Portugal,[c] officially the Portuguese Republic,[d] is a country in Southwestern Europe. It is a unitary republic comprising mainland Portugal, located on the southwestern portion of the Iberian Peninsula and bordered by Spain to the north and east, and the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a population of over 11.4 million, and Lisbon, its capital, is the largest city. Portugal's internal waters and territorial sea together account for two-fifths of its territory, and its exclusive economic zone is one of Europe's largest, while its terrain contains a diverse range of landscapes and regional climates.
The western Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since prehistory, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to between 5500BC and 5300BC. Portugal was established as a county of the Kingdom of León in 868, and formally as a kingdom in 1179 as a result of the Reconquista against the Muslims, who had occupied the Iberian Peninsula since 711. During the Age of Discovery, the kingdom made several advancements in nautical science and maritime exploration to discover new territories and sea routes, which led to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire. The kingdom became a republic in 1910 and was a dictatorship from 1926 until the dictatorship's overthrow in 1974 enabled the full establishment of democracy in 1976.
Portugal is a semi-presidential constitutional unitary republic and multi-party representative democracy with four separate sovereignty bodies: president, government, parliament, and judiciary. It has a unicameral national legislature known as the Assembly of the Republic. Portugal is divided into two autonomous regions and seven regions on the mainland while it remains highly centralised.
A developed country, Portugal has an advanced economy that chiefly relies upon services, industry, and tourism. Shaped by the various civilisations that have inhabited its territory, Portugal developed a culture with a worldwide influence that allowed Portuguese to become the world's fifth-most spoken native language with more than 250 million native speakers. With a stable foreign policy shaped by its colonial and diplomatic history and location, Portugal is a member of multiple international organisations and forums.
Etymology
The word Portugal derives from LatinPortus Cale, meaning 'port of Cale', itself the origin of Porto, while Cale was a town on the Douro. There is no consensus on the etymology of Cale. It could be an ethnonym derived from the Celtic Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.[12][13]
Around 136BC, the Romans, during the Second Punic War, conquered Cale from the Carthaginians and renamed it Portus Cale.[14][15] During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Visigoths as Portucale and by the Suebi as Parochiale.[15] The name Portucale evolved into Portugale; by the 11th and 12th centuries Portugal was referred to the region between the Douro and Minho rivers.[16]
The region has been inhabited by humans since approximately 400,000 years ago.[e]Neanderthals roamed the southwestern Iberian peninsula until 37,000 years ago, and a Neanderthal tooth has been found at the Nova da Columbeira Cave in Estremadura.[18]Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in what is now Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly.[19] The onset of the Neolithic in the area dates to between 5500BC and 5300BC.[20] In southern Portugal, Iron Age inscribed stele have been found, representing an early evidence of writing on the Iberian Peninsula.[21] Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal and the Lusitanians occupied central, inland regions.[22]Celts inhabited most of the remaining territory of mainland Portugal, leaving lasting traces in the language and culture such as contributing to the formation of Portuguese values and identity, such as saudade.[23][24]
The Mediterranean coast was well known to the Carthaginians, whose close relations with Phoenician-Punic settlements likely gave them considerable political and economic influence there from the 6th or 5th century BC. After Carthage's defeat by Rome in the First Punic War, it sought new western territories, culminating in the Barcid conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 237BC.[25]
In 409, with the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by Germanic tribes.[32] Western Iberia was integrated into the Suebian Kingdom, with its capital in or near Braga.[33][34] The Visigoths defeated the Suebi and ruled the peninsula until the early 8th century.[35][36]
In 711, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded from the south by the Umayyad Caliphate, which expanded rapidly and by 716 most of the peninsula was part of al-Andalus.[37] The Umayyads ruled al-Andalus until it fragmented into small states, with the caliphate being abolished in 1031,[37] and most of what is now central and southern Portugal falling under the Taifa of Badajoz.[38] These were conquered by the Almoravids, who were in turn followed by the Almohads.[39][40] Northern incursions also occurred during this period, with Viking raids recorded from 844 into the 11th century.[41]
After the depletion of gold revenues, Portugal was left with a weak industrial base and backward institutional and educational structures, a condition exacerbated by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, who emerged as the country's de facto ruler in the aftermath of the 1755 earthquake and tsunami, a natural disaster that shook the kingdom and recognized as one of the worst to ever occur. Pombal's failed industrialisation efforts, education policies that weakened human-capital formation, and expulsion of the Jesuits, reducing student numbers and contributing to Portugal's decline in literacy. Pombal's instrumentalisation of the Inquisition for political purposes, helping to entrench an extractive system that outlasted his rule. The nature of the existing political institutions contributed to Portugal's sustained divergence from Western Europe despite comparable family values and high state capacity, with partial recovery beginning around the mid-20th century.[97][98]
In 1820, an uprising in Porto sought to establish a constitution for Portugal and led to the return of King John VI and his court to mainland Portugal in 1821.[103] Although the 1822 Constitution was adopted, the process was marked by compromise and efforts at consensus, which allowed absolutist forces to regain strength, culminating in Miguelist counter-revolts against liberalism, prompting Prince Miguel's exile.[103][104] After John VI's death in 1826, his eldest son, Pedro I of Brazil, briefly reigned as Pedro IV of Portugal, granted the 1826 Charter, and abdicated in favour of his minor daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that she marry Miguel, who was appointed regent.[105] Although Miguel's return was under the condition of swearing allegiance to the Charter, he soon dismantled liberal institutions and was proclaimed king in 1828, leading to the Liberal Wars, after which Pedro forced Miguel's abdication in favour of Maria and his exile causing absolutist ideology to wane.[105] Under the constitutional monarchy, the country faced economic crises, political instability, and several coups d'état.[106] At the same time it expanded its colonies in Africa, but this culminated in the 1890 British Ultimatum, which thwarted Portugal's imperialist ambitions and represented a devastating blow to the monarchy.[107]
During the Estado Novo, Portugal remained neutral in World War II, after which the postwar decline of colonial legitimacy and the growth of African independence movements increasingly challenged Portuguese rule overseas.[114][115] The regime introduced reforms intended to strengthen ties between the metropole and the colonies, yet the empire was no unified customs and economic area.[116]Indigenous peoples already second-class citizens, saw limited improvements in living conditions further fuelled nationalist movements, ultimately leading to the Portuguese Colonial War from 1961 to 1974.[117][118]
After the transition to democracy, in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, under the influence by new economic insights, Portugal set about dismantling socialist policies from that period and moving towards neoliberalism.[121] In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), which led to a considerable growth of its economy.[122] The 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis resulted in an international bailout and intense austerity policies, causing lasting social impacts.[123][124]
Portugal's territory comprises mainland Portugal and the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.[2] The mainland, commonly referred to as Continental Portugal, is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, while Madeira and the Azores lie in the Atlantic Ocean.[2][125] The country's land area is 92,225km2 (35,608sqmi), although Portuguese law defines the country's size as 156,597km2 (60,462sqmi) which includes about 64,000km2 (24,711sqmi) of ocean waters.[4][2][h]Portugal's exclusive economic zone extends 1,727,408km2 (666,956mi2), making it one of the largest in the European Union.[126][127] The country is over two-thirds wilderness, almost one-fourth agricultural, and the remainder human settlements.[128] Its highest point is the summit of Mount Pico, located on Pico Island in the Azores, which rises to an elevation of 2,351m (7,713ft) above sea level.[129][i] Portugal can be divided into four morphostructural units: the Hesperian Massif, which occupies most of mainland Portugal; the sedimentary borderlands of the massif, forming the Lusitanian and Algarve basins; the Lower Tagus and Alvalade sedimentary basins; and the volcanic submarine ranges that form the Azores and Madeira.[131] Its geological and geomorphological features are largely the product of the Variscan, responsible for the formation of the Hesperian Massif, and later the Tethys–Atlantic cycle, responsible for the remaining units.[132] Regional tectonic processes affected mainland Portugal's morphostructural units differently, producing relief variations that subdivide the territory into ten regional geomorphological units shaped by the different regional impacts of the Cenozoic tectonics, regional asymmetries of climate in the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary, and the varied response of different lithologies to tectonic activity and climatic variability.[133]
Continental Portugal is predominantly low-altitude, with over 70% of the territory lying below 400m (1,300ft) and less than 12% rising above 700m (2,300ft) of elevation. Its geography is structured by the Tagus River, which enters from Spain and flows into the Tagus Estuary, as 95% of areas exceeding 400m (1,300ft) are situated to the north of the river while the regions south of the Tagus, encompassing Alentejo and the Algarve, have 62% of the lands below 200m (660ft). The territory north of the Tagus is marked by mountains and plateaus incised by river valleys, whereas the south is distinguished by rolling plains.[134]
The Madeira archipelago comprises the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, together with the Desertas and Savage Islands, all of which are of volcanic origin. Approximately one-third of Madeira Island lies above 1,000 metres (3,300ft) in elevation, and its landscape is characterised by a dense network of deep valleys with slopes rising several hundred metres, as well as streams that originate in the island's centre and diverge towards the coast, sustained by abundant rainfall. The steep gradient and very high rainfall is a cause of flash floods with high sediment transport.[135]
The Azores is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands which, from west to east, are Flores, Corvo, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira, São Miguel, and Santa Maria. The islands retain much of their volcanic landforms, most visibly in volcanic cones and in the lakes that shape the scenery of the islands especially São Miguel, Flores, Terceira, Pico, and Corvo. Although rainfall is abundant, most streams in the Azores are temporary. The small size of the catchments, the slopes' steepness, and deforestation accentuates the torrential regime of the rivers during periods of intense precipitation causing erosion problems and floods.[136][128][137]
The climate of mainland Portugal and Madeira, together with their surrounding waters, is Mediterranean, whereas the Azores and its adjacent waters mainly have a temperate oceanic climate.[138][139][140] Portugal's terrain has a diverse variety of regional climates for its size.[140] The high altitude zones of the Azorean islands have a temperate maritime climate while the western Azores have a humid subtropical climate. In parts of Beja and on Porto Santo Island the climate is semi-arid.[141] In the Savage Islands the climate is that of a hot desert.[141] The average temperature in Portugal varies from 4–20°C (39.2–68.0°F) in the mainland, around 18°C (64.4°F) in the Azores, and 9–19°C (48.2–66.2°F) in Madeira.[142][143][144]
The Iberian Peninsula is located at the southern margin of the temperate zone and at the northern margin of the subtropical high-pressure zone. Additionally, Portugal's climate is influenced by the seasonal latitudinal shift of the jet stream, which directly impacts the trajectory of the polar front. Typically in the winter, the jet stream moves southwards and Portugal comes under the influence of the polar front, producing colder temperatures. When the polar front moves northward, Portugal comes under the influence of the Azores High bringing atmospheric stability during the summer.[140]
Wildfires[pt] remain a serious challenge in Portugal, with nearly 30% of those recorded in 2024 having an undetermined origin and arson accounting for almost five-sixths of the total burned area.[145] Between 2014 and 2024, Portugal recorded an annual average of 12,496 fires and 112,455ha (434sqmi) burned, making it the European Union country with both the highest average number of wildfires and the greatest average burned area over that period.[146]Climate change is projected to raise average temperatures in Portugal by as much as 3–4°C (37.4–39.2°F) by 2100 relative to the 1990s–2010s average,[147][148][139] with impacts in water,[149]ecosystem,[150]agriculture,[151]health,[152] and security.[153][154]
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn out to be invasive to the native habitats. Over one-fourth of extant plant species in continental Portugal are exotic.[164] Portugal has one of the highest numbers of threatened animal and plant species in Europe.[165] The country as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.[166][167][168] The mammalian species of Portugal such as red deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf, and Iberian lynx were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation, and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock largely reduced their populations in the 19th and 20th centuries.[169] Others species, such as the Portuguese ibex, became extinct, but some mammalian species, such as the red deer, have been re-expanding their native range.[170]
Portugal's legislative body is the Assembly of the Republic, a unicameral parliament.[182] It consists of a single chamber with a minimum of 180 seats and a maximum of 230, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved.[183][182][184] The members of parliament represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.[185] As the head of government, the prime minister directs government policy, leads the Council of Ministers which includes ministers and junior ministers that execute government policy, and is appointed by the president in light of electoral results after consulting with the parties with seats in the Assembly of the Republic.[186][187][188] Portugal's current prime minister is Luís Montenegro, who took office after the AD – PSD/CDS Coalition won enough seats to form a minority government following the 2024 Portuguese legislative election.[189] Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures at the national, regional, and local levels.[190][191][192] The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Chega (CH), and the Socialist Party (PS), while the PSD and PS continue to be the dominant parties in the regional parliaments and at the local level.[j] There have been recent trends towards autocratisation.[193][194]
Portugal has a stable foreign policy that is the result of its history, geography, and specific foreign policy choices. It is structured around six principal regional and policy priorities: Europe, NATO and relations with the United Kingdom and with the United States, the Portuguese-speaking world, the importance of and support for Portuguese communities abroad, the internationalization of the national economy, and the strengthening of multilateralism. Portugal regards the success of European integration as paramount and is prepared, where a consensus exists among European Union member states, to endorse policies that go against with the country's national interests;[209] it also supports general disarmament, the dismantling of political-military blocs, and the creation of a collective security system aimed at establishing an international order grounded in peace and justice among peoples.[210]
Portugal has two territorial disputes, both of which are with Spain: the Spanish town of Olivenza which has been claimed by Portugal since the 19th century, and the surrounding waters of the Portuguese Savage Islands which have been claimed by Spain since the 15th century. Despite causing moments of tension between the two countries, the relationship between the two countries remains excellent.[211][212][213]
The Portuguese Armed Forces consist of three branches commanded by the Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces General Staff) – Marinha (Navy), Exército (Army), and Força Aérea (Air Force).[214] In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the Guarda Nacional Republicana (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie, comprising 23,042 personnel in 2025, under the authority of both the Defence and the Home Affairs ministries.[215][216] The Portuguese military serves as a self-defence force, takes part in humanitarian and peace missions undertaken by the international organisations to which Portugal belongs, and cooperates in civil defence missions.[217] In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several NATO and European Union missions worldwide.[k] The Portuguese military budget in 2025 was estimated at more than $6 billion, representing 2% of GDP.[219]
As of 2025, the three branches numbered 23,589 military personnel.[220] Until 1999, military service was compulsory for men at age 18 becoming officially suspended during peace time and replaced by one mandatory day of sensibilization about the Armed Forces called Dia da Defesa Nacional[pt] (National Defence Day).[221] Since 1992 women may serve in all branches of the armed forces. The Portuguese military became fully professional in 2004.[222] The United States maintains a military presence, with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores.[223]
Portugal has 49 correctional facilities[pt] run by the Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services[pt] (DGRSP).[227] The facilities are classified by security level, and by degree of management complexity, and often house inmates with different legal statuses, risk levels, and criminal trajectories within the same facilities.[227] Despite following a reintegration-oriented penal model, Portugal retains high prison occupancy and an average sentence length of 31.3 months.[227]
Portugal has a tradition of a humanistic criminal justice.[228] The Portuguese Constitution defines the country as being one that is based on human dignity.[229] It abolished capital punishment and life imprisonment in the 19th century,[228] and forbids extradition in the case of either sentence possibly being imposed.[230] The Portuguese Penal Code provides for a wide range of non-custodial sentences, with the aim of keeping a prison sentence a punishment of last resort.[228] Portuguese penitentiary laws have traditionally been progressive, and based on rehabilitation as the main goal of the implementation of such a sentence.[228]
Portugal is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[250] Portugal replaced the escudo with the euro in 2002.[251] Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank.[252] The country has been a part of the Eurozone since its inception.[253] Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal and it is part of the European System of Central Banks.[254] In 2024, Portugal had a combined share of exports and imports that amounted to 90% of its total GDP.[255] As of February 2026, Portugal's main export markets were Spain at 26% and Germany at 13.9%. Its main exports are machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and other transportation equipment, base metals, and plastics. Portugal's main import markets in 2026 were Spain at 32.9% and Germany at 11.9%. Portugal's main imports are machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products, agricultural products, and mineral fuels.[256]
The harvesting of cork bark. The majority of the world's cork is produced in Portugal.
The Portuguese agriculture sector accounted for 2.9% of the country's total GDP as of 2024.[245] Portugal's agricultural land encompassed an area of approximately 3,697,000ha (36,970km2) as of 2023, of which 17.4% was dedicated to organic farming, representing the fifth-highest share worldwide.[264] Despite the extent of the country's agricultural land, the diversity of Portugal's edaphoclimatic and agroecological conditions enables the cultivation of various agricultural products such as wheat, maize, and rice, with each one having an important role in the primary sector, and resulting in an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of 85% as of 2018.[265][266]
Portugal ranks sixth in the world in seafood consumption per capita, with each Portuguese person consuming on average 54kg (119lb) of fish in 2023.[267] The high fish consumption in Portugal is due to tradition and cultural roots, politics, dynamics of the fish market system, and geography.[268] Strong demand for seafood makes the fisheries a valuable national asset.[268] While Portugal captured 185,000 tonnes (182,000 long tons; 204,000 short tons) of fish in 2019, down from the 222,000t (218,000 long tons; 245,000 short tons) in 2010, fish and seafood represent the single highest import of biocapacity from abroad, amounting to 1,600,000global hectares in total.[268]
Portugal's manufacturing industry accounted for 21.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2024, down from an annual average of 26% over the period between 1953 and 1973.[245][269] The lower contribution of manufacturing to Portugal's economy has led to lower real GDP growth rates between 1974 and 2019 than during the period between 1950 and 1973.[269] As of 2025, Portugal's automobile industry produced the biggest share of the country's exports.[256] The automobile industry accounts for 20.2% of the country manufacturing exports and 82.8% of the total value of its exports employing 43.247 workers in 2020.[270]
Portugal's service sector accounted for 76.5% of the country's total economic output as of 2024.[245] Tourism, retail, and telecommunication are all major industries.[258] Tourism represented 11.4% of the Portugal's total GDP as of 2024.[271] Portugal attracted 29 million international tourists in 2024,[272]ranking 15th in the world in that year for inbound tourism.[273]
As of 2023, two-thirds of Portugal's energy supply was imported, representing the 11th-highest level of energy dependency in the European Union.[282] The country is pursuing energy transition and has invested in the development of renewable energy sources such as the Aguçadoura Wave Farm.[283][284] Portugal has expanded the role of renewable sources in its energy sector, with renewables accounting for 35.2% of energy consumption, up from 21.9% in 2007, and 78.1% of total installed capacity, compared with 59.3% in 2014.[285] In 2021, the country completed the phase-out of coal-fired generation.[286]
Portugal had a population of 11,424,031, of whom 9,826,492 were Portuguese nationals and the remainder were foreign residents at 1,597,539, as of 2025.[6][287] Portugal is steadily aging and has one of the world's highest proportion of elderly citizens, comprising nearly one-fourth of its entire population,[288] together with a female share of the population at 51.1%.[289][290]
Portugal has a fertility rate of 1.4, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the world's lowest.[6] The country has had a fertility rate below the replacement rate of 2.1 since the 1980s that has led to the country having a median age of 45.8, one of the highest in the world.[291][6][292] As of 2025, 23.3% of the population was aged 65 or older.[6] Despite the effects of net migration, due to low fertility rates Portugal's population is projected to drop to 8.3 million by 2100.[293]
Historically a country of emigration,[294] Portugal has been a net recipient of immigrants since 1993 except between 2011 and 2016 during the Portuguese financial crisis.[295][296][6] Since 2016, Portugal has experienced a marked increase in immigration, with the proportion of non-nationals in the total population rising from 3.5% to 14.0% by 2025, living mainly in the Algarve and the Lisbon metropolitan area, and with 24.5% of all births registered in 2024 being to foreign-born women.[297][234][298] In Portugal, White Portuguese constitute the largest racial and ethnic group, representing 84.2% of the population, followed by multiracial Portuguese at 3.4%, Black Portuguese at 2.2%, Asian Portuguese at 0.7%, and the Romani at 0.6%.[234]
In 2023, 88% of the Portuguese population lived in urban areas.[299] The capital city, Lisbon, had a population of 658,236 as of 2025. It is part of Lisbon metropolitan area, the biggest metropolitan area of Portugal with 3.4 million people.[300]
Portugal has been a secular statesince 1911[pt], and it guarantees religious freedom.[302][303][l] Although Portugal has no official religion, the Catholic Church has a history there that predates the country's formation and can be traced back to the 3rd century.[304] According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population aged 15 and older were Catholic, while 14.1% are nonreligious.[301]
The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saints, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Jehovah's Witnesses[pt], Baháʼí, Buddhist, and Jewish communities.[301] Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related to Traditional Chinese Medicine.[m] Even though Portugal has deep ties with Christianity, as of 2019 the majority of its people were shown to be tolerant towards followers of other faiths, with the Muslim community perceiving itself as thoroughly integrated into Portugal and believing that the country provided conditions conducive to smooth integration.[306]
Portuguese is the official and predominantly spoken language in Portugal.[307][308] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union.[309] Portuguese is the fifth-most widely spoken first language in the world, with around 250 million native speakers.[310]
Although other European countries began investing in education in the 19th century, Portugal's long-established national identity, stable borders and homogeneous population contributed to a lack of political commitment to educational development until the First Republic in the early 20th century;[324] many of its reforms were subsequently reversed under the Estado Novo, whose deliberate neglect of education contributed to Portugal recording Europe's highest illiteracy rate in 1964;[325][326] following democratisation in 1974, education became more widely accessible and underwent modernisation.[318] The country lags behind most OECD countries on educational indicators, largely owing to the older working-age generation.[327] Fewer than two-thirds of Portugal's population have completed secondary or higher education.[327] Portugal's adult population aged 16 to 65 records the fifth-lowest level of knowledge and skills in the OECD, whereas school students perform at average levels.[328][329][330] In 2021, the national illiteracy rate among people aged 10 or over stood at 3.1%, ranging from 1.4% to 12.3% across the country's municipalities.[331] Portugal spent 4.5% of its total GDP on education in 2022.[332]
Portugal has a predominantly universal tax-funded health care system, called Serviço Nacional de Saúde[pt] (SNS), that operates alongside public-sector health insurance schemes called health subsystems funded mainly through employee and employer contributions, as well as private voluntary health insurance.[334] Primary and hospital care are provided by both public and private entities, with the private sector and complementing services offered by the SNS.[335] In 2023, Portugal's health care was 38% privately funded and 62% government-funded, the 3rd lowest public share on health spending in the European Union.[336] Portugal has a high level of health inequity in the OECD, driven by limited public spending, uneven distribution of services, low household income, long waiting times, and policy shortcomings.[337]
Portugal ranked 23rd in the world in 2024 in life expectancy with 85.4 years for women and 79.8 years for men, and it had an infant mortality rate of 2.7 deaths per 1,000live births.[338][339] In 2022, the leading cause of death were cardiovascular diseases, at 25.4%.[338] Portugal presents several adverse public-health indicators, including the 3rd lowest share of people reporting good health in the European Union, in 2024, at 54%, the highest alcohol consumption with 11.9 litres (2.6impgal; 3.1USgal) consumed per person, in 2020, and the highest share of adult population living a sedentary lifestyle, in 2022, at 73%, a pattern reinforced by limited active-transport infrastructure and unsafe conditions for pedestrians and cyclists.[340][341] The percentage of the Portuguese population suffering from moderate or severe food insecurity between 2022 and 2024 was on average 11.9%, which makes Portugal the third-highest country in Southern Europe for this indicator where the average stands at 5.9%.[342]
Historically, religion, specifically Christianity, had an influential role in Portuguese art, as it was a recurrent theme widely employed in many art forms, such as in painting.[352] Throughout the country's history, artwork in Portugal was typically done by local artists who, depending on location, followed different variations in style, giving Portugal a diverse array of artistic styles throughout the country, an example of this being the thatch houses of Santana[pt], in Madeira.[358]
Portugal has a literary tradition that predates the Portuguese language going back into the early 13th century.[359] Portuguese literature developed through song as well as the written page known as cantigas.[360] The cantigas drew practitioners from all social ranging from King Denis I to Martin Codax who was a minstrel.[361] The earliest known work of Portugal's literature is the Ora faz ost'o senhor de Navarra, a cantiga de escárnio e maldizer written in Galician–Portuguese by João Soares de Paiva at around the year 1200.[362]
Portuguese literature developed under the influence of both European geopolitical developments and broader European literary traditions. The Hundred Years' War helped foster the development of Portuguese chronicles by Fernão Lopes, which constitute a valuable record of some of Europe's early encounters with peoples beyond the continent.[363][364] European medieval chivalric literature, together with didactic religious literature transmitted through adaptations and partial translations, contributed to the development of Portuguese poetry in the translated works of Norman FrenchArturian narratives.[361][365] Portuguese literature flourished during the Age of Discovery with writers such as Luís Vaz de Camões and António Ferreira.[366][367] Modern Portuguese literature took shape through the work of Almeida Garrett, one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism.[368] Portugal has one Nobel Prize–winning author—José Saramago (1998).[369]
Popular music in Portugal after the Carnation Revolution has been heavily influenced by American trends, which has led into the evolution of Hip-hop tuga and popularization of Rock.[375] Historically, Portugal has been a country of emigration which has heavily influenced the Pimba in the 20th century and led to the introduction of Portuguese music into other cultures such as the ukelele in Hawaii in the 19th century.[376][377]
Officially, Portugal has 13 national, government-recognised holidays.[378] Public holidays in Portugal are regulated by the Labour Code[pt].[378] Besides the national holidays, there are regional holidays celebrated only in Madeira and the Azores and two facultative holidays which are the Entrudo[pt] and one municipal holiday allowed per concelho.[379] Unlike some official holidays, Portugal's folk festivities remain widely attended and are rooted in local traditions, such as the Carnival of Ovar, Lisbon's Marchas Populares, and Porto's Festa de São João.[378][380] Many of folk festivities are associated with the Santos Populares, Christian celebrations with older pagan origins linked to Midsummer.[381] These festivities are celebrated across the country, especially in rural areas, and typically include music performances, stages, temporary arenas, and traditional food stalls.[382]
Popular Portuguese beverages include its wines, a craft that is well establish since the 7th century, and of which are such examples as Port and Madeira.[388][349]Beer has been brewed in Portugal since the Chalcolithic.[389] Tea has been produced on São Miguel Island since the 19th century.[390]
↑The modern day concept of sovereignty or declaration of independence did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in 1179 by the Pope who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as a Res publica christiana.[1]
↑Portugal's land area covers 92,225km2 (35,608mi2),[2] while the territory over which it exercises sovereignty—including land, internal waters, and the territorial sea—amounts to 156,597km2 (60,462mi2).[3][4]
↑The Portuguese devised the volta do mar navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this was a major turning point in world history, as it meant that voyagers could now return from long distant places, marking a leap from coastal hugging to deep-sea, long-range navigation, which consequently contributed to further advancements in nautical science and cartography, without that discovery European colonial empires could not have been established.[71]
↑Portugal's colonial empire endured from the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999. Historian L. Veracini states that Portugal was the first and the last explicitly colonial power.[72][73][74]
↑The 1976 Constitution guaranteed religious freedom without distinction between denominations and without any specific limits, breaking with earlier regimes of union, secularist neutrality, and preferential relations with the Catholic Church. However, the legal instruments of 1940 were affected in 1975, when it was introduced the dissolubility of Catholic marriage, and remained in force until 2004, when the government and the Holy See agreed a new Concordat.[303]
↑Chinese medical science is well known in Portugal and is widely accepted by the people. Portugal is the first European Union country that specifically provided legislation for acupuncture and Chinese medical science.[305]
↑Franco da Costa (2014), "No document until the 15th century mentions the apparition of Christ to D. Afonso Henriques on the eve of the Battle of Ourique. Those that have been presented are not conclusive. There are, however, 'five' 12th century documents that refer to the battle — yet none of them mention the apparition, even though some narrate miracles. The first certain references to the miracle appear in the mid-15th century. Once it emerged, the legend gradually expanded until it acquired its definitive form in the writers of the sixteenth century ... We therefore have, on one side, the silence of the three centuries closest to the battle concerning the miracle of the apparition, and on the other, the late appearance of the legend under circumstances that point to an evolutionary process. It should also be noted that, according to the 16th century version, Christ did not merely appear and promise victory — He also prophesied the future destinies of Portugal. Thus, the contemporaries of the conquering king supposedly received from God Himself the titles legitimizing the new monarchy and the guarantee of its glorious future. Yet it is precisely this fact of the divine foundation of Portugal — the most important fact of all for the Portuguese — about which everyone remains silent, while they do speak of the battle that supposedly occurred.".
↑Reilly (1998), pp.80-81, "In October he invited Afonso Henriques to a conference at Zamora. The Leonese monarch wished not only to secure his own border with Portugal in the coming months but also to obtain the collaboration of his cousin in simultaneous attacks on the Almoravids and he was willing to make the greatest concessions to achieve such cooperation. The evidence for what transpired between the two at Zamora is certainly less than we should wish. In the first instance, it consists in two royal charters, one to a Martin Cidez and another to Pons de Cabrera (D458-59). Although the Portuguese ruler does not appear as a confirmant of either he is cited in the dating formula of both. They speak of the Council of Valladolid celebrated by Cardinal Guido and of the 'king of Portugal' who came to hold a conference with the emperor. Since the charters were drafted by Alfonso VII's chancery, the recognition of the new royal status of Afonso Henriques is implicit.".
↑Casimiro (2020), pp.1–17, "In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures.".
↑Marina et al. (2026), p.41, "The eight countries that are very close to becoming autocratizers are: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Namibia, Portugal, Russia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Vanuatu. Three of the eight countries are new on the Watchlist this year: Bulgaria, Portugal, and Vanuatu.".
↑The Global State of Democracy (June 2025). "Portugal". International IDEA. Archived from the original on 31 March 2026. Retrieved 29 April 2026. Between 2019 and 2024, it experienced declines in multiple factors of Representation, Rights and Rule of Law.
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11,424,031 [6] (83rd)
10,343,066 [7] 
$567.632 billion [8] (51st)
30.9 [9] 
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