The word Portugal derives either from LatinPortus Cale, meaning 'port of Cale', or Latin Portus Gale, 'warm harbor', itself the origin of Porto. Cale was a town on the Douro. The second derivation would have referred to the fact that the harbor at Porto is always free of ice.[14] The meaning and origin of the word Cale is unclear. The usual explanation is that it is an ethnonym derived from the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.[15][j]
Around 136BC, the Romans, during the Second Punic War, conquered Cale from the Carthaginians, renaming it Portus Cale. During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. The name Portucale evolved into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century it was used to refer to the region between the Douro and Minho rivers. By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale, Portugallia, Portugallo, or Portugalliae were already referred to as Portugal.[18][19]
The region has been inhabited by humans since approximately 400,000 years ago.[k] Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula, and a humanoid tooth has been found at the Nova da Columbeira cave in Estremadura.[21]Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in what is now Portugal around 35,000 years ago and subsequently spread rapidly,[22] with the onset of the Neolithic dating to approximately 5400 BC.[23] In southern Portugal, Iron Age inscribed stele have been found, representing the earliest known evidence of writing on the Iberian Peninsula.[24] Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The Lusitanians occupied central, inland regions. Celts mainly inhabited the north and center of Portugal, leaving lasting traces in the language and culture.[25]
Invasions from the north also occurred in this period, with Vikings raiding the coast, including Lisbon, between the 9th and 11th centuries.[47][48] The Viking raids resulted in the establishment of small Norse settlements on the coastline between Douro and Minho.[49]
In 868, Porto was conquered from the Moors by Vímara Peres, a knight and nobleman, on the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias, with Peres becoming the first Count of Portugal.[53][54][55] Finding many towns in the region deserted, Peres decided to rebuild and repopulate them.[56]
In 1820, a constitutionalist insurrection began in Porto, which forced King John VI and his court to return to mainland Portugal in 1821. The death of John in 1826 led to a succession crisis. His eldest son, Pedro I of Brazil, briefly succeeded as Pedro IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a reunified monarchy. Consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his 7-year-old daughter, Maria da Glória.[113][114]
Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim his brother Miguel king in February 1828. This led to the Liberal Wars, in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate in favour of Maria and to go into exile in 1834.[115] Under the constitutional monarchy, the country faced economic crises, political instability, and several coups d'état.[116] At the same time it expanded its colonies in Africa, but this culminated in the 1890 British Ultimatum, which thwarted Portugal's imperialist ambitions and represented a devastating blow to the monarchy.[117][118]
Portugal comprises a mainland territory located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, commonly referred to as Continental Portugal, as well as the two archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores on the Atlantic Ocean. The country is situated between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W.[138][139][140] Portugal encompasses a total area of 156,597km2 (60,462sqmi), of which 64,372km2 (24,854sqmi) consists of territorial sea and internal waters, while the country's land area amounts to 92,225km2 (35,608sqmi).[5][6][s]Portugal's exclusive economic zone extends over 1,727,408km2 (666,956mi2), making it the third-largest in the European Union and the twentieth-largest in the world.[6] The country’s highest point is the summit of Mount Pico, located on Pico Island in the Azores, which rises to an elevation of 2,351 metres (7,713ft) above sea level.[142][t] Despite the country's size, Portugal exhibits a diverse array of geomorphological landscapes as a result of its long geological evolution, shaped by two Wilson cycles, its position relative to plate boundaries, and climatic variability that produced distinct morphoclimatic zones.[144]
Continental Portugal is 67% forests and 24% agricultural. The Portuguese mainland is predominantly low-altitude, with over 70% of the territory lying below 400 metres (1,300ft) and less than 12% rising above 700 metres (2,300ft) of elevation. Its geography is structured by the Tagus River, which enters from Spain and flows into the Tagus Estuary, as 95% of areas exceeding 400 metres (1,300ft) are situated to the north of the river while the regions south of the Tagus, encompassing Alentejo and the Algarve, have 62% of the lands below 200 metres (660ft). The territory north of the Tagus is marked by mountains and plateaus incised by river valleys, whereas the south is distinguished by rolling plains.[145][146]
The Madeira archipelago comprises the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, together with the Desertas and Savage Islands, all of which are of volcanic origin. Approximately one third of Madeira Island lies above 1,000 metres (3,300ft) in elevation, and its landscape is characterised by a dense network of deep valleys with slopes rising several hundred metres, as well as streams that originate in the island’s center and diverge towards the coast, sustained by abundant rainfall. The steep gradient and very high rainfall is a cause of flash floods with high sediment transport.[147]
The Azores is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands which, from west to east, are Flores, Corvo, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira, São Miguel, and Santa Maria. The islands retain much of their volcanic landforms, most visibly in volcanic cones and in the lakes that shape the scenery of the islands especially São Miguel, Flores, Terceira, Pico, and Corvo. Although rainfall is abundant, most streams in the Azores are temporary, and the predominance of agricultural land use further accentuates the torrential nature of the river regime during periods of intense precipitation.[148][145]
The climate of Portugal is mainly Mediterranean. While the mainland and Madeira show a Mediterranean climate, the Azores mainly have a temperate oceanic climate. Portugal has a diverse variety of regional climates for a country of its size.[149]
The Iberian Peninsula is located at the southern margin of the temperate zone and at the northern margin of the subtropical high-pressure zone. Additionally, Portugal's climate is influenced by the seasonal latitudinal shift of the jet stream, which directly impacts the trajectory of a polar front. Typically in the winter, the jet stream moves southwards and Portugal comes under the influence of the polar front, producing colder temperatures. When the polar front moves northward, Portugal comes under the influence of the stable atmospheric conditions that bring milder weather during the summer.[149]
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn out to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20% of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are exotic.[166] Portugal is the 2nd country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.[167] The country as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.[168][169][170] The mammalian species of Portugal such as deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf, and Iberian lynx were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation, and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock largely reduced their populations in the 19th and 20th centuries.[171] Others species, such as the Portuguese ibex, became extinct, however some mammalian species have been re-expanding their native range.[172]
Portugal's legislative body is the Assembly of the Republic, an unicameral parliament.[184] It consists of a single chamber with a minimum of 180 seats and a maximum of 230, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved.[185][186][187][188] The members of parliament represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.[189] There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elected offices.[190] As the head of government, the prime minister leads the Council of Ministers which includes ministers and secretaries of state that have full executive powers,[191][192] and is appointed by the president in light of electoral results after consulting with the parties with seats in the Assembleia da República.[193] Portugal's prime minister is Luís Montenegro who took office after AD – PSD/CDS Coalition winning enough seats to form a minority government following the 2024 Portuguese legislative election.[194][195] Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures at the national, regional, and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Chega (CH), and the Socialist Party (PS), while the PSD and PS continue to be the dominant parties in the regional parliaments and at the local level.[w] There have been recent trends towards autocratization.[197][198]
Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).[200] Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (municípios or concelhos). Operationally, the municipalities, and freguesias, along with the national government, are the only legally local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal.[201]
Portugal has two territorial disputes, both of which are with Spain: the Spanish town of Olivenza which is claimed by Portugal since the 19th century, and the Portuguese Savage Islands which have been claimed by Spain since 1911.[218][219] Despite causing moments of tension between the two countries,[220] the relationship between the two countries remains excellent.[221]
The Portuguese Armed Forces consist of three branches commanded by the Portuguese Armed Forces General Staff – Navy, Army, and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories.[222] In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several NATO and European Union missions in various territories.[x] As of 2024, the three branches numbered 23,678 military personnel.[224] The Portuguese military budget in 2023 was more than $4 billion, representing 1.48% of GDP.[225]
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a gendarmerie force, comprising 23,287 personnel in 2023,[233] under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior ministries.[234] The Guard has provided detachments for international operations in Iraq and East Timor.[235] The United States maintains a military presence, with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores.[236]
Portugal has 49 correctional facilities[pt] run by the Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services[pt] (DGRSP).[239] The facilities include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one Cadeia de Apoio (Support Detention Centre).[240] As of 2025, the prison population stood at 12,193 inmates, about 0.11% of the country's entire population,[241] with the incarceration rate steadily declining between 2013 and 2021.[242][243]
Portugal has a tradition of a humanistic criminal justice.[244] The Portuguese Consitution defines the country as being one that is based on human dignity.[245] It abolished capital punishment and life imprisonment in the 19th century,[244] and forbids extradition in the case of either sentence possibly being imposed.[246][247] Portugal is the only country that considers any type of punishment for the duration of a convict's natural life a violation of human rights.[248] The Portuguese Penal Code provides for a wide range of non-custodial sentences, with the aim of keeping a prison sentence a punishment of last resort. Portuguese penitentiary laws have traditionally been progressive, and based on rehabilitation as the main goal of the implementation of such a sentence.[244]
Since the 2000s, numerous laws strengthening LGBT rights were passed in Portugal.[ad][ae][af][ag][ah][ai] In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the personal possession and consumption of all drugs.[257] Portugal faces issues such as police brutality,[258] racism, and discrimination against Romani people,[259][260][261][262]migrant slavery[pt],[263][264] restrictions on freedom of association and collective bargaining,[265] violations of wage, hour, and overtime laws,[266] and treatment inside of prisons.[267]
Portugal is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[280] Portugal replaced the escudo with the euro, in 2002.[281] Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank.[282] The country has been a part of the Eurozone since its inception.[283] Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal and it is part of the European System of Central Banks.[284] In 2024, Portugal had a combined share of exports and imports that amounted to 90% of its total GDP.[285] In 2025, Portugal's main export markets were Spain at 26% and Germany at 13.9%.[286] Its main exports are machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and other transportation equipment, base metals, and plastics.[287] Portugal's main import markets in 2026 were Spain at 32.9% and Germany at 11.9%.[288] Portugal's main imports are machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products, agricultural products, and mineral fuels.[287]
The Portuguese agriculture sector accounts for 2.9% of the country's total GDP as of 2024.[274] Only 10.1% of Portugal's land is suitable for cultivation as of 2023.[294] Despite this, the presence of very distinct edaphoclimatic and agroecological conditions in the northern, central, and southern regions of Portugal enables the cultivation of various agricultural products such wheat, maize, rice with each one having an important role in the primary sector,[295] and resulting in an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 81% as of 2012.[296]
Portugal ranks sixth in the world in seafood consumption per capita with each Portuguese consuming on average 59.36 kilos of fish in 2020.[297] The high fish consumption in Portugal is due to tradition and cultural roots, politics, dynamics of the fish market system, and geography which makes fisheries and the consumption of seafood products extremely valuable. While Portugal captured 185,000 metric tons of fish in 2019, down from the 222,000 metric tons in 2010, fish and seafood represent the single highest import of biocapacity from abroad, amounting to 1,600,000 global hectares in total.[298]
Portugal's industry accounts for 21.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2024, down from an anual average of 26% over the period between 1953 and 1973.[274][299] The lower contribution of manufacturing to Portugal's economy has lead to lower real GDP growth rates between 1974 and 2019 than during the period between 1950 and 1973.[299] As of 2025, Portugal's automobile industry produced the biggest share of the country's exportations.[287] The automobile industry accounts for 20.2% of the country manufacturing exports and 82.8% of the total value of its exportations employing 43.247 workers in 2020.[300]
Portugal's service sector accounted for 76.5% of the country's total economic output as of 2024.[274] Tourism, retail, and telecomunication are all major industries.[290] Tourism is an important industry representing 11.4% of the Portugal's total GDP as of 2024.[301] The country ranks highly in tourism rankings.[aj][ak][al] Portugal attracted 29 million international tourists in 2024,[305]ranking fifteenth in the world in that year for inbound tourism.[306]
As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply while the country produced 82% of its energy from renewable sources.[315] In 2021, the country phased out coal-fired generation and energy imports have since outpaced electricity exports.[316] Portugal has been developing renewable energies such as hydopower and wind power most notably the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm in the Aguçadoura test site where it was tested in 2008 and in 2009,[317][318] and investing in public transport and electric vehicles.[319][320]
As of 2024, Portugal had a population 10,749,635, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male, according to Statistics Portugal.[9][322] In 2025, the median life expectancy reached 82.95 years,[323] with United Nations projecting a rise of up to 90 years or more by 2100.[324] The population historically has been relatively homogeneous, with most people adhering to Catholicism and speaking Portuguese.[325][326] Between 2022 and 2023, 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84.2%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3.4%), nearly 169,200 as Black (2.2%), 56,600 as Asian (0.7%), and 47,500 as Romani (0.6%).[327][328][329] Portuguese society displays relatively high rates of socioeconomic equality, with the country ranking 24th within the 41 countries of the EU and OECD in the 2019 Social Justice Index.[330]
Portugal has had a fertility rate below the replacement rate of 2.1 since the 1980s.[331] The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2024[update] was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world.[332][333] Consequently, Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world in 2024, with a median age of 47.3 years and the fourth highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the total population.[334][335] According to projections by the national statistics office, the population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 and the population will continue to age.[336] As of 2022, 60.2% of births were to unmarried women,[337] and 24.5% of births were to foreign born women.[338]
Historically a country of emigration,[339] Portugal has been a net recipient of immigrants since the early 21st century.[340] As of 2024, legal-resident foreigners number 1,543,697, or approximately 14% of the population;[341][342] these figures do not include more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022—and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.[343] That year, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.[344]
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight metropolitan areas of Portugal.[345] Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two that also have the legal administrative status of metropolitan areas: Lisbon and Porto.[346][347] Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho, and Viseu)[347] also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into intermunicipal communities, whose territories are roughly based on the NUTS III statistical regions.[348][347]
Even though Portugal has deep ties with Christianity, as of 2019 the majority of its people were shown to be tolerant towards followers of other faiths, with the Muslim community perceiving itself as thoroughly integrated into Portugal and believing that the country provided conditions conducive to smooth integration.[356]
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal.[357]Mirandese is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of northeastern Portugal; it is part of the Astur-Leonese group of languages.[358] An estimated 6,000 to 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.[359] Furthermore, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho, spoken in Barrancos, is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021.[360]Minderico, a sociolect of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of Minde.[361]
According to the EF English Proficiency Index, as of 2025, Portugal has a very high proficiency level in English, having the sixth-highest proficiency score in the world.[362]
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided into university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organised into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions.[363]
The Bologna process has been adopted by Portuguese universities and polytechnical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.[366]
In 2025, Portugal's healthcare system was ranked as the 23rd best in the world.[368] The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service[pt] (SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems), and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems,[369] 43% by private insurance schemes, and another 12% by mutual funds.[370][371]
Similarly to other Western European countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases.[372] Portugal's infant mortality rate stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.[373] A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest such rating in the European Union.[374] The largest university hospital in the country is Hospital de Santa Maria, in Lisbon.[375]
Despite its economic development, the average Portuguese height is among the shortest in Europe since around 1890.[376] A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialisation and economic growth compared to the European core, and delayed human capital formation.[377]
Portugal has developed a specific culture due to, initially before its existence, the influence from various civilisations that have crossed Europe, especially the Mediterranean,[379] and later, during the period of Portugal's engagement in the Age of Discovery, which introduced cultural elements from outside of the European continent.[380]
Over time, foreign and native influences, together with developments in manufacturing, have led to the creation and development of a number of crafts that are typical of Portugal, the most notable of which being the azulejo, talha dourada, and Portuguese pavement,[388][389][390] which formed the basis of some Portuguese architectural styles, such as the Pombaline style. Historically, religion, specifically Christianity, had an influential role in Portuguese art, as it was a recurrent theme widely employed in many art forms, such as in painting.[391]
Throughout the country's history, artwork in Portugal was typically done by local artists who, depending on location, followed different variations in style, giving Portugal a diverse array of artistic styles throughout the country, an example of this being the thatch houses of Santana[pt], in Madeira.[392]
Portuguese literature developed under the influence of both European geopolitical developments and broader European literary traditions. The Hundred Years' War helped foster the development of Portuguese chronicles by Fernão Lopes, which constitute a valuable record of some of Europe’s earliest encounters with peoples beyond the continent.[397] European medieval chivalric literature, together with didactic religious literature transmitted through adaptations and partial translations, contributed to the development of Portuguese poetry in the work of Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos, particularly in his Book of Lineages[pt].[395] Portuguese literature flourished during the Age of Discovery, its most notable example being Os Lusíadas by Luís Vaz de Camões.[398] Modern Portuguese literature took shape through the work of Almeida Garrett, one of the early founders of Portuguese Romanticism.[399] Portugal has one Nobel Prize–winning author—José Saramago (1998).[400]
Historically, Portugal has been a country of emigration which has heavily influenced the Pimba in the 20th century and led to the introduction of Portuguese music into other cultures such as the ukelele in Hawaii in the 19th century.[408][409]
Popular Portuguese beverages include its wines, a craft that was introduced in Portugal by the Romans, and of which are such notable examples as Port and Madeira.[421]Beer has been breweed in Portugal beginning in Lusitania.[422] Tea has been produced on São Miguel Island since the 19th century.[423]
↑While Portugal has a de jure semi-presidential system, the role of the president is mostly ceremonial, and the country operates under a strong parliamentary leaning.[2]
↑The modern day concept of sovereignty or declaration of independence did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in 1179 by the Pope who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as a Res publica christiana.[3]
↑One theory proposes Cale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.[16] Another is that Cala was a Celtic goddess, or that it may have come from Portus Gallus, 'port of the Gauls'.[17]
↑The Portuguese devised the volta do mar navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this was a major turning point in world history, as it meant that voyagers could now return from long distant places, marking a leap from coastal hugging to deep-sea, long-range navigation, which consequently contributed to further advancements in nautical science and cartography, without that discovery European colonial empires could not have been established.[75]
↑It has been conjecture that the Canadian town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's was founded by the Portuguese however there little evidence for the claim.[83]
↑In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.[249]
↑In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.[250]
↑In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalise same-sex marriage at the national level.[251]
↑LGBT adoption was legalized in 2016[252] as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.[253]
↑In 2017 the Law of Gender Identity,[254] simplified the legal process of gender and name change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents.[255]
↑In 2018, the right to gender identity and gender expression self-determination became protected, intersex minors became protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics became protected by the same law.[256]
↑In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today.[302]
↑Religious freedom was also reaffirmed by the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.[351][352]
↑Chinese medical science is well known in Portugal and is widely accepted by the people. Portugal is the first European Union country that specifically provided legislation for acupuncture and Chinese medical science.[355]
↑Diário da República. "Lexionário - Mar territorial"[Lexicon — Territorial Sea]. Diário da República Eletrónico (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
12"Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal"[Official Administrative Map of Portugal]. Direção-Geral do Território (in European Portuguese). Lisbon. 18 February 2026. Archived from the original on 21 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑Guimarães, Paula; Martins, Susana (March 2005). "Guia de estilo"[Style guide](PDF). Eurocid - Informação europeia ao cidadão (in European Portuguese). Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors. p.41. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 January 2026. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
↑Magarinhos, Luís (15 April 2011). "Origem e significado dos nomes de Portugal e Galiza"[Origin and meaning of the names of Portugal and Galicia](PDF). Actas do III Congreso Internacional sobre a cultura celta: Os celtas da Europa atlántica. III Congresso Internacional sobre a Cultura Celta: Os Celtas da Europa Atlântica (in European Portuguese). Narón, Galicia. pp.537–546. Archived from the original on 5 March 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
↑Zimmermann, Klaus (2015) [2011]. "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p.293. ISBN978-1-405-17600-2.
↑Livermore, H. V. (1947). A History Of Portugal. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp.5–9. Retrieved 16 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Sánchez, Fernando López (2015). "The Suevic Kingdom: Why Gallaecia?". Culture and Society in Medieval Galicia. The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World. Vol.58. Brill. pp.176–209. doi:10.1163/9789004288607_006. ISBN978-90-04-28860-7.
↑Lenski, Noel (27 January 2022). "Chapter 12: Slavery among the Visigoths". In de Wet, Chris L.; Kahlos, Maijastina; Vuolanto, Ville (eds.). Slavery in the Late Antique World, 150 – 700 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.251–280. doi:10.1017/9781108568159.014. ISBN9781108568159.
↑Donner, Fred M. (1999). "Chapter 1: Muhammad and the Caliphate". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p.21. ISBN978-0-19-988041-6. Retrieved 18 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2011). Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol.9 (2nded.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p.133. ISBN978-0-85323-554-5. OCLC783942572.
↑Barton, Simon (2004). A History of Spain (1sted.). Palgrave Macmillan. p.38. ISBN978-0-333-63257-4.
↑Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). Written at New York, NY, USA. The Medieval Spains. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.84. ISBN978-0-521-39436-9. LCCN92023379.
↑Bennison, Amira K. (August 2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.2. ISBN9780748646821.
↑Christys, Ann (27 August 2015). Vikings in the south: voyages to Iberia and the Mediterranean. Studies in Early Medieval History (1sted.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p.97. doi:10.5040/9781474213790. ISBN978-1-4742-1379-0. OCLC906575918.
↑Caraccioli, Mauro José (2021). "1: Narratives of Conquest and the Conquest of Narrative". Writing the New World. The Politics of Natural History in the Early Spanish Empire. University Press of Florida. pp.14–38. ISBN978-1-68340-170-4. JSTORj.ctv1gt9419.6. Retrieved 15 April 2026. La Reconquista: a 700-year military and cultural campaign against the Moorish Caliphates of Southern Iberia that culminated in the joint reign of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile as Reyes Católicos.
↑Williams, Mark (2004). The Story of Spain. San Mateo, CA: Golden Era Books. p.60. ISBN978-0-97069-692-2.
↑de Almeida Fernandes, A. (1997). "O Conde Vímara Peres"[The Count Vímara Peres]. Paróquias suevas e dioceses visigóticas[Suebi parishes and Visigothic dioceses] (in European Portuguese). ROCHA. pp.195–219. ISBN972-9474-11-7. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2020– via academia.edu.
↑Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "Chapter Six: The Emergence of Portugal". A history of Spain and Portugal. Vol.1. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p.116. ISBN0-299-06270-8. Retrieved 20 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "Chapter Six: The Emergence of Portugal". A history of Spain and Portugal. Vol.1. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p.117. ISBN0-299-06270-8. Retrieved 20 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Wilson, Jonathan (18 December 2019). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies. 12 (2): 199–229. doi:10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043.
↑Martins, José António (16 February 2017). "O Reino do Algarve de pleno direito"[The Kingdom of the Algarve in its own right](PDF) (in European Portuguese). CCDR-Alg. Archived(PDF) from the original on 31 January 2026. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
↑Winslett, Matthew (August 2008). The Nadir of Alliance: The British Ultimatum of 1890 and Its Place in Anglo-Portuguese Relations, 1147–1945 (Master of arts in history thesis). Supervising Professor: Douglas Richmond. The University of Texas at Arlington. p.14. Archived from the original on 12 April 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2026. This treaty has been the cornerstone of both nations' relations with each other ever since. This is particularly true in regards to the Portuguese. The various treaties that follow it build upon the promises made at Windsor and never abrogate its terms, especially in the case of guarantees of territorial defense and military aid.
123Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). "Chapter 1: Portugal and the 'Age of Discoveries'". The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.8–11. doi:10.1353/book.77743. ISBN978-1-4214-4120-7.
↑Casimiro, Tânia Manuel (2020). "Globalization, trade, and material culture: Portugal's role in the making of a multicultural Europe (1415–1806)". Post-Medieval Archaeology. 54 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/00794236.2020.1750239. hdl:10362/98047. In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures.
↑Edmonds, Richard Louis (29 August 2002). "China and Europe since 1978: An Introduction". China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. The China Quarterly Special Issues. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.1. ISBN9780521524032.
↑Newitt, Malyn (2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668. Routledge. p.20. ISBN978-1134553044.
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↑Tweeddale, Alistair (2000). "More about maps"(PDF). The Skeptic. 20 (3). Roseville, Australia: Australian Skeptics: 58–62. ISSN0726-9897. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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↑Fausto, Boris (2014). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. p.40. ISBN978-1-107-63524-1.
↑Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal. Columbia University Press. pp.315–317. ISBN978-0-231-08353-9. Retrieved 20 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal. Columbia University Press. p.315. ISBN978-0-231-08353-9. Retrieved 20 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
↑Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967). "La revolución portuguesa de 1640"[The Portuguese revolution of 1640]. Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història (in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96. eISSN2444-7862. ISSN0210-9980. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2026.
↑Livermore, H. V. (1947). A History Of Portugal. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp.279–280. Retrieved 20 April 2026– via Wayback Machine.
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↑Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Centro de Documentação e Disseminação de Informações (2007). "Capítulo 3: Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes" [“Chapter 3: Portuguese presence: from colonizers to immigrants]. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento[Brazil: 500 years of Settlement](PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: self-published. p.66. ISBN978-85-240-3940-9. Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2026.
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↑Cavalcanti, Nireu Oliveira (2007). "A reordenação urbanística da nova sede da Corte"[The urban reorganization of the new seat of the Court]. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (in Brazilian Portuguese) (436). Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro: 149–199. eISSN2526-1347. ISSN0101-4366. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Ertl, Alan W. (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers, Inc. p.303. ISBN978-1-59942-983-0.
↑Nowell, Charles E. (March 1947). "Portugal and the Partition of Africa". The Journal of Modern History. 19 (1). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press: 1–17. eISSN1537-5358. ISSN0022-2801. JSTOR1875649.
↑Livermore, H.V. (1997). "Lord Salisbury's Ultimatum"(PDF). British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report. 24. Lisbon: 147–171. Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 September 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Presidency of the Republic (12 March 1916). Lei n.º 491[Law No. 491](PDF) (in European Portuguese). Diário do Governo. No. 47/1916, Series I. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Comité de Datação dos Ciclos Económicos Portugueses (30 May 2023). Recessões do período 1910-1919: a recessão externa da I Guerra Mundial[“Recessions in the period 1910–1919: the external recession of the First World War](PDF) (Report) (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Nunes, António Lopes Pires (December 2005). Angola 1961 – Da Baixa do Cassange a Nambuangongo[Angola 1961 – From Baixa do Cassange to Nambuangongo] (in European Portuguese). Vol.3. Lisbon: Prefácio. pp.59–64. ISBN9789728816360.
↑Lloyd-Jones, Stewart (November 2001). "Portugal's history since 1974"(PDF). CPHRC Working Papers. 2 1. Lisbon: ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon: 1–16. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑National Salvation Junta (25 April 1974). Suplemento[Suplement](PDF) (in European Portuguese). Diário do Governo. No. 97/1974, Series I. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Minter, William; Cann, John P. (September 1998). "Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974". African Studies Review. 41 (2): 182. doi:10.2307/524850. JSTOR524850.
↑"Infraestrutura Geodésica: Portugal Continental"[Geodetic Infrastructure: Continental Portugal]. Direção-Geral do Território (in European Portuguese). Lisbon. 18 February 2026. Archived from the original on 19 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑"Infraestrutura Geodésica: Açores"[Geodetic Infrastructure: Azores]. Direção-Geral do Território (in European Portuguese). Lisbon. 18 February 2026. Archived from the original on 19 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑"Infraestrutura Geodésica: Madeira"[Geodetic Infrastructure: Madeira]. Direção-Geral do Território (in European Portuguese). Lisbon. 18 February 2026. Archived from the original on 19 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑Diário da República. "Lexionário - Mar territorial"[Lexicon — Territorial Sea]. Diário da República (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑Geological Services of Portugal (1962). "Pico Island, scale 1:50 000". geoPortal do LNEG. Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
↑Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. p.28. ISBN978-3-319-03640-3.
12Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests (January 2021). "Portugal Perfil Florestal"[Portugal: Forest Profile] (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: self-published. p.1. Archived from the original on 2 September 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. pp.13–25. ISBN978-3-319-03640-3.
↑Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. pp.25–26. ISBN978-3-319-03640-3.
↑Vieira, Gonçalo; Luís, Zêzere José; Mora, Carla (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. Springer International Publishing. pp.26–28. ISBN978-3-319-03640-3.
↑Environment - Office of the Secretary of State for Spatial Planning and Nature Conservation (27 April 2017). "Despacho n.º 3578/2017, de 27 de abril"[Order No. 3578/2017, of April 27]. Diário da República Eletrónico (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
↑Mittermeier, Russell A.; etal. (December 2004). Hotspots Revisited. Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Vol.392. Cemex. p.33. ISBN968-6397-77-9.
↑Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests (January 2021). "Portugal Perfil Florestal"[Portugal: Forest Profile] (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: self-published. p.4. Archived from the original on 2 September 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Sousa Uva, José; Pacheco Faias, Sónia (2015). Inventário Florestal Nacional[National Forest Inventory] (Report) (in European Portuguese) (6thed.). Lisbon: Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests (published 28 June 2019). p.3. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
↑Belo, João R.; Dias, Maria P.; Jara, João; Almeida, Amélia; Morais, Frederico; Silva, Carlos; Valadeiro, Joaquim; Alves, José A. (8 February 2023). "Synchronous Declines of Wintering Waders and High-Tide Roost Area in a Temperate Estuary: Results of a 10-Year Monitoring Programme". Waterbirds (Paper). 45 (2). The Waterbird Society: 141–149. doi:10.1675/063.045.0204. eISSN1938-5390. ISSN1524-4695.
↑Bencatel, Joana; Sabino-Marques, Helena; Álvares, Francisco; Moura, André E.; Barbosa, A. Márcia, eds. (2019). Atlas de Mamíferos de Portugal[Atlas of the Mammals of Portugal] (in European Portuguese) (2nded.). Évora: University of Évora. pp.70, 72, 96, 104, 112. ISBN978-989-8550-80-4. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
↑Bencatel, Joana; Sabino-Marques, Helena; Álvares, Francisco; Moura, André E.; Barbosa, A. Márcia, eds. (2019). Atlas de Mamíferos de Portugal[Atlas of the Mammals of Portugal] (in European Portuguese) (2nded.). Évora: University of Évora. pp.215–231. ISBN978-989-8550-80-4. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
↑Article 296, Clause 2(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part IV: Guaranteeing and revision of the Constitution, Final and transitional provisions, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic enters into force on 25 April 1976.
↑Martins, Ana (February 2006). "Presidential Elements in Government The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System: About Law in the Books and Law in Action". European Constitutional Law Review. 2 (1): 81–100. doi:10.1017/S1574019606000812. ProQuest216313596.
↑Article 110, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title I: General principles, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The President of the Republic, the Assembleia da República, the Government and the Courts are entities that exercise sovereignty.
↑Article 111, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title I: General principles, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The entities that exercise sovereignty must respect the separation and interdependence laid down in the Constitution.
↑Article 121, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title II: President of the Republic, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The President of the Republic is elected by the universal, direct and secret suffrage of Portuguesecitizens who are registered to vote in Portuguese territory and, in accordance with the following paragraph, of Portuguese citizens who reside abroad.
↑Article 128, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title II: President of the Republic, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The term of office of President of the Republic is five years and ends upon installation of the new President elect.
↑Article 147(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The Assembleia da República is the assembly that represents all Portuguese citizens.
↑Article 148(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The Assembleia da República shall have a minimum of one hundred and eighty and a maximum of two hundred and thirty Members, as laid down by electoral law.
↑Article 153, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, Without prejudice to the suspension or termination of any individual mandate, terms of office of Members of the Assembleia da República begin with the first sitting of the Assembly following elections and end with the first sitting following the subsequent elections.
↑Article 171, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter III: Organisation and modus operandi, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, The duration of each legislature is four legislative sessions.
↑Article 174, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter III: Organisation and modus operandi, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, Legislative sessions last for one year and begin on 15 September.
↑Article 152, Clause 2(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title III: Assembleia da República, Chapter I: Status, role and election, 12 August 2005, retrieved 22 April 2026, Members of the Assembleia da República represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.
↑Article 10, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Fundamental principles, 12 August 2005, retrieved 15 April 2026, The people exercise political power by means of universal, equal, direct, secret and periodic suffrage, referendum and the other forms provided for in the Constitution.
↑Article 187, Clause 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part III: Organisation of political power, Title IV: Government, Chapter II: Formation and accountability, 12 August 2005, retrieved 16 April 2026, The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister after consulting the parties with seats in Assembleia da República and in the light of the electoral results.
↑Marina, Nord; Altman, David; Fernandes, Tiago; God, Ana Good (17 March 2026). "Democracy Report 2026 Watchlist"(PDF). In Lindberg, Staffan I. (ed.). Democracy Report 2026:Unraveling The Democratic Era?(PDF) (Report) (10thed.). University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026. p.41: The eight countries that are very close to becoming autocratizers are: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Namibia, Portugal, Russia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Vanuatu. Three of the eight countries are new on the Watchlist this year: Bulgaria, Portugal, and Vanuatu.
↑"Portugal | The Global State of Democracy". www.idea.int. Retrieved 6 October 2025. Between 2019 and 2024, it experienced declines in multiple factors of Representation, Rights and Rule of Law.
↑"Spain". Diplomatic Portal. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
↑"Poderes e Competências". anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
↑Carvalho, Maria João Leote de; Gomes, Sílvia; Duarte, Vera; Oliveira, Raquel (2022). "População no sistema prisional português: evolução e tendências entre 2000 e 2017". Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. 127: 115–142. doi:10.4000/rccs.12883.
↑Article 1(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Fundamental principles, 12 August 2005, retrieved 15 April 2026, Portugal is a sovereign Republic, based on the dignity of the human person and the will of the people and committed to building a free, just and solidary society.
↑Article 33, Clause 4(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part I: Fundamental rights and duties, Title II: Rights, freedoms and guarantees, Chapter I: Personal rights, freedoms and guarantees, 12 August 2005, retrieved 15 April 2026, Extradition for crimes that are punishable under the applicant state's law by a sentence or security measure which deprives or restricts freedom in perpetuity or for an undefined duration, is only permissible if the applicant state is a party to an international convention in this domain to which Portugal is bound, and offers guarantees that such a sentence or security measure will not be applied or executed.
↑Article 33, Clause 6(PDF), Constitution of Portugal. Part I: Fundamental rights and duties, Title II: Rights, freedoms and guarantees, Chapter I: Personal rights, freedoms and guarantees, 12 August 2005, retrieved 15 April 2026, The extradition or handing over of a person under any circumstances for political reasons, or for crimes which are punishable under the applicant state's law by death or by any other sentence that results in irreversible damage to physical integrity, is not permitted.
↑Rodrigues, Carlos (24 May 1993). "Expulsão de ciganos em Ponte de Lima"[Expulsion of Romani from Ponte de Lima]. RTP (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 15 April 2026.
↑"Delinquência Dá Expulsão"[Delinquency brings expulsion]. Correio da Manhã (in European Portuguese). 18 July 2003. Retrieved 15 April 2026.
↑Flunser Pimentel, Irene (15 February 2021). "Hoje são os ciganos em Portugal. E amanhã?"[Today it’s the Romani in Portugal. And tomorrow?]. Público (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 15 April 2026.
↑United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "b. Worker Rights". Portugal 2024 Human Rights Report(PDF). Section 2. Liberty (Report). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024. United States Department of State. p.3.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "b. Worker Rights". Portugal 2024 Human Rights Report(PDF). Section 2. Liberty (Report). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024. United States Department of State. p.5.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) (21 October 2015). Visit report - Portugal - November 2024 (Report). self-published. pp.15–21. CPT/Inf (2025) 32. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
↑"Página de download de informação geográfica"[Download page of geographic data]. Statistics Portugal - Official Web Portal (in European Portuguese). Statistics Portugal. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
↑Ministry of Justice (21 April 1911). "Decreto, de 21 de abril"[Decree, of April 21]. Diário da República Eletrónico (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
↑Russo, David J. (2000). American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.314. ISBN978-0-275-96896-0.
↑Song, Haoyan; Gao, Jingran; Jia, Hao (June 2021). "Usage and promotion on Chinese medicine in Portuguese-speaking countries". Pharmacological Research. 168 105591. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105591. PMID33813028.
↑Stolz, Yvonne; Baten, Jörg; Reis, Jaime (2013). "Portuguese living standards, 1720–1980, in European comparison: heights, income, and human capital". Economic History Review. 66 (2): 545–578. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2012.00658.x. hdl:10451/20518.
↑"World Heritage - List". UNESCO: Building Peace through Education, Science and Culture, communication and information. Archived from the original on 6 February 2026. Retrieved 26 February 2026.
↑Diário da República. "Lei n.º 8/2016, de 1 de abril"[Law No. 8/2016, of 1 April]. Diário da República (in European Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 26 February 2026.
↑Cordeniz, Vera Mónica Lopes Inácio (July 2010). As cantigas medievais Galeco-Portuguesas do repertório para canto acompanhado no séc. XX[The medieval Galician-Portuguese songs from the accompanied singing repertoire in the 20th century] (Master thesis) (in European Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: School of Social and Human Sciences of the NOVA University of Lisbon. pp.43–46. hdl:10362/5503. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
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↑Ferreira, Manuel Pedro (2014). "Da música em Portugal"[On music in Portugal]. Portuguese Journal of Musicology (in European Portuguese). 4 (Revista Portuguesa de Musicologia, v. 4/5 (1994-1995)). Lisbon: 171. doi:10.57885/rpmns.148. Retrieved 14 April 2026.
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↑Oliveira, Sónia; Fradinho, Patrícia; Mata, Paulina; Moreira-Leite, Bruno; Raymundo, Anabela (October 2019). "Exploring innovation in a traditional sweet pastry: Pastel de Nata". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 17 100160. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100160.
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10,749,635 [8] (87th)
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$567.632 billion [10] (51st)
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