Ankole

For the cattle breeds, see Ankole-Watusi and Ankole (cattle).

Kingdom of Ankole Obugabe Bw'Ankole (Nyankole)
1478–1967
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  'Ensi Nkore, Ensi Nkore'
Location of Ankole (red) in Uganda (pink).
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Mbarara [1] 0°36′47.999″S30°39′29.999″E / 0.61333306°S 30.65833306°E / -0.61333306; 30.65833306
Common languages	Runyankole, English
Ethnic groups	Banyankole
Government	Constitutional monarchy
Omugabe
• c. 1430–1446	Ruhinda (first)
• 1944–1967	Gasyonga II (last)
• 2011–present	Charles Rwebishengye
Enganzi
• ?–1967	James Kahigiriza (last) [2]
• ?–present	William Katatumba (unofficial) [2]
History
• Established	1478
• Disestablished	1967
Area
• Total	16,104 km2 (6,218 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate	4.1 Million
Currency	Uganda Shillings (UGX)
Time zone	UTC+3 (EAT)
Calling code	256
Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Kitara Uganda

Ankole was a traditional Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward. ^{[3] [4]}

Geography

Map depicting the Kingdom of Ankole

The kingdom of Ankole is located in the South-Western region of Uganda bordering Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ankole is Home to some of the most favorable grazing lands in Africa: ^[5]

The very fact that the Hima can live almost entirely on cattle bespeaks the richness of their homeland among so many arid or semi-arid areas of primitive pastoralism in the world. In those areas reliance on cattle as a single source of subsistence is impossible; people have to turn, in addition, to other sources of food. In contrast, Himaland, called Kaaro Karungi (the good land) by both its inhabitants and their neighbours, is known for the fertility of its soil, the abundance of its pastures, and its rainfall well spread out both seasonally and perennially. It was pointed out many years ago that ‘Ankole might be called the ranchland of Uganda containing as it does mile after mile of richest pasture’.15 This bounty enables the Hima to feed their cattle well with grass during some eight months of the year, and to water them almost every day. Hence, Ankole cattle yield milk almost daily throughout the year, providing their owners’ families with a continuous food supply.

History

The kingdom was ruled by a monarch known as the Mugabe or Omugabe. The people of Ankole are called Banyankore (singular: Munyankore) in Runyankole language, a Bantu language.

Under the Empire of Kitara

Before the collapse of the Empire of Kitara, Ankole, or as it was known back then, Kaaro-Karungi ‘the good village’, was a small and remote area on the edges of the empire. ^[6]

Founding

According to legend, the first (and semi-legendary) ^[6] king of Ankole, Ruhinda Rwa Njunaki, was born as the illegitimate ^[7] son of Wamara ^{[7] [8]} (or Ndahura), ^[9] the last emperor of the Empire of Kitara. His mother was known as Njunaki and was a servant in the king's palace. During the collapse of the empire, the throne was usurped by the Bunyoro and Wamara was forced to flee to Ntusi where he formed his new capital with a group of Bahima followers. Ruhinda was left behind and disguised as the keeper of the royal drum. After a while, Ruhinda fled the capital with some regalia and joined his father in Ntusi. ^[7]

Eventually, Ruhinda left with a group of followers on an expedition to Buzinza ^[7] and Karagwe, ^{[6] [7]} where he, according to some sources, conquered pre-existing agricultural authorities, establishing the Kingdom of Karagwe. ^[6] While he was gone, Ntusi was raided by invaders (most likely the Bunyoro to get back the regalia), killing Wamara and most of the people living there. When Ruhinda returned, he found that only his mother and older brother were alive. He took them and escaped to what was to become Nkore. ^[7]

When he came to the area, he found that it was already ruled and forced the leader to flee and declared himself king, establishing the Kingdom of Karo-Karungi. The original area of the kingdom was a little larger than the modern-day Isingiro District. ^[6] He then built his capital at Mweruka but later moved it to Rurama where his first son would be born. ^[7]

Eventually, he would entrust the kingdom to his son Nkuba, leaving with a group of followers to return to Karagwe. However, other sources say this was when he actually conquered the area now known as the Kingdom of Karagwe. ^[7]

Colonial and post-colonial periods

Royal Palace of Nkore, abandoned in 1967

On 25 October 1901, the Kingdom of Nkore was incorporated into the British Protectorate of Uganda by the signing of the Ankole agreement. ^[10]

The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Milton Obote, and since then, the kingdom has not been restored officially. ^[11]

The now renovated Palace of the Omugabe

Because of the reorganisation of the country by Idi Amin, Ankole no longer exists as an administrative unit. It is divided into ten districts, namely: Bushenyi District, Buhweju District, Mitooma District, Rubirizi District, Sheema District, Ntungamo District, Mbarara District, Kiruhura District, Ibanda District, and Isingiro District.

Culture and Society

Pre-colonial ethnic relations in Ankole

The kingdom of Ankole expanded by annexing territory to the south and east. ^[12] In many cases, conquered herders were incorporated into the dominant Hima stratum of society, and Bantu agricultural populations were adopted slaves and treated as legal inferiors. ^[12] Neither group could own cattle, and slaves could not herd cattle owned by the Hima. ^[12]

Ankole society evolved into a system of ranked statuses, where even among the cattle-owning elite, patron-client ties were important in maintaining social order. Men gave cattle to the king (mugabe) to demonstrate their loyalty and to mark life-cycle changes or victories in cattle raiding. ^[12] This loyalty was often tested by the king's demands for cattle or for military service. ^[12] In return for homage and military service, a man received protection from the king, both from external enemies and from factional disputes with other cattle owners. ^[12]

The mugabe authorized his most powerful chiefs to recruit and lead armies on his behalf, and these warrior bands were charged with protecting Ankole borders. ^[12] Only Hima men could serve in the army, however, and the prohibition on Iru military training almost eliminated the threat of Iru rebellion. ^[12] Iru legal inferiority was also symbolized in the legal prohibition against Bantu owning cattle. ^[12] And, because marriages were legitimized through the exchange of cattle, this prohibition helped reinforce the ban on Hima-Bantu intermarriage. ^[12] The Iru were also denied highlevel political appointments, although they were often appointed to assist local administrators in Bantu villages. ^[12]

The Bantu had a number of ways to redress grievances against Hima overlords, despite their legal inferiority. ^[12] Iru men could petition the king to end unfair treatment by a Hima patron. ^[12] Bantu people could not be subjugated to Hima cattle-owners without entering into a patron-client contract. ^[12]

A number of social pressures worked to destroy Hima domination of Ankole. ^[12] Miscegenation took place despite prohibitions on intermarriage, and children of these unions (abambari) often demanded their rights as cattle owners, leading to feuding and cattle-raiding. ^[12] From what is present-day Rwanda groups launched repeated attacks against the Hima during the nineteenth century. ^[12] To counteract these pressures, several Hima warlords recruited Bantu men into their armies to protect the southern borders of Ankole. ^[12]

Banyankore trace their ancestors back to the Bantu and the Bahima subgroup. ^[13]

Aili M. Tripp describes the role of women in the kingdom of Ankole: ^[14]

In Ankole, female chiefs were common at the turn of the century. In fact, the only female gombolola chief appointed by the British administration, Julia Kibubura, was from Ankole. Women leaders were sometimes credited with extraordinary powers. Ankole was renowned for its female diviners who included well-known women like Murogo, Nyatuzana, Kyishokye and Kibubwa. For example, the king (mugabe) Rwebishengye appointed the famous diviner Murogo to work for him as a spy on the Banyoro north of Katonga. Murogo and her female descendants were allegedly able to turn themselves into cows and mingle with the cattle herds of the enemy and they worked for the kings for several generation in the Ibanda area

List of Omugabe of Ankole

Omugabe Gasyonga of Ankore

Names and Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989). ^[15]

• Ruhinda (c. 1430 – 1446)
• Nkuba (c. 1446 – 1475)
• Nyaika (c. 1475 – 1503)
• Nyabugaro Ntare I (c. 1503 – 1531)
• Rushango (c. 1531 – 1559)
• Ntare II Kagwejegyerera (c. 1559 – 1587)
• Ntare III Rugamaba (c. 1587 – 1615)
• Kasasira (c. 1615 – 1643)
• Kitera (c. 1643 – 1671) (joint ruler with Kumongye)
• Kumongye (c. 1643 – 1671) (joint ruler with Kitera)
• Mirindi (c. 1671 – 1699)
• Ntare IV Kitabanyoro (c. 1699 – 1727)
• Macwa (c. 1727 – 1755)
• Four joint rulers (c. 1755 – 1783)
  • Rwabirere
  • Karara I
  • Karaiga
  • Kahaya I
• Three joint rulers (c. 1783 – 1811)
  • Nyakashaija
  • Bwarenga
  • Rwebishengye
• Kayunga (c. 1811 – 1839) (joint ruler with Gasyonga I)
• Gasyonga I (c. 1811 – 1839) (joint ruler with Kayunga)
• Mutambuka (c. 1839 – 1867)
• Ntare V (c. 1867 – 1895)
  • Monarchy placed under the Uganda Protectorate in 1896. ^[15]
• Kahaya II (1895 – 1944)
• Gasyonga II (1944 – 8 September 1967)
  • Monarchy abolished in 1967. ^[15]
• Ntare VI/John Barigye, 1993–2011 (Titular king)
• Charles Rwebishengye, 2011–present (Titular king/crown prince)

Nkole people

Nkole people

Main article: Nkole people

Nkole people are a Bantu ethnic group native to Uganda. They primarily inhabit Ankole. They are closely related to other Bantu peoples of the region, namely the Nyoro, Kiga, Tooro and Hema peoples. Their population is 4,187,445 (9.8% of Uganda).People from Ankole region are referred to as “Banyankore”. The Banyankore speak Orunyankore, a Great Lakes Bantu language. There were an estimated 12.3 million native speakers in 2014.

Counties of Nkole (Amashaza)

Nkore Kingdom was divided into ten counties. These counties are now divided into various political constituencies. But the original ten counties of Nkore include:

• Kashari
• Isingiro
• Rwampara
• Nyabushozi
• Ibanda
• Sheema
• Kajjara
• Bunyaruguru
• Igara
• Buhweju

Nkole calendar

Runyakore Calendar: English to Runyakore Translation

The Nkore calendar was divided into 12 months. They were named according to weather conditions and activities done in that period. They include:

• Biruuru
• Kaatambuga
• Katumba
• Nyeikoma
• Kyabahezi
• Kahingo
• Nyeirurwe
• Kamena
• Kicuransi
• Kashwa
• Museenene
• Muzimbezi

See also

• Ebyevugo, Ankole poetry form

References

1. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN   9781784770228 . Retrieved 29 December 2016.
2. "Ankole monarchists' two decade battle for restoration of kingdom". Monitor. 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
3. "THE BANYANKOLE | Uganda Travel Guide". 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
4. "Nkole". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
5. The Social and Sexual Roles of Hima Women: A Study of Nomadic Cattle Breeders in Nyabushozi County, Ankole, Uganda. p. 10.
6. The Early State. De Gruyter. 2011. pp. 132–134. ISBN   9783110813326.
7. "The Legend of Ruhinda and Foundation of Ankole and Karagwe – Bunyoro-Kitara USA" . Retrieved 2022-06-24.
8. Kasule, Joseph (2022). Historical Dictionary of Uganda (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 19. ISBN   9781538141755.
9. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (2010). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 9. ISBN   9781841623092.
10. "The Ankole Agreement 1901" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
11. The Observer Media Ltd. :: The Weekly Observer :: Uganda's Top Resource site Archived 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
12. Byrnes, Rita M. (1992). "Banyankole". In Byrnes, Rita M. (ed.). Uganda: a country study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 59–60. ISBN   0-8444-0749-6. OCLC   25831693. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
13. "Runyakore History and Culture" (PDF). Runyakore L&C. 26 January 2021.
14. Women and Politics in Uganda. p. 32-33.
15. Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 201. ISBN   0-89950-390-X.

External links

• World Statesmen - Uganda
• A tour guide to Ankole Culture - Uganda
• Historical map of Ankole
• The Ankole Times