List of countries by GDP (nominal)

For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity, see List of countries by GDP (PPP).

Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2019 [1]

Countries by nominal GDP in 2019

>$20 trillion   $10–$20 trillion   $5–$10 trillion   $1–$5 trillion

$750 billion–$1 trillion   $500–$750 billion   $250–$500 billion   $100–$250 billion

$50–$100 billion   $25–$50 billion   $5–$25 billion   <$5 billion

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. ^[2] Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. ^[3] Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population. ^[4]

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, does not take into account the differences of quality of goods and services among countries, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP. ^[5] On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures. ^[6]

The United States is the world's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $20.513 trillion, notably due to high average incomes, a large population, ^[7] capital investment, low unemployment, ^[8] high consumer spending, ^[9] a relatively young population, ^[10] and technological innovation. ^[11] Tuvalu is the world's smallest national economy, with a GDP of about $32 million, because of its very small population, a lack of natural resources, reliance on foreign aid, negligible capital investment, demographic problems, and low average incomes. ^[12]

Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time, the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age, a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion, surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output. ^{[13] [14]} Since China's transition to a market-based economy through controlled privatisation and deregulation, ^{[15] [16]} the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 15% in 2016. ^{[14] [1]} India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s. ^[17] When supranational entities are included, the European Union is the second largest economy in the world. It was the largest from 2004, when ten countries joined the union, ^[18] to 2014, after which it was surpassed by the United States. ^[19]

The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the World Bank's data, and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo, the State of Palestine and Taiwan) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in italics.

Lists

Per the International Monetary Fund (2019 estimates) [1]	Per the World Bank (2018) [20]	Per the United Nations (2017) [21] [22]
Rank Country/Territory GDP (US$million)     World [19] 87,265,226 1   United States 21,439,453 —   European Union [23] [n 1] 18,705,132 2   People's Republic of China [n 2] 14,140,163 3   Japan 5,154,475 4   Germany 3,863,344 5   India 2,935,570 6   United Kingdom 2,743,586 7   France 2,707,074 8   Italy 1,988,636 9   Brazil 1,847,020 10   Canada 1,730,914 11   Russia [n 3] 1,637,892 12   Korea, South 1,629,532 13   Spain 1,397,870 14   Australia 1,376,255 15   Mexico 1,274,175 16   Indonesia 1,111,713 17   Netherlands 902,355 18   Saudi Arabia 779,289 19   Turkey 743,708 20    Switzerland 715,360 —   Taiwan 586,104 21   Poland 565,854 22   Thailand 529,177 23   Sweden 528,929 24   Belgium 517,609 25   Iran 458,500 26   Austria 447,718 27   Nigeria 446,543 28   Argentina 445,469 29   Norway 417,627 30   United Arab Emirates 405,771 31   Israel 387,717 32   Ireland 384,940 —   Hong Kong 372,989 33   Malaysia 365,303 34   Singapore 362,818 35   South Africa 358,839 36   Philippines 356,814 37   Denmark 347,176 38   Colombia 327,895 39   Bangladesh 317,465 40   Egypt 302,256 41   Chile 294,237 42   Pakistan 284,214 43   Finland 269,654 44   Vietnam 261,637 45   Czech Republic 246,953 46   Romania 243,698 47   Portugal 236,408 48   Peru 228,989 49   Iraq 224,462 50   Greece 214,012 51   New Zealand 204,671 52   Qatar 191,849 53   Algeria 172,781 54   Hungary 170,407 55   Kazakhstan 170,326 56   Ukraine 150,401 57   Kuwait 137,591 58   Morocco 119,040 59   Ecuador 107,914 60   Slovakia 106,552 —   Puerto Rico 99,913 61   Kenya 98,607 62   Angola 91,527 63   Ethiopia 91,166 64   Dominican Republic 89,475 65   Sri Lanka 86,566 66   Guatemala 81,318 67   Oman 76,609 68   Venezuela 70,140 69   Luxembourg 69,453 70   Panama 68,536 71   Ghana 67,077 72   Bulgaria 66,250 73   Myanmar 65,994 74   Tanzania 62,224 75   Belarus 62,572 76   Costa Rica 61,021 77   Croatia 60,702 78   Uzbekistan 60,490 79   Syria [n 4] 60,043/Na 80   Uruguay 59,918 81   Lebanon 58,565 —   Macau 55,136 82   Slovenia 54,154 83   Lithuania 53,641 84   Serbia 51,523 85   Congo, Democratic Republic of the 48,994 86   Azerbaijan 47,171 87   Turkmenistan 46,674 88   Côte d'Ivoire 44,439 89   Jordan 44,172 90   Bolivia 42,401 91   Paraguay 40,714 92   Tunisia 38,732 93   Cameroon 38,632 94   Bahrain 38,184 95   Latvia 35,045 96   Libya 33,018 97   Estonia 31,038 98   Sudan 30,873 99   Uganda 30,666 100   Yemen 29,855 101     Nepal 29,813 102   El Salvador 26,871 103   Cambodia 26,730 104   Honduras 24,449 105   Cyprus 24,280 106   Zambia 23,946 107   Senegal 23,940 108   Iceland 23,918 109   Papua New Guinea 23,587 110   Trinidad and Tobago 22,607 111   Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,106 112   Laos 19,127 113   Afghanistan 18,734 114   Botswana 18,690 115   Mali 17,647 117   Gabon 16,877 116   Georgia 15,925 118   Jamaica 15,702 119   Albania 15,418 120   Mozambique 15,093 121   Malta 14,859 122   Burkina Faso 14,593 123   Mauritius 14,391 124   Benin 14,374 125   Namibia 14,368 126   Mongolia 13,637 127   Armenia 13,444 128   Guinea 13,368 129   Zimbabwe 12,818 130   North Macedonia 12,672 131   Bahamas, The 12,664 132   Madagascar 12,550 133   Nicaragua 12,528 134   Brunei 12,455 135   Equatorial Guinea 12,142 136   Moldova 11,688 137   Congo, Republic of the 11,576 138   Chad 11,026 139   Rwanda 10,209 140   Niger 9,443 141   Haiti 8,819 142   Kyrgyzstan 8,261 143   Tajikistan 8,152 —   Kosovo 7,996 144   Malawi 7,522 145   Maldives 5,786 146   Togo 5,502 147   Mauritania 5,651 148   Montenegro 5,424 149   Fiji 5,708 150   Barbados 5,189 151   Somalia 4,958 152   Eswatini 4,657 153   Sierra Leone 4,229 154   Guyana 4,121 155   Suriname 3,774 156   South Sudan 3,681 157   Burundi 3,573 158   Liberia 3,221 159   Djibouti 3,166 160   Timor-Leste 2,938 —   Aruba 2,903 161   Bhutan 2,842 162   Lesotho 2,741 163   Central African Republic 2,321 164   Eritrea 2,110 165   Belize 2,001 166   St. Lucia 1,992 167   Gambia 1,773 168   Antigua and Barbuda 1,688 169   Seychelles 1,644 170   San Marino 1,591 171   Solomon Islands 1,440 172   Grenada 1,238 173   Comoros 1,179 174   St. Kitts and Nevis 1,032 175   Vanuatu 951 176   Samoa 905 177   St. Vincent and the Grenadines 856 178   Dominica 593 179   Tonga 488 180   São Tomé and Príncipe 430 181   Micronesia, Federated States of 381 182   Palau 291 183   Marshall Islands 220 184   Kiribati 184 185   Nauru 108 186   Tuvalu 42	Rank Country/Territory GDP (US$million)     World 85,804,391 1   United States 20,494,100 2   People's Republic of China [n 5] 13,608,152 3   Japan 4,970,916 4   Germany 3,996,759 5   United Kingdom 2,825,208 6   France 2,777,535 7   India 2,726,323 8   Italy 2,073,902 9   Brazil 1,868,626 10   Canada 1,712,510 11   Russia [n 3] 1,657,554 12   Korea, South 1,619,424 13   Australia 1,432,195 14   Spain 1,426,189 15   Mexico 1,223,809 16   Indonesia 1,042,173 17   Netherlands 913,658 18   Saudi Arabia 782,483 19   Turkey 766,509 20    Switzerland 705,501 21   Poland 585,783 —   Taiwan 574,905 (2017) 22   Sweden 551,032 23   Belgium 531,767 24   Argentina 518,475 25   Thailand 504,993 26   Austria 455,737 27   Iran 454,013 (2017) 28   Norway 434,751 29   United Arab Emirates 414,179 30   Nigeria 397,270 31   Ireland 382,487 32   Israel 369,690 33   South Africa 368,288 34   Singapore 364,157 —   Hong Kong 362,993 35   Malaysia 354,348 36   Denmark 352,058 37   Philippines 330,910 38   Colombia 330,228 39   Pakistan 312,570 40   Chile 298,231 41   Bangladesh 274,025 42   Finland 273,961 43   Egypt 250,895 44   Czech Republic 245,226 45   Vietnam 244,948 46   Romania 239,553 47   Portugal 237,979 48   Iraq 225,914 49   Peru 222,238 50   Greece 218,032 51   New Zealand 205,025 52   Qatar 192,009 53   Algeria 180,689 54   Kazakhstan 170,539 55   Hungary 155,703 56   Kuwait 141,678 57   Ukraine 130,832 58   Morocco [n 6] 118,495 59   Ecuador 108,398 60   Slovak Republic 106,472 61   Angola 105,751 –   Puerto Rico 101,131 62   Cuba 100,023 63   Sri Lanka 88,901 64   Kenya 87,908 65   Ethiopia 84,355 66   Dominican Republic 81,299 67   Oman 79,295 68   Guatemala 78,460 69   Myanmar 71,215 70   Luxembourg 69,488 71   Ghana 65,556 72   Bulgaria 65,133 73   Panama 65,055 74   Croatia 60,806 75   Costa Rica 60,126 76   Belarus 59,663 77   Uruguay 59,597 78   Tanzania [n 7] 57,437 79   Lebanon 56,639 —   Macau 54,545 80   Slovenia 54,235 81   Lithuania 53,251 82   Serbia 50,508 83   Uzbekistan 50,500 84   Libya 48,320 85   Congo, Democratic Republic of the 47,228 86   Azerbaijan 46,940 87   Cote d'Ivoire 43,007 88   Jordan 42,291 89   Sudan 40,852 90   Paraguay 40,842 91   Turkmenistan 40,761 92   Bolivia 40,288 93   Tunisia 39,861 94   Cameroon 38,502 95   Bahrain 37,746 96   Latvia 34,849 97   Zimbabwe 31,001 98   Estonia 30,285 99     Nepal 28,812 100   Uganda 27,477 101   Zambia 26,720 102   El Salvador 26,057 103   Iceland 25,882 104   Cambodia 24,572 105   Cyprus [n 8] 24,470 106   Senegal 24,130 107   Honduras 23,803 108   Papua New Guinea 23,432 109   Trinidad and Tobago 23,410 110   Bosnia and Herzegovina 19,782 111   Afghanistan 19,363 112   Botswana 18,616 113   Laos 18,131 114   Mali 17,197 115   Gabon 17,017 116   Georgia [n 9] 16,210 117   Jamaica 15,718 118   Albania 15,059 —   West Bank and Gaza 14,616 119   Malta 14,542 120   Namibia 14,522 121   Mozambique 14,458 122   Burkina Faso 14,442 123   Mauritius 14,220 124   Brunei 13,567 125   Equatorial Guinea 13,317 126   Nicaragua 13,118 127   Mongolia 13,010 128   North Macedonia 12,672 129   Armenia 12,433 130   Bahamas, The 12,162 (2017) 131   Madagascar 12,100 132   Moldova [n 10] 11,309 133   Chad 11,303 134   Congo, Republic of the 11,264 135   Guinea 10,990 136   Benin 10,359 137   Haiti 9,658 138   Rwanda 9,509 139   Niger 9,240 140   Kyrgyzstan 8,093 —   Kosovo 7,900 141   Tajikistan 7,523 142   Malawi 7,065 143   Fiji 5,480 144   Montenegro 5,452 145   Mauritania 5,366 146   Togo 5,300 147   Maldives 5,272 148   Somalia 4,721 149   Eswatini 4,704 150   Barbados 4,674 (2017) 151   Sierra Leone 4,000 152   Guyana 3,610 153   Suriname 3,427 154   Liberia 3,249 155   Andorra 3,237 156   Burundi 3,078 157   Lesotho 2,792 158   Timor-Leste 2,581 159   Bhutan 2,535 160   Central African Republic 2,380 161   Cabo Verde 1,987 162   Djibouti 1,966 163   Belize 1,925 164   Saint Lucia 1,876 165   San Marino 1,633 (2017) 166   Gambia, The 1,624 167   Antigua and Barbuda 1,624 168   Seychelles 1,590 169   Guinea-Bissau 1,458 170   Solomon Islands 1,412 171   Grenada 1,207 172   Comoros 1,203 173   Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,049 174   Vanuatu 888 175   Samoa 861 176   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 813 177   Dominica 504 178   Tonga 450 179   Sao Tome and Principe 422 180   Micronesia, Federated States of 345 181   Palau 310 182   Marshall Islands 212 183   Kiribati 188 184   Nauru 115 185   Tuvalu 43	Rank Country/Territory GDP (US$million)     World [25] 80,501,413 1   United States 19,485,394 2   People's Republic of China [n 5] 12,234,781 3   Japan 4,872,415 4   Germany 3,693,204 5   United Kingdom 2,631,228 6   France 2,582,492 7   India 2,575,666 8   Brazil 2,055,512 9   Italy 1,943,835 10   Canada 1,647,120 11   Korea, South 1,577,524 12   Russia [n 3] 1,530,750 13   Australia 1,408,675 14   Spain 1,314,314 15   Mexico 1,158,229 16   Indonesia 1,015,539 17   Turkey 851,541 18   Netherlands 830,572 19   Saudi Arabia 683,827 20    Switzerland 678,938 21   Argentina 637,486 —   Taiwan 579,865 22   Sweden 535,607 23   Poland 526,211 24   Belgium 494,763 25   Iran 460,976 26   Thailand 455,302 27   Austria 416,835 28   Norway 399,470 29   United Arab Emirates 382,575 30   Nigeria 375,769 31   Israel 353,268 32   South Africa 348,872 —   Hong Kong 341,659 33   Ireland 331,430 34   Denmark 329,865 35   Singapore 323,901 36   Malaysia 314,707 37   Philippines 313,595 38   Colombia 309,191 39   Pakistan 302,139 40   Chile 277,080 41   Venezuela 255,092 42   Bangladesh 254,646 43   Finland 252,246 44   Vietnam 223,779 45   Czech Republic 215,824 46   Romania 211,803 47   Peru 211,402 48   Greece 203,085 49   New Zealand 202,044 50   Egypt 195,135 51   Portugal 195,041 52   Iraq 182,023 53   Qatar 167,605 54   Algeria 167,555 55   Kazakhstan 159,406 56   Hungary 139,761 57   Angola 126,505 58   Sudan 120,265 59   Kuwait 119,534 60   Ukraine 112,154 61   Morocco 109,708 62   Ecuador 104,295 —   Puerto Rico 104,218 63   Cuba 96,851 64   Slovakia 95,617 65   Sri Lanka 87,356 66   Dominican Republic 75,931 67   Guatemala 75,619 68   Ethiopia 75,605 69   Kenya 74,938 70   Oman 70,783 71   Myanmar 67,101 72   Luxembourg 62,316 73   Panama 61,838 74   Uruguay 59,180 75   Ghana 58,996 76   Bulgaria 58,222 77   Costa Rica 57,564 78   Croatia 55,201 79   Belarus 54,441 80   Lebanon 53,393 81   Tanzania 52,090 —   Macau 50,361 82   Uzbekistan 49,677 83   Slovenia 48,455 84   Lithuania 47,544 85   Serbia 41,589 86   Azerbaijan 40,748 87   Jordan 40,708 88   Tunisia 40,068 89   Côte d'Ivoire 38,054 90   Turkmenistan 37,915 91   Congo, Democratic Republic of the 37,642 92   Bolivia 37,508 93   Bahrain 35,325 94   Cameroon 34,924 95   Latvia 30,463 96   Paraguay 29,435 97   Yemen 27,956 98   Uganda 27,698 99   Estonia 25,921 100   Zambia 25,868 101   Libya 25,127 102     Nepal 24,870 103   El Salvador 24,805 104   Iceland 24,476 105   Honduras 22,978 106   Cambodia 22,121 107   Trinidad and Tobago 22,104 108   Cyprus 22,054 109   Papua New Guinea 22,005 110   Afghanistan 21,992 111   Senegal 21,126 112   Bosnia and Herzegovina 18,169 113   Zimbabwe 18,036 114   Botswana 17,406 115   Korea, North 17,364 116   Laos 16,853 117   Mali 15,235 118   Georgia 15,159 —   Palestine, State of 14,498 119   Gabon 14,623 120   Mozambique 12,651 121   Equatorial Guinea 12,487 122   Brunei 12,128 123   Congo, Republic of the 11,292 124   Jamaica 14,826 125   Nicaragua 13,814 126   Mauritius 13,366 127   Namibia 13,244 128   Albania 13,039 129   Malta 12,553 130   Burkina Faso 12,324 131   Bahamas, The 11,791 132   Armenia 11,536 133   North Macedonia 11,279 134   Mongolia 11,135 135   Chad 10,716 136   Madagascar 10,674 137   Guinea 10,208 —   New Caledonia 9,894 138   Benin 9,236 139   Rwanda 9,136 140   Haiti 8,521 141   Moldova 8,128 142   Niger 8,119 143   Kyrgyzstan 7,564 —   Kosovo 7,227 144   Tajikistan 7,145 145   Monaco 6,400 146   Malawi 6,339 147   Liechtenstein 6,295 148   South Sudan 5,693 —   French Polynesia 5,623 —   Bermuda 5,601 149   Suriname 5,210 150   Mauritania 5,092 151   Timor-Leste 4,970 152   Sierra Leone 4,893 153   Montenegro 4,588 154   Togo 4,576 155   Fiji 4,532 156   Eswatini 4,482 157   Barbados 4,353 158   Eritrea 3,858 —   Cayman Islands 3,480 159   Andorra 3,278 —   Curaçao 3,159 160   Guyana 3,086 161   Maldives 3,032 162   Burundi 2,869 —   Aruba 2,664 163   Bhutan 2,562 —   Greenland 2,441 164   Liberia 2,122 165   Lesotho 2,081 166   Central African Republic 1,992 167   Belize 1,902 168   Cape Verde 1,855 169   Djibouti 1,844 170   Saint Lucia 1,718 171   San Marino 1,689 172   Somalia 1,535 173   Seychelles 1,486 —   Zanzibar 1,391 174   Antigua and Barbuda 1,248 175   Guinea-Bissau 1,209 176   Solomon Islands 1,103 —   Sint Maarten 1,059 —   British Virgin Islands 902 177   Grenada 884 178   Saint Kitts and Nevis 852 179   Gambia, The 851 180   Samoa 824 181   Vanuatu 812 —   Turks and Caicos Islands 797 182   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 729 183   Comoros 648 184   Dominica 533 185   Tonga 435 186   São Tomé and Príncipe 337 187   Micronesia, Federated States of 308 —   Cook Islands 311 —   Anguilla 311 188   Palau 234 189   Marshall Islands 209 190   Nauru 182 191   Kiribati 180 —   Montserrat 63 192   Tuvalu 38

See also

• Business and economics portal
• Contents/Lists portal

• List of countries by GDP (PPP)
• List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
• List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
• List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
• List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)

Notes

1. Based on IMF data. If no data is available for a country from the IMF, then data from the United Nations is used.

1. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU is included as a separate entity in The World Factbook of CIA because it has many attributes of independent nations, being much more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. ^[24] As the EU is not a country, China is the second ranked country on these lists.
2. Figures exclude Taiwan, and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
3. Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
4. Data for Syria's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database, the latest available from the IMF.
5. Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
6. Includes Western Sahara.
7. Covers mainland Tanzania only.
8. Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
9. Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
10. Excludes data for Transnistria.

References

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3. Moffatt, Mike. "A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory". About.com . IAC/InterActiveCorp . Retrieved 31 May 2014.
4. Ito, Takatoshi; Isard, Peter; Symansky, Steven (January 1999). "Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate: An Overview of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia" (PDF). Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues. National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2016.
5. Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Purchasing Power Parity: Weights Matter". Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 30 May 2014.
6. Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All". Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014.
7. Vo, Lam Thuy (30 May 2012). "The World's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies, In 2 Graphics". Planet Money . National Public Radio . Retrieved 4 June 2014.
8. Burgen, Emily; et al. (5 April 2012). "An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth: Okun's Law". Economic Trends. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 3 June 2016.
9. Vitez, Osmond. "The Importance of Consumer Spending". Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2014.
10. Koesterich, Russ (16 May 2014). "America The Youthful? Yes, On a Relative Basis". BlackRock . Retrieved 4 June 2014.
11. Landefeld, J. Steven (11 February 2008). "The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual" (PDF). Measuring Innovation’s Role in GDP & Productivity Growth. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 4 June 2014.
12. "Tuvalu". Europa . European Commission. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
13. Matthews, Chris (5 October 2014). "5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time". Fortune . Time, Inc. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
14. Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
15. Kau, Michael Ying-mao (30 September 1993). "China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform". Studies on Contemporary China. Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 23 May 2016.
16. Hu, Zuliu; Khan, Mohsin S. (April 1997). "Why Is China Growing So Fast?" (PDF). Economic Issues. International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 May 2016.
17. Rodrik, Dani; et al. (March 2004). "From "Hindu Growth" to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 March 2016.
18. "The economics of enlargement". Europa . European Commission. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
19. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund. April 2019.
20. "GDP (current US$)". World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 15 October 2019.
21. "GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars". United Nations Statistics Division. January 2019.
22. "United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts". unstats.un.org.
23. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 3 September 2019.
24. CIA (2014). "The World Factbook" . Retrieved 15 March 2015. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook.
25. "All countries and regions/subregions (totals) for all years - sorted by region/subregion". United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved 28 January 2019.