Disability and LGBTQ identities

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Disability and LGBTQ identity both can play significant roles in the life of an individual. Disability and sexuality can intersect in compounding ways, and, for many people, being both disabled and LGBTQ can result in double marginizalization. [1] [2] The two identities, either by themselves or in tandem, can complicate questions of discrimination (in the workplaces, schools, or otherwise) and access to resources like accommodations, support groups, and elder care.

Contents

LGBTQ identity and its relationship to disability has also been analyzed by academics. LGBTQ identities have been pathologized as mental disorders by some groups, both historically and in the present. [3] [4] [5] Alternatively, some activists, scholars, and researchers have suggested that under the social model of disability, society's failures to accommodate and include LGBTQ people makes such an identity function as a disability. [6]

Rates of disability

In general, studies have found that LGBTQ populations report higher rates of disability than the general population.

In studies looking at populations in the United States, LGBTQ populations report higher rates of disability compared to the heterosexual and cisgender majorities. [1] [7] [8] According to the Movement Advance Project in 2019, an estimated 3 to 5 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in the United States have a disability. [9]

In a 2020 study of Australian LGBTQ people, 38% of respondents reported having at least one disability. [10]

In China, a rough estimate of cantong, or LGBTQ people with disabilities, is about 5 million people. [11]

Academic theory

Academics writing about queer theory and disability studies have drawn from one another's work, as both examine what society deems as normal and how those people outside of that definition are treated. [12] For example, theorist Robert McRuer has used Adrienne Rich's idea of compulsory heterosexuality to examine how society might also perpetuate "compulsory able-bodiness". [13] In Feminist, Queer, Crip Alison Kafer's "engagement with the intersections of gender and cripping time is never stronger than in the instances where she makes explicit the mainstream responses to gendered disability narratives". [14]

History

Until 1990, the World Health Organization classified homosexuality as a mental disorder. [3] In 2019, the organization also removed "gender identity disorder", referring to transgender people, from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. [15]

United States

Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), a group founded by Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, worked both to support trans and gay people and disabled people. [16] STAR called for the end of non-consensual psychiatric incarcerations of LGBTQ individuals, something Johnson had experienced in her life. [16]

Other activists in the United States involved in both the gay rights and the disability rights movements include Kenny Fries, [17] Barbara Jordan, and Connie Panzarino. [18]

In the late 1970s, disabled attendees and groups were recorded at San Francisco Pride. [19]

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the case of Sharon Kowalski was taken up by both disability and gay rights activists. [18] Kowalski, a lesbian, had become disabled after a car accident, and her father had been awarded custody of her. Her father then moved Kowalski to a nursing home five hours away from her partner, Karen Thompson, and prevented Thompson from visiting Kowalski. In a victory for both groups of activists, the Minnesota Court of Appeals ruled that Thompson be made Kowalski's legal guardian, in line with Kowalski's wishes.

Disability Pride Month was founded in 1990, inspired by both gay and Black pride. [18]

In June 2014, the White House hosted a panel on LGBT issues and disability. [20]

Medical care

Until 1973, homosexuality was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. [3] [4] [21] Although many gay liberation activists celebrated its removal, others were blase or wary about aligning the wider community with psychiatric associations or providers. [22] Before its removal, both anti-psychiatric and gay liberation activists had used homosexuality's inclusion in the DSM as leverage to criticize psychiatry as a whole. [22]

In the late 1970s, Bobbie Lea Bennett became the first trans woman to have her gender-affirming surgery covered by Medicare. Bennett, as a wheelchair user with osteogenesis imperfecta, was already covered by the policy, which forced the courts to decide whether the surgery was considered a "legitimate medical treatment"; up until this point, transgender activists trying to have their surgeries covered under the policy had to argue that being transgender, in and of itself, was a disability. [23]

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) made disability a protected class in the United States. However, the law purposefully excluded homosexuality, bisexuality, and "[t]ransvestitism, transsexualism...[and] gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments" from the act's definition of disability. [6] This exclusion has led to some cases in which prosecutors have argued that gender dysphoria is a "gender identity disorder" that therefore cannot be accommodated under the ADA. [6] In 1998, Bragdon v. Abbott confirmed that HIV was considered a protected disability under the ADA, which has been used to protect HIV-positive individuals in years since, many of whom are members of the LGBT community. [6]

In 2017, Kate Lynn Blatt became the first trans woman who was allowed to sue her employer under the ADA for not accommodating her gender dysphoria. [24]

Challenges

LGBTQ individuals with disabilities are subject to higher rates of childhood bullying [25] and lack of comprehensive sex education. [25]

LGBTQ individuals with disabilities who are assisted by family or caregivers may have more difficulty finding time to be intimate with or have sex with their partners. [26] Those who live in group homes might similarly have difficulties with maintaining privacy within relationships. [26] People who cannot drive or require assistance while traveling may have more limited opportunities to attend LGBTQ support groups, community spaces, or events. [26]

Limited travel opportunities may lead some disabled LGBTQ people, especially those living in socially conservative areas, to pursue online or long-distance relationships. [11]

Discrimination

Medical care

In some cases, medical providers or other authorities will use a transgender person's disability status to deny them gender-affirming care, using the argument that the person is not capable enough to give informed consent for such care. [6] Similarly, people may deny LGBTQ self-identification on the basis of someone's disability, particularly intellectual disability. [10]

Alternatively, LGBTQ individuals may avoid seeking needed medical care, such as STI testing, [27] or accessing disability services because of prejudiced comments or treatment by their healthcare providers. [6] [28] [29] Those who do seek medical care, but do not disclose their identity, may have adverse health consequences when their identity is not taken into account by their physicians. [29]

LGBTQ individuals with disabilities that need in-home care may be especially vulnerable, as they may be less likely to have family that can care for them, and nurses or other hired caregivers may make prejudiced or uneducated statements to their patients. [10] [26] [30] [31] [32] [33] Some individuals may choose to change their appearance or behavior so as to appear straight or cisgender to caregivers. [30] For people who are unsure of their sexual or gender identity, caregivers or assistants may be unwilling to discuss the topic with their client. [26]

Interpersonal relationships

Both LGBTQ people and people with disabilities face high rates of sexual assault compared to the general population; for people who are both LGBTQ and disabled, the statistics are even higher. [8]

Employment

Limited opportunities for employment may drive some disabled LGBTQ people to remained closeted at work, to avoid being fired. [11] For disabled individuals who are out, their disability and LGBTQ identity may further limit job opportunities. [34]

A 2020 study of American lawyers found that nearly 60% of respondents who were both LGBTQ and disabled reported having experienced discrimination in the workplace related to their identities. [35]

Intercommunity issues

A common complaint among disabled LGBTQ people is that the LGBTQ community does not discuss disability, and the disabled community does not discuss queer identities. This is particularly an issue among the LGBTQ movements in countries such as China [11] and Nepal. [34]

Within the LGBTQ community, accessibility remains an important issue. [9] [36] Not all LGBTQ community spaces, for example, have accessible buildings or parking, sign language interpretation, Braille signage, or TTY services. [9] [37] LGBTQ events, such as Pride events and marches, may have routes which are difficult to navigate for those in wheelchairs or using mobility devices, or spaces that are too overwhelming for those with sensory sensitivities. [38] [39] Lectures, gatherings, or film screenings may lack sign language interpretation or closed captions. [38] This may be further complicated by limited budgets that organizations or groups have, leaving little funding to better cater to disabled people. [40]

Ableism more widely is also an issue within the LGBTQ community. [26] [41] [42] LGBTQ people with disabilities have also expressed that a focus in the community on appearance can lead to disabled people feeling excluded or undesirable as partners. [36] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] Attitudes that disabled people are inherently asexual are also still prevalent. [44]

Within disabled communities, homophobia and transphobia remain as important issues. [36]

Multiple organizations have been founded that specifically aim to serve those in the LGBTQ community with disabilities. International organizations include Blind LGBT Pride International. [48]

In the U.S., these include Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE). In the U.K., these include Brownton Abbey, [49] Deaf Rainbow UK, [49] ParaPride, [44] and Regard. [49] In Australia there is Inclusive Rainbow Voices (IRV) [50] and Rainbow Rights & Advocacy. [10]

In media

Disabled LGBTQ characters in movies and television tend to be rare; a 2021 report by GLAAD found zero such characters in any major American movie releases that year. [51] Their 2022 report found only 27 characters - 4.5% of all counted LGBTQ characters - who were also disabled. [52] However, some movies and television shows featured disabled and LGBTQ characters do exist, such as Margarita with a Straw (2014), about a bisexual student with cerebral palsy, [53] Queer as Folk (2022), which features a wheelchair-using side character, and Special (2019), a series about a gay man with cerebral palsy. [54] Such characters have also been included in some children's shows, including The Dragon Prince (2018), which has a recurring Deaf lesbian character, and Dead End: Paranormal Park (2022), which has an autistic bisexual protagonist.

Some LGBTQ magazines have specifically addressed a disabled audience, such as the magazine Dykes, Disability & Stuff , from Madison, Wisconsin, which was founded in the late 1980s and was published until 2001. [55] More general LGBTQ magazines have also addressed disability; lesbian magazine Sinister Wisdom , for example, made "On Disability" the theme of their Winter 1989/1990 issue. [56]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ movements</span> Social movements

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) movements are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBTQ people and their interests, numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide. The first organization to promote LGBT rights was the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, founded in 1897 in Berlin.

<i>LGBTQ</i> Initialism for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer"

LGBTQ is an initialism of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning. It is an umbrella term, broadly referring to all sexualities, romantic orientations, and gender identities which are not heterosexual or cisgender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ community</span> Community and culture of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people

The LGBTQ community is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. LGBT activists and sociologists see LGBT community-building as a counterweight to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and conformist pressures that exist in the larger society. The term pride or sometimes gay pride expresses the LGBT community's identity and collective strength; pride parades provide both a prime example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. The LGBT community is diverse in political affiliation. Not all people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender consider themselves part of the LGBT community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biphobia</span> Aversion to bisexual people

Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being bisexual. Similarly to homophobia, it refers to hatred and prejudice specifically against those identified or perceived as being in the bisexual community. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual orientation, or of negative stereotypes about people who are bisexual. Other forms of biphobia include bisexual erasure.

LGBTQ slang, LGBTQ speak, queer slang, or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBTQ+ people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBTQ+ community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others. The acronym LGBT was popularized in the 1990s and stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-heterosexual</span> Sexual orientation other than heterosexual

Non-heterosexual is a word for a sexual orientation or sexual identity that is not heterosexual. The term helps define the "concept of what is the norm and how a particular group is different from that norm". Non-heterosexual is used in feminist and gender studies fields as well as general academic literature to help differentiate between sexual identities chosen, prescribed and simply assumed, with varying understanding of implications of those sexual identities. The term is similar to queer, though less politically charged and more clinical; queer generally refers to being non-normative and non-heterosexual. Some view the term as being contentious and pejorative as it "labels people against the perceived norm of heterosexuality, thus reinforcing heteronormativity". Still, others say non-heterosexual is the only term useful to maintaining coherence in research and suggest it "highlights a shortcoming in our language around sexual identity"; for instance, its use can enable bisexual erasure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ culture</span> Common culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people

LGBTQ culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. It is sometimes referred to as queer culture, while the term gay culture may be used to mean either "LGBT culture" or homosexual culture specifically.

Over the course of its history, the LGBTQ community has adopted certain symbols for self-identification to demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. These symbols communicate ideas, concepts, and identity both within their communities and to mainstream culture. The two symbols most recognized internationally are the pink triangle and the rainbow flag.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Questioning (sexuality and gender)</span> Process of self-exploration

The questioning of one's sexual orientation, sexual identity, gender, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT ; the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.

This article focuses on Japanese definitions of gender and sexuality, Japanese reactions to queer life, the clash between traditional and contemporary ideas, and the cultural restraints of being queer in Japan. The Western term “queer,” an umbrella term for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) represents a change in thought pertaining to gender and sexuality in contemporary Japan.

Various issues in medicine relate to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA), besides HIV/AIDS, issues related to LGBT health include breast and cervical cancer, hepatitis, mental health, substance use disorders, alcohol use, tobacco use, depression, access to care for transgender persons, issues surrounding marriage and family recognition, conversion therapy, refusal clause legislation, and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer+(LGBTQ+)music is music that focuses on the experiences of gender and sexual minorities as a product of the broad gay liberation movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT history in Turkey</span> Overview of the history of LGBT people in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey

LGBT history in Turkey covers the development, contributions and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the history of Turkey and their relation between Turkish politics from the abolition of the Caliphate to modern-day Turkey.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of LGBTQ topics</span> Overview of and topical guide to LGBTQ topics

The following outline offers an overview and guide to LGBTQ topics:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT ageing</span> Issues and concerns of older LGBTQ people

LGBT ageing addresses issues and concerns related to the ageing of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. Older LGBT people are marginalised by: a) younger LGBT people, because of ageism; and b) by older age social networks because of homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, heteronormativity, heterosexism, prejudice and discrimination towards LGBT people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex and LGBT</span> Relationship between different sex and gender minorities

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies". They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than endosex people. According to a study done in Australia of Australian citizens with intersex conditions, participants labeled 'heterosexual' as the most popular single label with the rest being scattered among various other labels. According to another study, an estimated 8.5% to 20% experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are heterosexual and cisgender, this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI. Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions.

LGBTQ psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process, parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.

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