List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Contents

• Sovereign states
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Y
• Z

Sovereign states

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja	Widely recognized state.
Acre – Republic of Acre [1] (from July 14, 1899) Capital: Cidade do Acre	De facto independent state from July 14, 1899.
Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr [2] Capital: Agadez	Widely recognized state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra [3] Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
Angoche – Angoche Sultanate [4] Capital: Angoche	Widely recognized state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole [5] Capital: Mbarara	Widely recognized state.
Argentina – Argentine Republic [6] Capital: Buenos Aires
Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu	Widely recognized state.
Ashanti – Asante Union [7] Capital: Kumasi	Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa Capital: Aussa	Widely recognized state.
Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire [8] Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)	Widely recognized state.
Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi [9] (to September 20, 1897) Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897)	Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali [10] Capital: Klungkung	Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
Baol – Kingdom of Baol [11] (to 1895) Capital: Diourbel	Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895.
Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland [12] (to 1899) Capital: Mongu	Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium [13] Capital: Brussels	Widely recognized state.
Benin – Kingdom of Benin [14] (to February 18, 1897) Capital: Edo	Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897.
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha	Widely recognized state.
Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu	Widely recognized state.
Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) Republic of Bolivia (to April 12, 1899) Republic of Bolivia (from October 25, 1899)	Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora [15] (to September 21, 1895) Capital: Nunue, Vaitape	Widely recognized state to September 21, 1895. Annexed by France on September 21, 1895.
Bornu – Bornu Empire [16] (to 1893) Capital: Ngazargamu	Widely recognized state to 1893. Annexed by France in 1893.
Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg	Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil [17] Capital: Rio de Janeiro	Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district. [a]
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894) Capital: Mengo, Uganda	Widely recognized state to 1894. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria [18] Capital: Sofia	De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899) Capital: Hoima	Widely recognized state to 1899. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi [19] (to July 1, 1890) Capital: Gitega , Bujumbura	Widely recognized state to July 1, 1890. Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe	Widely recognized state.
Canada – Dominion of Canada Capital: Ottawa	Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm.
→ Central America (from September 15, 1896) Capital: Amapala Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1896 to November 1, 1898) United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)	A Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898. [20]
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899) Capital: Champasak	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Chile Capital: Santiago Liberal Republic of Chile (to September 18, 1891) Parliamentary Era in Chile (from September 18, 1891)	Widely recognized state.
China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing	Widely recognized state.
Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.
Colombia – Republic of Colombia Capital: Bogota	Widely recognized state.
Congo – Congo Free State Capital: Boma	Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San Jose	Widely recognized state.
Crete – Cretan State [21] (from December 9, 1898) Capital: Chania	Widely recognized state. Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.
Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey [22] (to January 20, 1894) Capital: Abomey	Widely recognized state to January 20, 1894. Annexed by France on January 20, 1894.
Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti [23] Capital: N'Délé	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga to 1890. Vassal state of Rabih az-Zubayr from 1890.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (from 1898) Capital: Al Fashir	Widely recognized state from 1898.
Dendi – Dendi Kingdom Capital: Lulami	Widely recognized state.
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Capital: Copenhagen	Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Danish West Indies (Colony) Greenland Territory) Iceland (Dependency)
Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale	Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic Capital: Santo Domingo	Widely recognized state.
Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito	Widely recognized state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898) Capital: San Salvador	Widely recognized state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898.Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa	Widely recognized state.
France – French Republic Capital: Paris	Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Comoros (Protectorate) French Algeria (de jure Department of Metropolitan France, de facto Colony) French Dahomey (Colony from 1894 to 1894) French Guiana (Colony) French Guinea (Colony from 1891 to October 27, 1895) French India (Colony) French Indochina (Colony) French Ivory Coast (Protectorate to March 10, 1893 and Colony from March 10, 1893) French Madagascar (Colony from February 28, 1897) French Oceania - French Establishments in Oceania (Colony) French Somaliland (Colony) French West Africa (Federation of colonies from October 27, 1895) Futa Jallon (Protectorate from November 18, 1896) Guadeloupe (Colony) Guangzhouwan (Leased territory of France from May 29, 1898) Hankou (Concession from 1896) Laos (Protectorate from October 3, 1893 to April 19, 1899) → Malagasy Protectorate (Protectorate to February 28, 1897) Martinique (Colony) Mayotte (Colony) New Caledonia (Colony) Obock (Colony to May 20, 1896) Réunion (Colony) Saint Barthélemy (Colony) Saint Martin (Colony) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Colony) Shanghai (Concession) Tientsin (Concession) Tunisia - Tunisian Realm (Protectorate) Upper River (Colony renamed to French Sudan in 1890 to October 27, 1895) Wallis and Futuna (Protectorate)
→ Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896) Capital: Timbo	Widely recognized state to November 18, 1896. Annexed by France on November 18, 1896.
Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895) Capital: Manjacaze	Widely recognized state to 1895. Annexed by Portugal in 1895.
Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi Capital: Afgooye	Widely recognized state.
Germany – German Empire Capital: Berlin	Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: German East Africa (Colony) German New Guinea (Colony) German South West Africa (Colony) German West Africa (Colony) Hankou (Concession from 1895) Kamerun (Colony) Kiautschou Bay (Concession from March 6, 1898) Tientsin (Concession from 1895) Wituland (Protectorate to 1890)
Greece – Kingdom of Greece Capital: Athens	Widely recognized state.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City	Widely recognized state.
Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman (to 1895) Capital: Sampa , Drobo	Widely recognized state.
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar Capital: Ha'il	Widely recognized state.
Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince	Widely recognized state.
Hawaii Capital: Honolulu Kingdom of Hawaii (to January 17, 1893) Provisional Government of Hawaii (from January 17, 1893 to July 4, 1894) Republic of Hawaii (from July 4, 1894 to August 12, 1898)	Widely recognized state to August 12, 1898. Annexed by the United States on August 12, 1898.
Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898) Capital: Tegucigalpa	Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895) Capital: Huahine	Annexed by France on September 15, 1895.
Hunza – State of Hunza (to 1892) Capital: Baltit	Widely recognized state to 1892. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1892.
Igala – Igala Kingdom Capital: Idah	Widely recognized state.
Igara – Kingdom of Igara Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.
Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀
Italy – Kingdom of Italy Capital: Rome	Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Italian Eritrea (Colony) Italian Somaliland (Colony)
Japan – Empire of Japan Capital: Tokyo City	Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Chongqing (Concession from 1897) Hangzhou (Concession from 1897) Hankou (Concession from 1898) Hokkaido (Colony) Kuril Islands (Colony) Minami-Tori-shima (Colony from 1898) Nanpō Islands (Colony from 1891) Ryukyu Islands (Colony) Shashi (Concession from 1898) Suzhou (Concession from 1897) Taiwan (Colony from April 17, 1895) Tientsin (Concession from 1898)
Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897) Capital: Bonga , Anderaccha
Kajara – Kajara Kingdom Capital: Not specified
Kano – Emirate of Kano Capital: Takai
Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom Capital: Not specified
Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate Capital: Argungu	Widely recognized state.
Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898) Capital: Sikasso
Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895) Capital: Kong
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo Capital: Mbanza-Kongo	Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
→ Korea Capital: Hanseong Kingdom of Great Joseon (to October 12, 1897) Korean Empire (from October 12, 1897)	Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.
Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896) Capital: Grand Cape Mount
Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom Capital: Lafia
Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz
Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891) Capital: Saqqa
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa (to 1895) Capital: Jaʿār
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg City
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898) Capital: Kuta Watu
Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891) Capital: Imphal
Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891) Capital: Manthimba
Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom Capital: Bulawayo
Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897) Capital: Antananarivo
Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City
Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco
Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro Capital: Cetinje
Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco Capital: Fes
Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896) Capital: Multiple capitals	Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:   Gurunsi (to 1899)   Gwiriko (to 1897)   Liptako (to 1897)   Nungu (to 1895)   Wogodogo (to 1897)   Yatenga (to 1895)
Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Capital: Muscat	De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.
Negeri Sembilan (to 1895) Capital: Seremban	Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu
Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam
→ → Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898) Capital: Managua	Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898.
Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Christiania	In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899
Orange Free State Capital: Bloemfontein	Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.
Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state.
Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State Capital: Constantinople
Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia Capital: Tehran
Peru Capital: Lima National Reconstruction (to 8 September 1895) Aristocratic Republic (from 8 September 1895)
Philippines – First Philippine Republic (from January 23, 1899) Capital: Several temporary capitals	De facto independent state.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal Capital: Lisbon
Romania – Kingdom of Romania Capital: Bucharest
→ Russia – Russian Empire Capital: Saint Petersburg
Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa Capital: Apia
San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino
Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia Capital: Belgrade
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara Capital: Kota Mambang Segara
Siam – Kingdom of Siam Capital: Bangkok	Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam: Luang Phrabang (Vassal state, to 1893)
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate Capital: Sokoto
Spain – Kingdom of Spain Capital: Madrid
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu Capital: Maimbung
Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Capital: Stockholm	In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899.
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern
Tagant – Emirate of Tagant Capital: Tidjikja
Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga Capital: Nuku'alofa
Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891) Capital: Kabarole
Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890) Capital: Segou
Transvaal – South African Republic Capital: Pretoria
Trarza – Emirate of Trarza Capital: Mederdra
Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Confederacy Capital: Fitiuta
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital: London	Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom: Aden (Protectorate) Afghanistan (Protectorate under Treaty of Gandamak) Amoy (Concession) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Condominium of the United Kingdom and the Khedivate of Egypt from 19 June 1899) Ascension Island (Possession) Bahama Islands (Crown colony) Bahrain (Protectorate) Baker Island (Uninhabited possession)   Barbados (Crown colony) Basutoland (Crown colony) Barotseland (Protectorate to November 28, 1899) Bechuanaland (Protectorate) Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia (Protectorate from November 28, 1899) Bermuda (Crown colony) British Bechuanaland (Crown colony to November 16, 1895) British Central Africa (Protectorate from 1893)   British Ceylon (Crown colony) British Cyprus (Protectorate) British East Africa (Protectorate from July 1, 1895) British Guiana (Colony)   British Honduras (Crown colony) British Hong Kong (Crown colony) British Jamaica (Crown colony) British Leeward Islands (Federal colony) British Mauritius (Crown colony) British Somaliland (Crown colony) British Trinidad and Tobago (Crown colony) British Western Pacific Territories (Crown colony) British Windward Islands (Crown colony) → Brunei (Protectorate)   Cape Colony (Colony) Colony of Natal (Colony) Cook Islands (Protectorate to March 15, 1893 and Crown colony from March 15, 1893) Falkland Islands (Crown colony) Federated Malay States (Protectorate from 1895) Friendly Islands (Tripartite protectorate) Gambia (Crown colony and protectorate) Gibraltar (Crown colony) Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Protectorate from 1892)   Gold Coast (Crown colony) Graham Land (Uninhabited possession) Guernsey (Crown dependency) Hankou (Concession) Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Uninhabited possession) Heligoland (Protectorate to 1890)   India - Indian Empire (Crown colony) Isle of Man (Crown dependency) Jarvis Island (Uninhabited possession)   Jersey (Crown dependency) Kuwait (Protectorate from January 17, 1899) Labuan (Protectorate to 1890) Lagos (Colony) Maldive Islands (Protectorate) Malta (Crown colony) Manipur (Protectorate to 1891) Muscat and Oman (Protectorate) Nepal (Protectorate) Newfoundland (Crown colony) New South Wales (Colony) New Zealand (Colony) Niger Coast (Protectorate from 12 May 1893 to 31 December 1899) Niger Districts (Protectorate)   North Borneo (Protectorate) Oil Rivers (Protectorate until 12 May 1893) British New Guinea (Colony) Rarotonga (Protectorate to 1893) Rhodesia (Company Rule by British South Africa Company) Queensland (Colony) Saint Helena (Crown colony)   Sarawak (Protectorate) Sierra Leone (Crown colony and protectorate from August 31, 1896) Sikkim (Protectorate from 1890) South Australia (Colony) Straits Settlements (Crown colony) Suez Canal Zone (Crown colony) Tasmania (Colony) Tientsin (Concession) Tokelau (Protectorate) Tristan da Cunha (Crown colony) Trucial States (Protectorate) Unfederated Malay States Kedah (Protectorate) Kelantan (Protectorate)   Perlis (Protectorate) Terengganu (Protectorate) Uganda (Protectorate from June 19, 1894) Union Islands (Protectorate) Victoria (Colony) Victoria Land (Uninhabited possession) Weihai (Concession from July 1, 1898) Western Australia (Colony) Wituland (Protectorate from 1890 to 1895) Zanzibar (Protectorate from 1890)
→ →   United States – United States of America Capital: Washington D.C.	Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America: → → Alaska (District) American Samoa (Territory from December 2, 1899) → → Arizona (Territory) → → Bajo Nuevo Bank (Uninhabited territory) Cuba (Territory from April 20, 1898) Guam (Territory from December 2, 1898) Hawaii (Territory from August 12, 1898) Howland Island (Uninhabited territory) Idaho (Territory to July 3, 1890) → → Indian Territory (Territory) → → Johnston Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → Kingman Reef (Uninhabited territory) → → Middlebrook Island (Uninhabited territory) → → Midway Atoll (Uninhabited territory) → → Navassa Island (Uninhabited territory) → → New Mexico (Territory) → → Oklahoma (Territory from May 2, 1890) Philippine Islands (Territory from August 14, 1898) Puerto Rico (Territory from April 11, 1899) → → Quita Sueño Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Roncador Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Serrana Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Serranilla Bank (Uninhabited territory) → → Swan Islands (Uninhabited territory) → → Tientsin (Concession) Wake Island (Uninhabited territory from January 17, 1899) Wyoming (Territory to July 10, 1890) → Utah (Territory to January 4, 1896)
Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Capital: Nişāb
Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Capital: Sa'id
Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa Capital: Mahjaba
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo
Venezuela – United States of Venezuela Capital: Caracas
Wadai – Wadai Empire Capital: Abéché
Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban Capital: Habban
Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq Capital: Tosora
Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898) Capital: Bissandugu	Annexed by France on September 29, 1898
Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita (to November 1894) Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo	Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1894
Wukari – Wukari Federation Capital: Wukari
Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma (to 1894) Capital: Fofa
Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891) Capital: Bunkeya
Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897) Capital: Not specified
→ Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (to 1 July 1890) Capital: Stone Town	Widely recognized state to 1 July 1890. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 1 July 1890.
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh Capital: Kutaraja	Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.
Biak-na-Bato – Republic of Biak-na-Bato (from November 1 to December 15, 1897) Capital: San Miguel	Unrecognized state.
Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891) Capital: Counani	Unrecognized state.
Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895) Capital: Taipei	Unrecognized state.
Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890) Capital: None	Unrecognized state.
Lado – Lado District (from 1894) Capital: Lado	Unrecognized state.
Loreto – Federal State of Loreto (from 2 May to 10 July 1896) Capital: Iquitos	Unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru
Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898) Capital: Omdurman	Unrecognized state. Annexed by Sudan on September 2, 1898
Mato Grosso– Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso (to 1892) Capital: Corumba	Unrecognized state.
Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898) Capital: Bacólod	Unrecognized state. Constituent of the Federal State of the Visayas from 1898 to 1899.
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894) Capital: Mbabane	Unrecognized state.
Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897) Capital: Morong	Unrecognized state.
Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895) Capital: None	Unrecognized state.
Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898) Capital: Zamboanga City	Unrecognized state.

Notes

1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

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