events, such as Pride events and marches, may have routes which are difficult to navigate for those in wheelchairs or using mobility devices, or spaces that are too overwhelming for those with sensory sensitivities. [38] [39] Lectures, gatherings, or film screenings may lack sign language interpretation or closed captions. [38] This may be further complicated by limited budgets that organizations or groups have, leaving little funding to better cater to disabled people. [40]
Ableism more widely is also an issue within the LGBT community. [26] [41] [42] LGBT people with disabilities have also expressed that a focus in the community on appearance can lead to disabled people feeling excluded or undesirable as partners. [36] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] Attitudes that disabled people are inherently asexual are also still prevalent. [44]
Within disabled communities, homophobia and transphobia remain as important issues. [36]
Multiple organizations have been founded that specifically aim to serve those in the LGBT community with disabilities. International organizations include Blind LGBT Pride International. [48]
In the US, these include Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE).
In the UK, these include Brownton Abbey, [49] Deaf Rainbow UK, [49] ParaPride, [44] and Regard. [49] In Australia there is Inclusive Rainbow Voices (IRV) [50] and Rainbow Rights & Advocacy. [10]
Disabled LGBT characters in movies and television tend to be rare; a 2021 report by GLAAD found zero such characters in any major American movie releases that year. [51] Their 2022 report found only 27 characters - 4.5% of all counted LGBTQ characters - who were also disabled. [52] However, some movies and television shows featured disabled and LGBT characters do exist, such as Margarita with a Straw (2014), about a bisexual student with cerebral palsy, [53] Queer as Folk (2022), which features a wheelchair-using side character, and Special (2019), a series about a gay man with cerebral palsy. [54] Such characters have also been included in some children's shows, including The Dragon Prince (2018), which has a recurring Deaf lesbian character, and Dead End: Paranormal Park (2022), which has an autistic bisexual protagonist.
Some LGBT magazines have specifically addressed a disabled audience, such as the magazine Dykes, Disability & Stuff , from Madison, Wisconsin, which was founded in the late 1980s and was published until 2001. [55] More general LGBT magazines have also addressed disability; lesbian magazine Sinister Wisdom , for example, made "On Disability" the theme of their Winter 1989/1990 issue. [56]
Queer is an umbrella term for people who are not heterosexual or are not cisgender. Originally meaning 'strange' or 'peculiar', queer came to be used pejoratively against LGBT people in the late 19th century. Beginning in the late 1980s, queer activists, such as the members of Queer Nation, began to reclaim the word as a deliberately provocative and politically radical alternative to the more assimilationist branches of the LGBT community.
LGBT is an initialism that stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender". It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual, non-heteroromantic, or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. A variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity. Another variation, LGBTQ+, adds a plus sign "represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity". Many further variations of the acronym exist, such as LGBT+, LGBTQIA+, and 2SLGBTQ+. The LGBT label is not universally agreed to by everyone that it is generally intended to include. The variations GLBT and GLBTQ rearrange the letters in the acronym. In use since the late 1980s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for marginalized sexualities and gender identities.
The LGBT community is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. LGBT activists and sociologists see LGBT community-building as a counterweight to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and conformist pressures that exist in the larger society. The term pride or sometimes gay pride expresses the LGBT community's identity and collective strength; pride parades provide both a prime example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. The LGBT community is diverse in political affiliation. Not all people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender consider themselves part of the LGBT community.
LGBT slang, LGBT speak, queer slang, or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBTQ+ people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBTQ+ community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others. The acronym LGBT was popularized in the 1990s and stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.
LGBT culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. It is sometimes referred to as queer culture, while the term gay culture may be used to mean either "LGBT culture" or homosexual culture specifically.
Unitarian Universalism, as practiced by the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), and the Canadian Unitarian Council (CUC), is a non-Creedal and Liberal theological tradition and an LGBTQ affirming denomination.
Various topics in medicine relate particularly to the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (LGBTQIA) individuals as well as other sexual and gender minorities. According to the US National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center, these areas include sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance use disorders, HIV/AIDS, HIV-related cancers, intimate partner violence, issues surrounding marriage and family recognition, breast and cervical cancer, inequities in healthcare and access to care. In medicine, various nomenclature, including variants of the acronym LGBTQIA+, are used as an umbrella term to refer to individuals who are non-heterosexual, non-heteroromantic, or non-cis gendered. Specific groups within this community have their own distinct health concerns, however are often grouped together in research and discussions. This is primarily because these sexual and gender minorities groups share the effects of stigmatization based on their gender identity or expression, and/or sexual orientation or affection orientation. Furthermore, there are subpopulations among LGBTQIA+ groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location, and age, all of which can impact healthcare outcomes.
Historically, the portrayal of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in media has been largely negative if not altogether absent, reflecting a general cultural intolerance of LGBT individuals; however, from the 1990s to present day, there has been an increase in the positive depictions of LGBT people, issues, and concerns within mainstream media in North America. The LGBT communities have taken an increasingly proactive stand in defining their own culture, with a primary goal of achieving an affirmative visibility in mainstream media. The positive portrayal or increased presence of the LGBT communities in media has served to increase acceptance and support for LGBT communities, establish LGBT communities as a norm, and provide information on the topic.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer+(LGBTQ+)music is music that focuses on the experiences of gender and sexual minorities as a product of the broad gay liberation movement.
LGBT history in Turkey covers the development, contributions and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the history of Turkey and their relation between Turkish politics from the abolition of the Caliphate to modern-day Turkey.
Arlene Istar Lev is a North American clinical social worker, family therapist, and educator. She is an independent scholar, who has lectured internationally on topics related to sexual orientation and gender identity, sexuality, and LGBTQ families.
In the post-Stonewall era, the role of libraries in providing information and services to LGBTQ individuals has been a topic of discussion among library professionals. Libraries can often play an important role for LGBTQ individuals looking to find information about coming out, health, and family topics, as well as leisure reading. In the past 50 years, advocate organizations for LGBTQ content in libraries have emerged, and numerous theorists have discussed various aspects of LGBTQ library service including privacy concerns, programming, collection development considerations and librarian/staff education needs, as well as special services for juvenile and teen patrons.
The following outline offers an overview and guide to LGBT topics.
The African-American LGBT community, otherwise referred to as the Black American LGBT community, is part of the overall LGBT culture and overall African-American culture. The initialism LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
Rainbow capitalism is the involvement of capitalism, corporatism, and consumerism in appropriating and profiting from the LGBT movement. It developed in the 20th and 21st centuries as the LGBT community became more accepted in society and developed sufficient purchasing power, known as pink money. Early rainbow capitalism was limited to gay bars and gay bathhouses, though it expanded to most industries by the early-21st century.
Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than endosex people, an estimated 52% identifying as non-heterosexual and 8.5% to 20% experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are heterosexual and cisgender, this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI. Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions.
LGBT psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process, parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBT community.
LGBT erasure refers to the tendency to intentionally or unintentionally remove LGBT groups or people from record, or downplay their significance, which includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender people and those who identify as queer. This erasure can be found in a number of written and oral texts, including popular and scholarly texts.
Queer radicalism can be defined as actions taken by queer groups which contribute to a change in laws and/or social norms. The key difference between queer radicalism and queer activism is that radicalism is often disruptive, and commonly involves illegal action. Due to the nature of LGBTQ+ laws around the world, almost all queer activism that took place before the decriminalization of gay marriage can be considered radical action. The history of queer radicalism can be expressed through the many organizations and protests that contributed to a common cause of improving the rights and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community.