Same-sex adoption

Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples. It may take the form of a joint adoption by the couple, or of the adoption by one partner of the other's biological child (stepchild adoption).

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is permitted in 39 countries. Most countries and territories that allow same-sex marriage (exceptions being Ecuador and several Mexican states), as well as several countries and dependent territories that do not (Bolivia, Croatia, Israel, Liechtenstein, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands) allow for same-sex joint adoption. In some of the countries with marriage, legislation for adoption preceded that for marriage.

Adoption is only permitted for same sex married couples in 21 of the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, despite a Supreme Court ruling that requires states to allow it. Stepchild adoption is permitted for same-sex couples in just one country without same-sex marriage - San Marino permits step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner.

Given that constitutions and statutes usually do not address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples. Opponents of adoption by same-sex couples have argued that LGBT parenting adversely affects children. However, research consistently shows that gay and lesbian parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as those reared by heterosexual parents. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Same-sex parents pursuing adoption must also contend with social pressures to conform to heteronormative gender roles. ^[4] The concept of gender role models is necessitated by the bureaucratic organization of foster care and adoption agencies, particularly in the United States. ^[5]

LGBT parenting

Lesbian couple with children

Main article: LGBT parenting

The existing body of research on outcomes for children with LGBT parents includes limited studies that consider the specific case of adoption. Moreover, where studies do mention adoption they often fail to distinguish between outcomes for unrelated children versus those in their original family or step-families, causing research on the more general case of LGBT parenting to be used to counter the claims of LGBT-adoption opponents. ^[6] One study has addressed the question directly, evaluating the outcomes of adoptees less than 3-years old who had been placed in one of 56 lesbian and gay households since infancy. Despite the small sample, and the fact that the children have yet to become aware of their adoption status or the dynamics of gender development, the study found no significant associations between parental sexual orientation and child adjustment. ^[4]

Scientific research indicates that the children of same-sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite-sex couples. ^[7]

In 1979, Reverend John Kuiper of the Metropolitan Community Church and his husband became the first gay men in America to win the right to adopt a child. ^{[5] [8]}

Debate

Arguments

The adoption of children by LGBT people is an issue of active debate. In the United States, for example, legislation to prevent adoption by LGBT people has been introduced in many jurisdictions; such efforts have largely been defeated. Prior to 1973, state courts commonly barred gay and lesbian individuals from holding a parenting role, especially through adoption. ^[9]

Major professional organizations have made statements in defense of adoption by same-sex couples. The American Psychological Association has supported adoption by same-sex couples, citing social prejudice as harming the psychological health of lesbians and gays while noting there is no evidence that their parenting causes harm. ^{[10] [11] [12] [13]} The American Medical Association has issued a similar position supporting second parent adoption by same-sex partner, stating that lack of formal recognition can cause health-care disparities for children of same-sex parents. ^[14]

The following arguments are made in support of adoption by LGBT parents:

• The right of a child to have a family, guardians or people who can take care of their wellbeing. ^[15]
• Human rights – child's and parent's right to have a family life. ^[16]
• There are almost no differences between children raised by same-sex or straight couples. ^{[17] [18] [19]} For that reason, sexual orientation of the parents has almost no relevance when it comes to raising a child. ^[20]
• Evidence confirming that, despite the claims of those opposed to LGBT+ parenting, ^[21] same-sex couples can provide good conditions to raise a child. ^{[22] [23]}
• For the children, adoption is a better alternative to orphanage. ^{[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [ excessive citations ]}
• Fewer formalities for step-parents in everyday life, as well as the situation of a death of a biological parent of a child. ^{[29] [30]}

Public opinion

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Austria	IMAS	2015	46% [31]	48% [31]	6%
Belgium	Ipsos	2021	72% [32]	21%	7%
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2006	12% [33]	68% [33]	20% [33]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2006	10% [33]	86% [33]	4% [33]
Czech Republic	CVVM	2019	47% [34]	47%	6%
Denmark	Pew Research Center	2017	75% [35]	-	-
Estonia	HumanrightsEE	2023	47% [36]	44% [36]	9% [36]
Finland	Taloustutkimus	2013	51% [37]	42% [37]	7% [37]
France	Ipsos	2021	62% [32]	29%	10%
Germany	Ipsos	2021	69% [32]	24%	6%
Greece	KAPA Research	2023	53% [38]	41% [38]	6% [38]
Hungary	Ipsos	2021	59% [32]	36%	5%
Ireland	Red C Poll	2011	60% [39]	-	-
Italy	Eurispes	2023	50.4% [40]	49.6%	0%
Latvia	SKDS	2023	27% [41]	23% [41]	46% [41]
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2006	12% [33]	82% [33]	6% [33]
Luxembourg	Politmonitor	2013	55% [42]	44% [42]	1% [42]
Malta	Misco	2014	20% [43]	80% [43]	-
Netherlands	Ipsos	2021	83% [32]	12%	5%
Norway	YouGov	2012	54% [44]	34% [44]	12% [44]
Poland	Ipsos	2021	33% [32]	58%	10%
Portugal	Pew Research Center	2017	59% [45]	28% [45]	13% [45]
Romania	Eurobarometer	2006	8% [33]	82% [33]	10% [33]
Russia	Ipsos	2021	23% [32]	67%	10%
Serbia	Civil Rights Defenders	2020	22.5% [46]	-	-
Slovakia	Eurobarometer	2006	12% [33]	84% [33]	4% [33]
Slovenia	Delo Stik	2015	38% [47]	55% [47]	7% [47]
Spain	Ipsos	2021	77% [32]	17%	6%
Sweden	Ipsos	2021	79% [32]	17%	4%
Switzerland	Pink Cross	2020	67% [48]	30% [48]	3% [48]
Ukraine	Gay Alliance of Ukraine	2013	7% [49]	68% [49]	12% 13% would allow some exceptions [49]
United Kingdom	Ipsos	2021	72% [32]	19%	9%

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Americas

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Argentina	Ipsos	2023	71% [50]	24%	6%
Brazil	Ipsos	2023	69% [50]	22%	9%
Canada	Ipsos	2023	74% [50]	17%	9%
Chile	CADEM	2022	70% [51]	28%	2%
Colombia	Ipsos	2023	53% [50]	40%	7%
Mexico	Ipsos	2023	60% [50]	34%	6%
Peru	Ipsos	2023	51% [50]	42%	7%
United States	Ipsos	2023	64% [50]	26%	10%
Uruguay	Equipos Consultores	2013	52% [52]	39%	9%
Venezuela	Equilibrium Cende	2023	48% [53] (55%)	39% (45%)	13%

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Oceania

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Australia	Ipsos	2021	71% [54]	21%	8%
New Zealand	Research New Zealand	2012	64% [55]	31%	5%

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Asia

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
China	Ipsos	2021	66% [56]	30%	4%
India	Ipsos	2021	66% [56]	21%	13%
Israel	Midgam Institute	2017	60% [57]	-	-
Japan	Ipsos	2021	68% [56]	20%	13%
Malaysia	Ipsos	2021	24% [56]	65%	11%
Russia	Ipsos	2021	23% [56]	67%	10%
South Korea	Ipsos	2021	46% [56]	45%	9%
Turkey	Ipsos	2021	39% [56]	44%	18%

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Africa

Country	Pollster	Year	For [lower-alpha 1]	Against [lower-alpha 1]	Neither [lower-alpha 2]	Margin of error	Source
Kenya	Pew Research Center	2023	9%	90%	1%	±3.6%	[58]
Nigeria	Pew Research Center	2023	2%	97%	1%	±3.6%	[59]
South Africa	Ipsos	2023	57% (66%)	29% [10% support some rights] (34%)	14%	±3.5% [lower-alpha 3]	[58]
	Pew Research Center	2023	38%	58%	4%	±3.6%	[59]

Legal status

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples around the world:

  Joint adoption by same-sex couples allowed

  Only second-parent adoption allowed

  Adoption not available to married same-sex couples

  Neither same-sex adoption nor same-sex marriage allowed

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following 39 countries, Mexico in some states:

• Andorra (2014) ^[60]
• Argentina (2010) ^[61]
• Australia (first jurisdiction 2002, last jurisdiction 2018)
• Austria (2016) ^[62]
• Belgium (2006) ^[63]
• Bolivia (first couples eligible 2020; nationwide 2023)
• Brazil (2010) ^[64]
• Canada (first jurisdiction 1996, last jurisdiction 2011) ^{[65] [66]}
• Chile (2022) ^[67]
• Colombia (2015) ^[68]
• Costa Rica (2020)
• Croatia (2022) ^[69]
• Cuba (2022)
• Denmark (2010) ^[70]
  • Greenland (2016) ^[71]
  • Faroe Islands (2017) ^[72]
• Estonia (2024; step-child adoption since 2016) ^[73]
• Finland (2017) ^[74]
• France (2013) ^[75]
• Germany (2017) ^[76]
• Greece (2024) ^[77]
• Iceland (2006) ^[78]
• Ireland (2015) ^[79]
• Israel (2008)
• Liechtenstein (2023) ^[80]
• Luxembourg (2015) ^{[81] [82]}
• Malta (2014) ^[83]
• Netherlands (2001) ^[84]
• New Zealand (2013) ^[84]
• Norway (2009) ^[85]
• Portugal (2016) ^[86]
• Slovenia (2022) ^{[87] [88]}
• South Africa (2002) ^[89]
• Spain (2005) ^[90]
• Sweden (2003) ^[91]
• Switzerland (2022) ^[92]
• Taiwan (2023) ^[93]
• United Kingdom
  • England and Wales (2005) ^[94]
  • Scotland (2009) ^[95]
  • Northern Ireland (2013) ^{[96] [97]}
• United States (first jurisdiction 1993, last jurisdiction 2017) ^{[98] [99] [100]}
• Uruguay (2009) ^{[101] [102]}

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in the following subnational jurisdictions or dependent territories:

• UK Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories:
  • Bermuda (2015) ^[103]
  • Cayman Islands (2019)
  • Gibraltar (2014) ^[104]
  • Guernsey (2017) ^[105]
  • Isle of Man (2011) ^[106]
  • Jersey (2012) ^[107]
  • Pitcairn Islands (2015) ^[108]
  • Falkland Islands (2017) ^[109]
  • Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (2017) ^[110]
• Mexico:
  • Aguascalientes (2019) ^[111]
  • Baja California (2017)
  • Baja California Sur (2022) ^[112]
  • Campeche (2016) ^[113]
  • Chiapas (2017) ^[114]
  • Chihuahua (2017)
  • Coahuila (2014) ^[115]
  • Colima (2016) ^[116]
  • Durango (2022 -- prohibition never existed)
  • Jalisco (2019)
  • Hidalgo (2019)
  • Mexico City (2010) ^[117]
  • Michoacán (2016) ^[118]
  • Morelos (2016) ^[119]
  • Nayarit (2019)
  • Nuevo Leon (2019)
  • Puebla (2017)
  • Querétaro (2017) ^[120]
  • Quintana Roo (2022) ^[121]
  • San Luis Potosí (2019) ^[122]
  • Tamaulipas (prior to 2022 -- there is no prohibition) ^[123]
  • Veracruz (2016) ^[124]
• Caribbean Netherlands (2012) ^[125]

The following countries permit step-child adoption in which the partner in a relationship can adopt the natural and the adopted child of his or her partner:

• San Marino (2018) ^[126]

Step-child adoption is legal in the following subnational jurisdictions or dependent territories:

• Hong Kong (2021) ^{[127] [128] [129]}

In Italy step-child adoption can only be recognized by court order since 2016. ^[130]

Africa

South Africa

South Africa is the only African country to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples. The 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court in the case of Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development amended the Child Care Act, 1983 to allow both joint adoption and step-parent adoption by "permanent same-sex life partners". ^[131] The Child Care Act has since been replaced by the Children's Act, 2005, which allows joint adoption by "partners in a permanent domestic life-partnership", whether same- or opposite-sex, and step-parent adoption by a person who is the "permanent domestic life-partner" of the child's current parent. ^[132] Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2006, and is equivalent to opposite-sex marriage for all purposes, including adoption. ^[133]

Americas

Legal status in the states of Mexico.

  Joint adoption by same-sex couples allowed

  No laws allowing adoption by married same-sex couples

Legal status of adoption by Same sex couples in South America

  Couple adoption legal

  Couple adoption illegal

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

  Unknown/ambiguous

Argentina

Argentina allows adoption by same and different-sex marriages, and even by single people, since 2010. The law makes no difference in the requirements for adoption for any of these. ^[134]

Canada

Canada has no nation-wide law legalizing same-sex adoption, but rather has smaller provincial laws that cover the entire nation. Same-sex adoption legalization in Canada began with British Columbia in 1996 and was finalized with Nunavut in 2011. ^{[135] [136]} By 2013, an Ipsos Global poll showed 70% of Canadians approved of same-sex adoption to some degree with 45% strongly approving. ^[137]

Chile

Since March 10, 2022 joint parenthood of same-sex couples is legal in Chile after the entry into force of Law 21,400 on Equal Marriage, which explicitly guarantees non-discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity for custody purposes, filiation and adoption whether or not the couples are married or whether or not they had their children through assisted human fertilization. The law amends the Civil Code to recognize the parents of children as their mother and/or father, their two mothers, or their two fathers. ^[138]

A 2021 survey, shows that 65% of Chileans support same-sex adoption. ^[139]

Colombia

On 4 November 2015, in a 6-2 Constitutional Court ruling, Colombia decided to allow adoption by LGBT peoples. ^[140] The ruling came before same-sex marriage became legal in the country on 28 April 2016. ^[141]

Cuba

Cuba allows adoption by same-sex marriages (since September 2022 referendum) and different-sex marriages, and even by single people.

Honduras

As of May 2019, the Honduras Supreme Court is expected to rule on a decision regarding both same-sex marriage and adoption. ^[142]

Mexico

Same-sex couples are able to adopt in Mexico City (since 2010), Coahuila (2014), Campeche (2016), Colima (2016), Michoacán (2016), Morelos (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Chihuahua (2017), Querétaro (2017), Puebla (2018), Chiapas (2018), Nayarit (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Quintana Roo (2022) and Durango (2022).

In Mexico City, the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District passed legislation on 21 December 2009 enabling same-sex couples to adopt children. ^[143] Eight days later, Head of Government ("Mayor") Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law, which officially took effect on 4 March 2010. ^{[117] [144]}

On 24 November 2011, the Coahuila Supreme Court struck down the state's law barring same-sex couples from adopting, urging the state's legislature to amend the adoption law as soon as possible. ^[145] On 12 February 2014, the state's congress overwhelmingly approved the measure more than two years following the supreme court decision. ^[115]

On 3 February 2017 the SCJN emitted tesis 08/2017 in which it is stated that the family of the LGBT community doesn't end with a couple, but that it also extends onto the right to have and raise children. Therefore, LGBT couples wishing to form a family and adopt children will be legally protected and can't be limited by any governmental entity. ^[146]

In October 2021, a bill was introduced to the legislature of Baja California Sur. ^[147]

In September 2022, a bill was passed in Quintana Roo. ^[121]

United States

Main article: LGBT adoption in the United States

Adoption by LGBT individuals or same-sex couples is legal in all fifty states as of June 2017.

Uruguay

A government-sponsored adoption law in Uruguay allowing LGBT adoption was approved by the lower house on 28 August 2009, and by the Senate on 9 September 2009. In October 2009, the law was signed by President and took effect. ^[102] According to Equipos Mori Poll's, 53% of Uruguayans are opposed to same sex adoption against 39% that support it. Interconsult's Poll made in 2008 says that 49% are opposed to same sex adoption against 35% that support it. ^{[101] [148]}

Asia

LGBT rights for adoption of children in Asia are almost nonexistent, except in Israel and Taiwan. Some Asian countries still criminalize same-sex activities and do not have anti-discrimination laws, which are obstacles for legislating for LGBT adoption. ^[149]

Israel

A January 2005 ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court allowed stepchild adoptions for same-sex couples. Israel previously allowed limited co-guardianship rights for non-biological parents. ^[150] In February 2008, a court in Israel ruled that same-sex couples were now permitted to adopt a child regardless of whether the child is biologically related or not to either parent. ^[151] This marked a watershed in granting equal rights to all gay people in Israel. ^[151]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in part of West Asia and in Egypt

  Gay adoption legal

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

  Neither/unknown/ambiguous

Taiwan

Until 2023, members of same-sex couples could only adopt the biological child of their spouse (so-called stepchild adoptions). Taiwan law allowed for opposite-sex married people to jointly adopt, and also allowed single individuals to adopt, depending on the circumstances, including individual LGBT people. The same-sex marriage law only granted same-sex couples the right to adopt children genetically related to one of the spouses. ^[152]

Europe

Main article: LGBT adoption in Europe

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:

  Joint adoption legal

  Stepparent adoption legal

  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

In February 2006, France's Court of Cassation ruled that both partners in a same-sex relationship can have parental rights over one partner's biological child. The result came from a case where a woman tried to give parental rights of her two daughters to her partner, with whom she was in a civil union. ^[153] In the case of adoption, however, in February 2007, the same court ruled against a lesbian couple where one partner tried to adopt the child of the other partner. The court stated that the woman's partner cannot be recognized unless the mother withdrew her own parental rights. ^{[154] [155]} On 17 May 2013, French President François Hollande signed into law the bill that opened marriage and adoption rights linked to it for same sex couples. ^[156]

In 1998, a nursery school teacher from Lons-le-Saunier, living as a couple with another woman, had applied for an authorization to adopt a child from the département (local government) of Jura. The adoption board recommended against the authorization because the child would lack a paternal reference, and thus the president of the département ruled against the authorization. ^[157] The case was appealed before the administrative courts and ended before the Council of State, acting as supreme administrative court, which ruled against the woman. ^[158] The European Court of Human Rights concluded that these actions and this ruling were a violation of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights taken in conjunction with Article 8. ^{[157] [159]}

On 2 June 2006, the Icelandic Parliament unanimously passed a proposal accepting adoption, parenting and assisted insemination treatment for same-sex couples on the same basis as heterosexual couples. The law went into effect on 27 June 2006.

In Bulgaria, according to the Ministry of Justice the laws regarding adoption "lack a norm, concerning the sexual orientation of the individuals". Therefore, a single gay person or same-sex couples may adopt. ^{[160] [161]}

On 17 May 2013, the Portuguese parliament approved a bill in first reading allowing "co-adoption" of the biological or adopted child of the same-sex spouse or partner, where that spouse or partner is the only legally recognized parent of the child (e.g. the mother with the natural father not being registered). However, in October 2013 members of parliament opposed to the bill proposed a referendum on the issue and killed a motion to have the second vote in the plenary; ^{[162] [163]} the motion on the possible referendum was then considered, ^[164] but the Constitutional Court declared it unconstitutional. ^[165] On 14 March 2014, the original bill was rejected in second reading. ^[163] On 20 November 2015, 5 proposals from several left-wing parties were voted favourably by the new parliament as result of 4 October General Elections. ^[163]

In July 2014 through Life Partnership Act Croatia recognized an institution similar to step-child adoption called partner-guardian. A partner who is not a biological parent of a child can share parental responsibilities with a biological parent or parents if they agree to it, or if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child. Additionally, a biological parent or parents can temporarily give a partner who is not a biological parent full parental responsibilities. A partner who is not a biological parent can also gain permanent parental responsibilities through an institution of partner-guardian if both biological parents of a child have died, or exceptionally if a second biological parent of a child is unknown, and if the court decides it is in the best interest of a child. ^[166]

In January 2015, the Constitutional Court of Austria found the existing laws on adoption to be unconstitutional and ordered the laws to be changed by 31 December 2015 to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples in Austria. ^{[167] [168]}

On 6 April 2015, the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 passed by Parliament in March 2015 which extends full adoption rights to cohabiting couples and those in civil partnerships was promulgated by the President of Ireland. The law went into effect a year later on 6 April 2016. ^{[169] [170] [171] [172]}

On 20 November 2015 the Portuguese Parliament approved; by 141 votes against 87 with 2 abstentions; a diploma presented by all the parties (except the right-wing PàF) to allow same-sex adoption. On 26 January 2016, the conservative Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the bill and a week later the Portuguese Parliament overridden the veto. The law went into effect on 1 March 2016. ^{[173] [174] [175]}

On 22 June 2016 the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation upheld a lower court's decision to approve a request for a lesbian to adopt her partner's daughter. Prosecutors had appealed against the decision by the Rome court of appeal. Decisions by the supreme court set a precedent. ^[176]

In December 2020, Hungary explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution. ^{[177] [178]}

In April 2021, a court in Croatia ruled that same-sex partners have the right to adopt children. ^[179] In May 2022, the High Administrative Court affirmed the ruling and rejected the appeal of the responsible Ministry. ^[180]

In June 2022, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that same-sex partners have the right to jointly adopt. ^[181] On 4 October 2022, the National Assembly (lower chamber of Slovenian parliament) passed the relevant act implementing this judgement, but a week later, the act was vetoed by the National Council (upper chamber of the parliament). This is to be followed by another vote on the act in the National Assembly and potentially a national referendum. ^[182]

Estonia from 2024, will allow same-sex couples to adopt children - along with same-sex marriage being legalized.

Oceania

Australia

See also: LGBT rights in Australia

In Australia, same-sex adoption is legal in all states and territories since April 2018.

New Zealand

See also: LGBT rights in New Zealand

The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, which came into force on 19 August 2013, allowed same-sex marriage and permitted married same-sex couples to jointly adopt children. Previously, an LGBT individual was able to adopt children, but same-sex couples could not adopt jointly. ^[183]

Currently, there are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that male individuals cannot adopt a female child. Same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples were able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can now jointly adopt children, under a New Zealand High Court ruling in December 2015. The ban breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. ^[184] The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child, and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child.

Summary of laws by jurisdiction

European laws on adoption by same-sex couples

Country	LGBT individual may petition to adopt	Same-sex couple may jointly petition	Same-sex partner may petition to adopt partner's child	Same-sex couples are allowed to foster or stepchild foster
Andorra	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Austria	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes [lower-alpha 4]
Belgium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Belarus	No	No	No	No
Bulgaria	Yes	No	No	No
Croatia	Yes	Yes [lower-alpha 5] [180]	Yes	Yes [185]
Czech Republic	Yes	No	No [lower-alpha 6] [186]	Yes [187]
Cyprus	Yes	No	No	No
Denmark	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Estonia	Yes	Yes(eff. 2024) [188]	Yes	Yes
Faroe Islands	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Finland	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
France	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Germany	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gibraltar	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greece	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Guernsey	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hungary	No(constitutional ban)	No(constitutional ban) [189]	No(constitutional ban)	No(constitutional ban)
Iceland	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ireland	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Isle of Man	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Italy	No [lower-alpha 7]	No	Yes	Yes
Jersey	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Latvia	Yes	No	No	No
Liechtenstein	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lithuania	No [lower-alpha 8]	No	No	No
Luxembourg	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Malta	Yes [191]	Yes	Yes	Yes
Monaco	No	No	No	No
Netherlands	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Norway	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Poland	Yes	No	No	No
Portugal	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Romania	No	No	No	No
San Marino	Yes	No	Yes [126]	No
Slovakia	Yes	No	No	No
Slovenia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spain	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sweden	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Switzerland	Yes	Yes	Yes [192] [193]	Yes
United Kingdom	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

1. Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
2. Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
3. [+ more urban/educated than representative]
4. except state of Lower Austria
5. by a final court ruling
6. bill pending
7. single people may adopt only in exceptional circumstances, independently of their sexual orientation
8. but exceptions are made

American laws on adoption by same-sex couples

Country	LGBT individual adoption	Same-sex couple joint petition	Same-sex stepparent adoption
Argentina	Yes	Yes	Yes
Belize	No	No	No
Bermuda	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bolivia	Yes	Yes	Yes
Brazil	Yes	Yes	Yes
Canada	Yes	Yes	Yes
Chile	Yes	Yes	Yes
Colombia	Yes	Yes	Yes
Costa Rica	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cuba	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dominican Republic	No	No	No
Ecuador	Yes	No [lower-alpha 1]	No [lower-alpha 1]
El Salvador	No	No	No
Falkland Islands	Yes	Yes	Yes
French Guiana	Yes	Yes	Yes
Guatemala	No	No	No
Guyana	No [lower-alpha 2]	No [lower-alpha 2]	No [lower-alpha 2]
Honduras	No [lower-alpha 1]	No [lower-alpha 1]	No [lower-alpha 1]
Mexico	Yes	Yes (some states)	Yes
Nicaragua	No	No	No
Paraguay	Yes	No	No
Peru	No	No	No
Puerto Rico	Yes	Yes	Yes
Suriname	No	No	No
United States	Yes	Yes	Yes
Uruguay	Yes	Yes	Yes
Venezuela	No	No	No

1. constitutional ban
2. Gay sex illegal

See also

• Same-sex marriage
• Civil union
• LGBT rights
• Heterosexism
• Adoption proceedings of Emma Rose
• Mommy Mommy , a 2007 documentary about a lesbian adoptive couple
• Preacher's Sons , a 2008 documentary about a gay adoptive couple
• Catholic Charities USA § Controversies
• Same-sex adult adoption

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Further reading

• Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth; Lerner, K. Lee, eds. (2006). Gender issues and sexuality : essential primary sources . Thomson Gale. ISBN   978-1-4144-0325-0. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
• Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth; Lerner, K. Lee, eds. (2006). Family in society : essential primary sources . Thomson Gale. ISBN   978-1-4144-0330-4. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
• Stacey, J. & Davenport, E. (2002) Queer Families Quack Back, in: D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. (London, SAGE Publications), 355–374.
• New Zealand Law Commission: Adoption- Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38: 1999: ISBN   1-877187-44-5

External links

• Gay.com – Adoption and Parenting – News and Current Events pertaining to the rights and responsibilities of same-sex parents in adopting and parenting
• Canada.com "In the Family Way" – News story of gay and lesbian adoptive families, and the surrogate and donor family