List of sovereign states

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Flags of the United Nations member and non-member GA observer states in front of the Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland Palais des Nations unies, a Geneve.jpg
Flags of the United Nations member and non-member GA observer states in front of the Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland

The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.

Contents

The 205 listed states can be divided into three categories based on membership within the United Nations System: 193 UN member states, [1] 2 UN General Assembly non-member observer states, and 10 other states. The sovereignty dispute column indicates states having undisputed sovereignty (188 states, of which there are 187 UN member states and 1 UN General Assembly non-member observer state), states having disputed sovereignty (15 states, of which there are 6 UN member states, 1 UN General Assembly non-member observer state, and 8 de facto states), and states having a special political status (2 states, both in free association with New Zealand).

Compiling a list such as this can be a complicated and controversial process, as there is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations concerning the criteria for statehood. For more information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list, please see the criteria for inclusion section below. The list is intended to include entities that have been recognised as having de facto status as sovereign states, and inclusion should not be seen as an endorsement of any specific claim to statehood in legal terms.

Criteria for inclusion

The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood, which was codified by the Montevideo Convention of 1933. The Convention defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with the other states" so long as it was not "obtained by force whether this consists in the employment of arms, in threatening diplomatic representations, or in any other effective coercive measure". [2]

Debate exists on the degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognised as sovereign by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all polities that consider themselves sovereign states (through a declaration of independence or some other means) and either:

In some cases, there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed. Unique political entities which fail to meet the classification of a sovereign state are considered proto-states. [3] [4]

On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 205 entities: [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2]

The table includes bullets in the right-hand column representing entities that are either not sovereign states or have a close association to another sovereign state. It also includes subnational areas where the sovereignty of the titular state is limited by an international agreement. Taken together, these include:

List of states

UN member states and General Assembly observer states

Common and formal namesMembership within the UN System [lower-alpha 3] Sovereignty dispute [lower-alpha 4] Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty [lower-alpha 6]
  Afghanistan UN member state NoneThe de facto ruling government, the Flag of the Taliban.svg  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, has not been recognised by any state. The United Nations continues to recognise the Flag of Afghanistan (2004-2021).svg  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the government of Afghanistan. [5] [6]
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania  – Republic of Albania UN member state None
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria  – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria UN member state None
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra  – Principality of Andorra UN member state NoneAndorra is a co-principality in which the office of head of state is jointly held ex officio by the French president and the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Urgell, [7] who himself is appointed with approval from the Holy See.
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola  – Republic of Angola UN member state None
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda UN member state NoneAntigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] with one autonomous region, Barbuda. [8] [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina  – Argentine Republic [lower-alpha 9] UN member state NoneArgentina is a federation of 23 provinces and one autonomous city. [lower-alpha 10]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia  – Republic of Armenia UN member stateNot recognised by Pakistan.Armenia is not recognised by Pakistan due to the dispute over Artsakh. [10] [11] [12]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia  – Commonwealth of Australia UN member state NoneAustralia is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] and a federation of both states and territories. There are six states, three internal territories, six external territories and one claimed Antarctic external territory. The external territories of Australia are:
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria  – Republic of Austria UN member state NoneMember of the European Union. [lower-alpha 5] Austria is a federation of nine states.
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan  – Republic of Azerbaijan [lower-alpha 11] UN member state NoneAzerbaijan contains one autonomous region, Nakhchivan. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas, The  – Commonwealth of The Bahamas [14] UN member state NoneThe Bahamas is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain  – Kingdom of Bahrain UN member state None
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh  – People's Republic of Bangladesh UN member state None
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados UN member state None
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus  – Republic of Belarus UN member state NoneMany states rescinded their recognition of President Alexander Lukashenko following the disputed 2020 election. Lithuania currently recognises Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's Coordination Council as the legitimate government of Belarus. [15]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium  – Kingdom of Belgium UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Belgium is a federation of three linguistic communities and three regions.
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize UN member state NoneBelize is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin  – Republic of Benin UN member state None
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan  – Kingdom of Bhutan UN member state None
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia  – Plurinational State of Bolivia UN member state None
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina UN member state NoneBosnia and Herzegovina has two constituent entities:

and Brčko District, a self-governing administrative district. [16]

Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana  – Republic of Botswana UN member state None
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil  – Federative Republic of Brazil UN member state NoneBrazil is a federation of 26 states and one federal district.
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei  – Brunei Darussalam UN member state None
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria  – Republic of Bulgaria UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso UN member state None
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi  – Republic of Burundi UN member state None
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia  – Kingdom of Cambodia UN member state None
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon  – Republic of Cameroon UN member state None
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada [lower-alpha 12] UN member state NoneCanada is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] and a federation of ten provinces and three territories.
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde  – Republic of Cabo Verde [lower-alpha 13] UN member state None
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic UN member state None
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad  – Republic of Chad UN member state None
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile  – Republic of Chile UN member state NoneChile has one special territory, Easter Island. [lower-alpha 14]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  – People's Republic of China [lower-alpha 15] UN member state Partially unrecognised. Claimed by the Republic of China China contains five autonomous regions, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. [lower-alpha 8] Additionally, it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of:

China claims, but does not control, Taiwan, which is governed by a rival administration (the Republic of China) that claims all of China as its territory. [lower-alpha 16]

China is not recognised by 11 UN member states and Vatican City, which, with the exception of Bhutan, all recognise the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead. [lower-alpha 17]

Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia  – Republic of Colombia UN member state None
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros  – Union of the Comoros UN member state NoneComoros is a federation of three islands. [lower-alpha 18]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo, Democratic Republic of the [lower-alpha 19] UN member state None
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo, Republic of the [lower-alpha 20] UN member state None
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica  – Republic of Costa Rica UN member state None
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia  – Republic of Croatia UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba  – Republic of Cuba UN member state None
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus  – Republic of Cyprus UN member stateNot recognised by Turkey [19] Member of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of Northern Cyprus.

Cyprus is not recognised by Turkey due to the Cyprus dispute, with Turkey recognising Northern Cyprus.

Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic [lower-alpha 21] UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark  – Kingdom of Denmark UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] The Kingdom of Denmark includes 2 self-governing territories:

The metropolitan territory of Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom. [lower-alpha 22] The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law (in most cases) does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. See Greenland and the European Union, and Faroe Islands and the European Union for more information. [20] [21]

Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti  – Republic of Djibouti UN member state None
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica  – Commonwealth of Dominica UN member state None
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic UN member state None
Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor  – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste [lower-alpha 23] UN member state None
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador  – Republic of Ecuador UN member state None
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt  – Arab Republic of Egypt UN member state None
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador  – Republic of El Salvador UN member state None
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea  – Republic of Equatorial Guinea UN member state None
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea  – State of Eritrea UN member state None
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia  – Republic of Estonia UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini  – Kingdom of Eswatini [lower-alpha 24] UN member state None
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia  – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia UN member state NoneEthiopia is a federation of eleven regions and two chartered cities.
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji  – Republic of Fiji UN member state NoneFiji contains one autonomous region, Rotuma. [lower-alpha 8] [22] [23]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland  – Republic of Finland UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of France.svg  France  – French Republic UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] France contains five overseas regions/departments; French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion. France also includes the overseas territories of:
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon  – Gabonese Republic UN member state None
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia, The  – Republic of The Gambia [24] UN member state None
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia UN member state NoneGeorgia contains two autonomous republics, Adjara and Abkhazia. [lower-alpha 8] In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, de facto states have been formed.
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany  – Federal Republic of Germany UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Germany is a federation of 16 states.
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana  – Republic of Ghana UN member state None
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece  – Hellenic Republic UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Greece contains one autonomous area, Mount Athos. [25]
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada UN member state NoneGrenada is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala  – Republic of Guatemala UN member state None
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea  – Republic of Guinea [lower-alpha 27] UN member state None
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau  – Republic of Guinea-Bissau UN member state None
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana  – Co-operative Republic of Guyana UN member state None
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti  – Republic of Haiti UN member state None
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras  – Republic of Honduras UN member state None
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland [lower-alpha 28] – Republic of Iceland UN member state None
Flag of India.svg  India  – Republic of India UN member state NoneIndia is a federation of 28 states and eight union territories.
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia  – Republic of Indonesia UN member state NoneIndonesia has nine autonomous provinces, Aceh, Jakarta, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, West Papua, and Yogyakarta. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran  – Islamic Republic of Iran UN member state None
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq  – Republic of Iraq UN member state NoneIraq is a federation [lower-alpha 18] [29] of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland [lower-alpha 29] UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel  – State of Israel UN member state Partially unrecognised Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by Palestine. It has annexed East Jerusalem, [31] an act not recognised by the international community. [32] Israel has varying levels of control over the rest of the West Bank, and although it ended its permanent civilian or military presence in the Gaza Strip, it is still considered to be the occupying power under international law. [33] [34] [35] [36]

Israel is not recognised as a state by 28 UN members and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The Palestine Liberation Organization, recognised by a majority of UN member states as the representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993.

Flag of Italy.svg  Italy  – Italian Republic UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Italy has 5 autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast  – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire [lower-alpha 30] UN member state None
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica UN member state NoneJamaica is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan UN member state None
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan  – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan UN member state None
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan  – Republic of Kazakhstan UN member state None
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya  – Republic of Kenya UN member state None
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati  – Republic of Kiribati UN member state None
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait  – State of Kuwait UN member state None
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan  – Kyrgyz Republic UN member state None
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos  – Lao People's Democratic Republic UN member state None
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia  – Republic of Latvia UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon  – Republic of Lebanon UN member state None
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho  – Kingdom of Lesotho UN member state None
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia  – Republic of Liberia UN member state None
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya  – State of Libya UN member state None
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein  – Principality of Liechtenstein UN member state None
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania  – Republic of Lithuania UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg  – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar  – Republic of Madagascar UN member state None
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi  – Republic of Malawi UN member state None
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia   UN member state NoneMalaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories.
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives  – Republic of Maldives UN member state None
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali  – Republic of Mali UN member state None
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta  – Republic of Malta UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands  – Republic of the Marshall Islands UN member state NoneUnder Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania  – Islamic Republic of Mauritania UN member state None
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius  – Republic of Mauritius UN member state NoneMauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico  – United Mexican States UN member state NoneMexico is a federation of 31 states and one autonomous city.
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia, Federated States of UN member state NoneUnder Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia is a federation of four states.
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova  – Republic of Moldova UN member state NoneMoldova has the autonomous regions of Gagauzia and the Left Bank of the Dniester. The latter and a city Bender (Tighina), is under the de facto control of Transnistria.
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco  – Principality of Monaco UN member state None
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia UN member state None
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro UN member state None
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco  – Kingdom of Morocco UN member state NonePart of the Moroccan-claimed Western Sahara is controlled by the partially recognised Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique  – Republic of Mozambique UN member state None
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar  – Republic of the Union of Myanmar [lower-alpha 31] UN member state None Wa State is a de facto autonomous state within Myanmar. The United Nations has not recognised the de facto ruling government of Myanmar, the State Administration Council. [6]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia  – Republic of Namibia UN member state None
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru  – Republic of Nauru UN member state None
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal  – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal UN member state NoneNepal is a federation composed of 7 provinces.
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  – Kingdom of the Netherlands UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] The Kingdom of the Netherlands includes four areas with substantial autonomy:

The Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) are special municipalities of the metropolitan Netherlands. [lower-alpha 32] The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law only wholly applies to parts within Europe.

Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand UN member state NoneNew Zealand is a Commonwealth realm, [lower-alpha 7] and has one dependent territory and one claimed Antarctic dependent territory:

The New Zealand Government acts for the entire Realm of New Zealand in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely associated states:

The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 49 and 18 UN members respectively. [37] [38] They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN, [39] and are members of some UN specialized agencies.

Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua  – Republic of Nicaragua UN member state NoneNicaragua contains two autonomous regions, Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger  – Republic of the Niger UN member state None
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria  – Federal Republic of Nigeria UN member state NoneNigeria is a federation of 36 states and one federal territory.
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea  – Democratic People's Republic of Korea UN member stateClaimed by South Korea North Korea is not recognised by one UN member, South Korea, which claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. [40]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia  – Republic of North Macedonia [lower-alpha 33] UN member state None
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway  – Kingdom of Norway UN member state NoneNorway has two unincorporated areas in Europe:
  •   Svalbard is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the Svalbard Treaty.
  •   Jan Mayen is an uninhabited island that is an integral part of Norway, although unincorporated.

Norway has one dependent territory and two claimed Antarctic dependent territories in the Southern Hemisphere:

Flag of Oman.svg  Oman  – Sultanate of Oman UN member state None
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan  – Islamic Republic of Pakistan UN member state NonePakistan is a federation of four provinces and one capital territory. Pakistan exercises control over certain portions of Kashmir, but has not officially annexed any of it, [41] [42] instead regarding it as a disputed territory. [43] [44] The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper:

Azad Kashmir describes itself as a "self-governing state under Pakistani control", while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of "areas" with self-government. [45] [46] [47] These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defense) are performed by Pakistan. [46] [48] [49]

Flag of Palau.svg  Palau  – Republic of Palau UN member state NoneUnder Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine  – State of Palestine UN General Assembly observer state; member of two UN specialized agencies Partially unrecognised.The State of Palestine, declared in 1988, is not recognised as a state by Israel but has received diplomatic recognition from 139 states. [50] The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control over much of the territory that it proclaimed. [51] The Palestinian National Authority is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the Oslo Accords that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the Palestinian territories. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization. [52] The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO, [53] UNIDO and other international organizations. [54]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama  – Republic of Panama UN member state None
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea  – Independent State of Papua New Guinea UN member state NonePapua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] with one autonomous region, Bougainville. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay  – Republic of Paraguay UN member state None
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru  – Republic of Peru UN member state None
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines  – Republic of the Philippines UN member state NoneThe Philippines contains one autonomous region, Bangsamoro. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland  – Republic of Poland UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal  – Portuguese Republic UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Portugal contains two autonomous regions, the Azores and Madeira. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar  – State of Qatar UN member state None
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  – Russian Federation UN member state NoneRussia is a federation of 83 internationally recognised federal subjects (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda  – Republic of Rwanda UN member state None
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis  – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis UN member state NoneSaint Kitts and Nevis is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] and is a federation [lower-alpha 18] of two islands, St. Kitts and Nevis.
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia UN member state NoneSaint Lucia is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines UN member state NoneSaint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa  – Independent State of Samoa UN member state None
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino  – Republic of San Marino UN member state None
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe  – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe UN member state NoneSão Tomé and Príncipe contains one autonomous province, Príncipe. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia  – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia UN member state None
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal  – Republic of Senegal UN member state None
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia  – Republic of Serbia UN member state NoneSerbia contains two autonomous regions, Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. [lower-alpha 8] The latter is under the de facto control of Kosovo.
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles  – Republic of Seychelles UN member state None
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone  – Republic of Sierra Leone UN member state None
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore  – Republic of Singapore UN member state None
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia  – Slovak Republic UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia  – Republic of Slovenia UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands UN member state NoneSolomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia  – Federal Republic of Somalia UN member state NoneSomalia is a federation of six states. Two, Puntland and Galmudug, have self-declared autonomy, while one, Somaliland, is de facto independent.
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa  – Republic of South Africa UN member state None
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea  – Republic of Korea UN member state NoneSouth Korea has one autonomous region, Jeju Province. [lower-alpha 8] [55]
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan  – Republic of South Sudan UN member state NoneSouth Sudan is a federation of 10 states and three administrative areas.
  • The Abyei Area is a zone with "special administrative status" established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations. [56] [57]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain  – Kingdom of Spain UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5] Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and two special autonomous cities. [lower-alpha 8] [lower-alpha 34]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka  – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka [lower-alpha 35] UN member state None
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan  – Republic of the Sudan UN member state NoneSudan is a federation of 18 states.
  • The Abyei Area is a zone with "special administrative status" established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations. [56] [57]
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname  – Republic of Suriname UN member state None
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden  – Kingdom of Sweden UN member state NoneMember of the EU. [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland  – Swiss Confederation UN member state NoneSwitzerland is a federation of 26 cantons.
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria  – Syrian Arab Republic UN member state NoneThe Syrian National Coalition, which is recognised as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members, has established an interim government to rule rebel controlled territory during the Syrian civil war.

Syria has one self-declared autonomous region: Rojava.

Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan  – Republic of Tajikistan UN member state NoneTajikistan contains one autonomous region, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania  – United Republic of Tanzania UN member state NoneTanzania contains one autonomous region, Zanzibar. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand  – Kingdom of Thailand UN member state None
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo  – Togolese Republic UN member state None
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga  – Kingdom of Tonga UN member state None
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago  – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago UN member state NoneTrinidad and Tobago contains one autonomous region, Tobago. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia  – Republic of Tunisia UN member state None
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey  – Republic of Türkiye [lower-alpha 36] UN member state None
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan UN member state None
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu UN member state NoneTuvalu is a Commonwealth realm. [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda  – Republic of Uganda UN member state None
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine UN member state NoneUkraine contains one autonomous region, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, [lower-alpha 8] which is under the control of Russia. Five other areas of Ukraine are under full or partial Russian control, including Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Mykolayiv,Sevastopol, and Zaporizhzhia.
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates UN member state NoneThe United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates.
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom  – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UN member state NoneThe United Kingdom is a Commonwealth realm [lower-alpha 7] consisting of four constituent countries; England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United Kingdom has the following 13 overseas territories and one claimed Antarctic dependent territory:

The British monarch also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown Dependencies:

Flag of the United States.svg  United States  – United States of America UN member state NoneThe United States is a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory. Additionally, the Federal government of the United States has sovereignty over 13 unincorporated territories. Of these territories, the following five are inhabited possessions:

It also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories:

It also disputes sovereignty over the following two territories:

Three sovereign states have become associated states of the United States under the Compact of Free Association:

Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay  – Oriental Republic of Uruguay UN member state None
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan  – Republic of Uzbekistan UN member state NoneUzbekistan contains one autonomous region, Karakalpakstan. [lower-alpha 8]
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu  – Republic of Vanuatu UN member state None
Flag of the Vatican City (2023-present).svg  Vatican City  – Vatican City State UN General Assembly observer state under the designation of "Holy See"; member of three UN specialized agencies NoneAdministered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations to 183 states. This figure consists of 180 UN member states, the Cook Islands, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the State of Palestine. [58] In addition, the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The Holy See is a member of three UN specialized agencies (ITU, UPU, and WIPO) and the IAEA, as well as being a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of "Non-member State") [52] and multiple other UN System organizations. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the Pope, who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ex officio sovereign of Vatican City.
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela  – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela UN member state NoneVenezuela is a federation of 23 states, one capital district, and federal dependencies.
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam  – Socialist Republic of Vietnam UN member state None
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen  – Republic of Yemen UN member state None
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia  – Republic of Zambia UN member state None
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe  – Republic of Zimbabwe UN member state None

Other states

Common and formal namesMembership within the UN System [lower-alpha 37] Sovereignty dispute [lower-alpha 38] Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty [lower-alpha 39]
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg  Abkhazia  – Republic of Abkhazia No membershipClaimed by Georgia Recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Syria, Venezuela, South Ossetia and Transnistria. [59] Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands Member of eight UN specialized agencies None
(See political status)
A state in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands maintains diplomatic relations with 52 other states. The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. [39] It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo  – Republic of Kosovo Member of two UN specialized agencies Claimed by Serbia Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, Kosovo was placed under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in 1999. [60] Kosovo declared independence in 2008, and it has received diplomatic recognition from 114 UN member states and the Republic of China, while 18 of those states have recognised Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition. [61] Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo.
Flag of Niue.svg  Niue Member of five UN specialized agencies None
(See political status)
A state in free association with New Zealand, Niue maintains diplomatic relations with 20 other states. Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. [39] It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg  Northern Cyprus  – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus No membershipClaimed by the Republic of Cyprus Recognised only by Turkey. Under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", it is an observer state of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus. [62]
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic No membershipClaimed by Morocco Recognised at some stage by 84 UN member states, 38 of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian–African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian–African Conference. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.
Flag of Somaliland.svg  Somaliland  – Republic of Somaliland No membershipClaimed by Somalia A de facto independent state, [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [ excessive citations ] not formally diplomatically recognised by any other state; [lower-alpha 40] claimed in whole by the Federal Republic of Somalia. [68]
Flag of South Ossetia.svg  South Ossetia  – Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania No membershipClaimed by Georgia A de facto independent state, [69] recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, Abkhazia, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Georgia. [70]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan  – Republic of China [lower-alpha 15] Was a UN member state until 1971, now no membership Partially unrecognised. Claimed by the People's Republic of China A state competing (nominally) for recognition with the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China (ROC) controls the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, and Pratas Island, as well as Taiping Island and Zhongzhou Reef of the Spratly Islands, and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the mainland. [71] The ROC is recognised by 11 UN member states as well as Vatican City, none of which recognise the PRC. Additionally, one UN member (Bhutan) has refrained from recognising either the ROC or the PRC.

In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations [72] with 58 UN member states, one self-declared state (Somaliland), three territories (Guam, Hong Kong, and Macau), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates under the One China principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices. [73]

The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC. [lower-alpha 16] The ROC participates in international organizations under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly "Chinese Taipei" and in the WTO it has full membership under the designation of "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu". The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the UN Security Council. See China and the United Nations.

Flag of Transnistria (state).svg  Transnistria  – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic No membershipClaimed by Moldova A de facto independent state, [63] recognised only by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. [59] Claimed in whole by Moldova. [74]

See also

Notes

  1. The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.
  2. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is not included, as despite being a sovereign entity it lacks territory and does not claim statehood. Entities considered to be micronations are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all uncontacted peoples, either who live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.
  3. This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the United Nations. [1] It also indicates which non-member states participate in the United Nations System through membership in the International Atomic Energy Agency or one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the International Court of Justice.
  4. This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 The member states of the European Union have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of supranational union. The EU has 27 member states. [13]
  6. Information is included on:
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Commonwealth realm refers to any member state of the Commonwealth of Nations whose head of state is King Charles III. Each realm is separate, independent, and a sovereign state; see relationship between the realms.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see List of autonomous areas by country.
  9. The Argentine Constitution (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: "United Provinces of the Río de la Plata", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation"; furthermore, it establishes the usage of "Argentine Nation" for purposes of legislation.
  10. Argentina's claimed Antarctic territory of Argentine Antarctica (Antártida Argentina) is one of five constituent departments of the province Tierra del Fuego. [9]
  11. Sometimes officially "Azerbaijan Republic"
  12. The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: Name of Canada, Dominion.
  13. The government of Cape Verde declared "Cabo Verde" to be the official English name of the country in 2013. [17]
  14. Chile's claimed Antarctic territory of the Chilean Antarctic (Antártica Chilena) is a commune of the Antártica Chilena Province of the Magallanes Region.
  15. 1 2 The People's Republic of China (PRC) is commonly referred to as "China", while the Republic of China (ROC) is commonly referred to as "Taiwan". The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as Chinese Taipei, or by other alternative names.
  16. 1 2 In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei. The CCP established the PRC. As such, the political status of the ROC and legal status of Taiwan (alongside the territories under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC. In the view of the United Nations, no member of the organization withdrew as a consequence of this but the ROC representatives declared that they were withdrawing. Most states recognise the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence.
  17. See also Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and Foreign relations of China.
  18. 1 2 3 More information on more or less federal structures can be found at a List of federations. [18]
  19. Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as Zaire, its official name from 1971 to 1997.
  20. Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.
  21. An official short name in English has been adopted by the Czech government, "Czechia". This variant remains uncommon, but has been adopted by several companies and organizations including the United Nations. See Name of the Czech Republic.
  22. The designation "Denmark" can refer either to metropolitan Denmark or to the entire Danish Realm (for example in international organizations).
  23. The government of East Timor uses "Timor-Leste" as the official English name of the country.
  24. Formerly referred to as the Kingdom of Swaziland, its official name until 2018.
  25. Åland was demilitarized by the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which was later affirmed by the League of Nations in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.
  26. France's claimed Antarctic territory of Adélie Land (Terre Adélie) is one of five constituent districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
  27. Also known as Guinea-Conakry.
  28. While sometimes referred to as the "Republic of Iceland" [26] [27] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic, the official name of the country is simply "Iceland". [28] One example of the former is the name of the Constitution of Iceland, which in Icelandic is Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands and literally means "the Constitution of the republic of Iceland". However, in this usage "republic" is not capitalized.
  29. "Ireland" is the official name of the country in English. "Republic of Ireland" (the official description in English) and "Éire" (the official name in Irish) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger island of Ireland, however, this is officially deprecated. [30] See names of the Irish state.
  30. The government of Ivory Coast uses "Côte d'Ivoire" as the official English name of the country.
  31. The country's official name of Myanmar, adopted in 1989, has been mixed and controversial, with the former name Burma still being used in many cases. See Names of Myanmar.
  32. The designation "Netherlands" can refer either to metropolitan Netherlands or to the entire Kingdom (e.g. in international organizations).
  33. Formerly known constitutionally as the "Republic of Macedonia" from 1991 to 2019 and under the international designation of "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM) from 1993 to 2019 due to the Macedonia naming dispute with Greece. Following the Prespa agreement going into effect in February 2019, the country was renamed "North Macedonia".
  34. Spain holds several small overseas territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco, known as the plazas de soberanía.
  35. Formerly known as Ceylon until 1972.
  36. Formerly the "Republic of Turkey". In 2023, the United Nations recognized "Türkiye" as the official English name of the country after a request made by the Turkish government.
  37. This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the United Nations. [1] It also indicates which non-member states participate in the United Nations System through membership in the International Atomic Energy Agency or one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the International Court of Justice.
  38. This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed.
  39. Information is included on:
  40. Though de facto recognized by Taiwan.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Country</span> Distinct territorial body or political entity

A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, states with limited recognition, constituent country, or a dependent territory. Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are members of the United Nations. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world since several states have disputed sovereignty status, limited recognition and a number of non-sovereign entities are commonly called countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sovereignty</span> Supreme authority within a territory

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people in order to establish a law or change existing laws. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme legitimate authority over some polity. In international law, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a state. De jure sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; de facto sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that de jure and de facto sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Member states of the United Nations</span> Overview of UN member states

The member states of the United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states. The United Nations (UN) is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the UN General Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian territories</span> Occupied Palestinian territory in the Middle East

The Palestinian territories are the two regions of the former British Mandate for Palestine that have been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967, namely the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has referred to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory", and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in its advisory opinion of July 2004. The term occupied Palestinian territory was used by the United Nations and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, but from 2012, when Palestine was admitted as one of its non-member observer states, the United Nations started using exclusively the name State of Palestine. The European Union (EU) also uses the term "occupied Palestinian territory". The government of Israel and its supporters use the label "disputed territories" instead.

An associated state is the minor partner in a formal, free relationship between a political territory and a major party—usually a larger nation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diplomatic recognition</span> Political act where a state acknowledges an act or status of another state/government

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state. Recognition can be accorded either on a de facto or de jure basis. Partial recognition can occur if many sovereign states refuse to recognize an entity as a peer. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.

The status of territories captured by Israel is the status of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula, all of which were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.

A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.

There are a wide variety of views regarding the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial, is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations. It is a non-member observer state at the United Nations since November 2012. As of 2 June 2023, a total of 139 countries recognize it.

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