Suzhou

This article is about the city in Jiangsu. For the city in Anhui, see Suzhou, Anhui. For other uses, see Suzhou (disambiguation).

Suzhou 苏州市 Soochow, Sou-tseu
Prefecture-level city
Gate to the East at Suzhou Industrial Park Zhouzhuang Town Garden of Cultivation Suzhou HSR New Town Lingering Garden
Location of Suzhou in Jiangsu
Suzhou
Coordinates(Suzhou municipal government): 31°18′00″N120°37′10″E / 31.30000°N 120.61944°E / 31.30000; 120.61944
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Jiangsu
County-level divisions	11
Established	514 BC
Municipal seat	Gusu District
Government
• Type	Prefecture-level city
• Party Secretary	Liu Xiaotao
• Mayor	Wu Qingwen
Area [1]
•  Prefecture-level city	8,488.42 km2 (3,277.40 sq mi)
• Land	5,851 km2 (2,259 sq mi)
• Water	2,394.50 km2 (924.52 sq mi)
• Urban	2,944.4 km2 (1,136.8 sq mi)
• Metro	12,493 km2 (4,824 sq mi)
Population  (2020 census)
•  Prefecture-level city	12,748,252
• Density	1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
•  Urban	6,715,559
• Urban density	2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi)
Demonym	Suzhounese
GDP [2]
•  Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 2.272 trillion US$ 352.2 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 178,207 US$ 27,629
Time zone	UTC+8 (Beijing Time)
Postal code	215000
Area code	512
ISO 3166 code	CN-JS-05
HDI (2015)	0.868– very high [3]
City flower	Osmanthus
City tree	Camphor laurel
Regional dialect	Wu: Suzhou dialect
License plate prefix	苏E and 苏U [4]
Website	www.suzhou.gov.cn

Suzhou
"Suzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters

v t e Classical Gardens of Suzhou
This UNESCO World Heritage Site is inscribed as a single property, but composed of 9 separate gardens in Suzhou Prefecture
Lingering Garden Garden of Cultivation Humble Administrator's Garden Master of the Nets Garden Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty Canglang Pavilion Lion Grove Garden Couple's Retreat Garden The Retreat & Reflection Garden
Category

Temples

• Hanshan Temple
• Xiyuan Temple
• Xuanmiao Temple
• Lingyanshan Temple
• Chongyuan Temple

Canals and Historic Districts

Main articles: Pingjiang Road and Shantang Street

Pingjiang Road

The Suzhou section of the Jiangnan Canal, Grand Canal (China), includes ten city gates and over 20 stone bridges of traditional design and historic areas that have been well preserved, as well as temples and pavilions. ^{[36] [37] [38]} There are a full 24 waterways in Suzhou near the Grand Canal. ^[39]

In 2015, both 800-year-old Pingjiang Road Historical Block (平江路) and 1,200-year-old Shantang Street Scenic Area (山塘街) were added to the list of China's "National Historic and Cultural Streets". ^{[40] [41]}

Pingjiang Road runs parallel to the Pingjiang River for 1.5 kilometers and is lined with homes and some teahouses. Shantang Street, over twice as long at 3.8 km, is described by the BBC as retaining "the alluring qualities of an old canal-side street: whitewashed buildings are completed by red-tasseled lanterns that swing softly in the breeze, adding to the charm of the river bank". ^[39]

Shantang Street

Boat tours are offered on the waterways of this city that was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo because of its criss-crossing canals and stone bridges. ^{[42] [43]} The Grand Canal (from Beijing to Zhejiang province) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Resorts and natural reserves

Suzhou Taihu National Tourism and Vacation Zone (苏州太湖国家旅游度假区) is in the western part of Suzhou, 15 km (9 mi) from the city center. ^{[44] [45]}

Skyscrapers

Main article: List of tallest buildings in Suzhou

Gate to the East is a 301.8 meter, 74-story skyscraper in Suzhou's central business district, built in 2015 at a cost of 700 million USD and is currently the tallest building in Suzhou. ^[46]

[ [Suzhou IFS] ] is a 450 meter tall building home to 95 floors near Gate to the East. You can see the tower from Huqiu which is a special tourist attraction in Suzhou.

Pan Gate

Pan Gate

Pan Gate is on the southwest corner of the Main Canal or encircling canal of Suzhou. Originally built during the Warring States Period in the state of Wu, historians estimate it to be around 2,500 years old. It is now part of the Pan Gate Scenic Area. It is known for the "three landmarks of Pan Gate". They are the Ruiguang Pagoda, the earliest pagoda in Suzhou built in 247 BC, the Wu Gate Bridge, the entrance to the gate at that time over the water passage and the highest bridge in Suzhou at the time, and the Pan Gate. The Ruigang Pagoda is constructed of brick with wooden platforms and has Buddhist carvings at its base.

Baodai Bridge

Baodai Bridge stretches across the Tantai Lake in the suburbs of Suzhou. To raise money to finance the bridge, the magistrate donated his expensive belt, hence the name. The bridge was first built in 806 A.D. in the Tang dynasty and has 53 arches with a length of 317 meters. It was made out of stone from Jinshan Mountain and is the longest standing bridge of its kind in China. The bridge was included on the list of national monuments (resolution 5–285) in 2001.

Tiger Hill

Tiger Hill is known for its natural environment and historical sites. The hill is so named because it is said to look like a crouching tiger. Another legend states that a white tiger appeared on the hill to guard it following the burial The hill has been a tourist destination for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, as is evident from the poetry and calligraphy carved into rocks on the hill. The Song dynasty poet, Su Shi said, "It is a lifelong pity if having visited Suzhou you did not visit Tiger Hill."

Pagodas

Yunyan Pagoda (or Huqiu Tower), built in 961, is a Chinese pagoda built on Tiger Hill in Suzhou. It has several other names, including the "Leaning Tower of China" (as referred to by historian O.G. Ingles) ^[47] and the Yunyan Temple Tower. The tower rises to a height of 47 m (154 ft). It is a seven-story octagonal building built with blue bricks. In more than a thousand years the tower has gradually slanted due to forces of nature. Now the top and bottom of the tower vary by 2.32 meters. The entire structure weighs some 7,000,000 kilograms (15,000,000 lb), supported by internal brick columns. ^[48] However, the tower leans roughly 3 degrees due to the cracking of two supporting columns. ^[48]

Beisi Pagoda or North Temple Pagoda is a Chinese pagoda at Bao'en Temple in Suzhou. It rises nine stories in a height of 76 m (249 ft). It is the tallest Chinese pagoda south of the Yangtze river.

Twin Pagodas (simplified Chinese :苏州双塔; traditional Chinese :蘇州雙塔) lie in the Dinghui Temple Lane in the southeastern corner of the city proper of Suzhou. They are artistic and natural as they are close at hand. One of them is called "Clarity-Dispensing Pagoda," and the other, the "Beneficence Pagoda"; they are in the same form of architecture. There are many legends about this one-thousand-year-old pagodas. It is charming that the exquisite and straight Twin Pagoda look like two inserted writing brushes. There was originally a single-story house with three rooms just like a writing brush holder with the shadows of the two pagodas reclining on its roof at sunset. To the east of the pagoda is a square five-story bell building built in the Ming dynasty which appears exactly like a thick ink stick. So there is a saying that "the Twin Pagodas are as writing brushes while the bell building as ink stick".

Museums

Suzhou Museum, designed by I. M. Pei, is one of the landmarks of Suzhou, combining traditional culture and modern design.

The city's major museums include the Suzhou Museum (designed by I. M. Pei), Suzhou Silk Museum, and the China Kunqu Museum.

Hospitals

As a result of its recent rapid population increase, healthcare demand in Suzhou is increasing rapidly. In July 2019, Washington University School of Medicine announced a collaboration with Huici Health Management Co., and the Xiangcheng District, to open the new Huici Medical Center, which will include a 1,000-bed hospital for adult and pediatric patients. Once the hospital is unveiled, Washington University doctors in St. Louis will be able to provide long-distance health-care services to patients in China through a telemedicine program. ^{[49] [50]}

Demographics

The population of Suzhou is predominantly Han Chinese. The official language of broadcast, instruction, etc. is Mandarin Chinese, although many speak a local dialect known as Suzhounese, a member of the Wu language family. In addition to American and European expatriates, there is a large Korean community in Suzhou. The Industrial Bank of Korea (IBK) estimated that there were 15,000 Koreans in the municipality in 2014. That year 850 Korean companies operated in Suzhou, and the Koreans made up the largest number of students at the Suzhou Singapore International School. ^[51]

Population of Suzhou at the end of 2015 ^[52]

Region	Total population 总户籍人口 (persons)	Resident population 常住人口 (10,000 persons)
Whole municipality	6 670 124	1061.60
Urban area	3 412 564	549.21
Gusu District	734 362	95.20
Wuzhong District	631 602	112.12
Xiangcheng District	405 400	72.87
New & Hi-tech Zone, Huqiu District	363 713	59.08
Industrial Park	459 535	80.26
Wujiang District	817 952	126.68
County-level cities	3 257 560	–
Changshu	1 068 211	151.01
Zhangjiagang	922 757	125.31
Kunshan	787 031	165.12
Taicang	479 561	70.95

Economy

Suzhou's economy is based primarily on its large manufacturing sector—China's first largest(from 2020)—including iron and steel, IT and electronic equipment, and textile products. The city's service sector is notably well-developed, primarily owing to tourism, which brought in a total of RMB 152 billion of revenue in 2013. Suzhou's overall GDP exceeded RMB 1.3 trillion in 2013 (up 9.6 percent from the year previous). ^[53]

The city is also one of China's foremost destinations for foreign investment, based on its relative proximity to Shanghai and comparatively low operating costs. The municipal government has enacted various measures to encourage FDI in a number of manufacturing (e.g. pharmaceutical, electronic goods, automobile) and service (e.g. banking, logistics, research services) sectors. Included among these measures is a preferential tax policy for limited partnership venture capital enterprises in the Suzhou Industrial Park. ^[53]

Suzhou is a highly developed economic region in China and is the economic centre, industrial, commercial and logistical hub city of Jiangsu province, as well as an important financial, cultural, artistic, educational and transportation centre.

Agriculture

In 2013, total grain production reached 1,311,200 tonnes, a decrease of 2.9%. Grain supply was effectively guaranteed through the vigorous construction of commodity grain production bases, wholesale grain markets and reserve systems. ^[54]

Traditional handicrafts

Suzhou has a long history of reeling silkworms and has always been an important base for silk production in China. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, Suzhou has been one of the centres of silk weaving and dyeing in the country, and in the Ming dynasty, Suzhou silk was praised as the "clothing of the world". ^[55]

Development zones

Suzhou Industrial Park

Suzhou Industrial Park

Main article: Suzhou Industrial Park

The Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) is the largest cooperative project between the Chinese and the Singaporean government. It is beside Jinji Lake, which lies to the east of the Suzhou Old City. On 26 February 1994, Vice Premier Li Lanqing and Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew represented China and Singapore respectively in signing the Agreement to jointly develop Suzhou Industrial Park (originally called the Singapore Industrial Park). The project officially commenced on 12 May in the same year. SIP has a jurisdiction area of 288 km² (111 sq mi), of which, the China-Singapore cooperation area covers 80 km² (31 sq mi) with a planned residential population of 1.2 million. ^[56]

SIP is home to the Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, an area of universities and higher education institutions, including Soochow University and Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University. Suzhou Industrial Park is also a popular residential district for many foreigners who work and live in Suzhou, as well as 'new Suzhou' residents who migrated to the area in search of work opportunities.

View of the Gate to the East and Suzhou's Jinji Lake

Suzhou Industrial Park Export Processing Zone

The Suzhou Industrial Park Export Processing Zone was approved to be established by the government in April 2000, with a planning area of 2.9 km² (1.1 sq mi). It is in Suzhou Industrial Park set up by China and Singapore. Inside the Export Processing Zone, all the infrastructures are of high standard. ^[57]

Suzhou New District

Main article: Suzhou New District

The Suzhou New District was established in 1990. In November 1992, the zone was approved to be the national-level hi-tech industrial zone. By the end of 2007, foreign-invested companies had a registered capital worth of US$13 billion, of which US$6.8 billion was paid in. SND hosts now more than 1,500 foreign companies. Some 40 Fortune 500 companies set up 67 projects in the district. ^[58]

Sports

Suzhou Dongwu currently play in China League One, the second highest level of Chinese professional football competition. The 13,000 seat Suzhou Industrial Park Sports Arena was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. ^[59]

Transportation

Suzhou HSR New Town

Railway

Suzhou is on the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor which carries three parallel railways. Suzhou railway station, near the city center, is among the busiest passenger stations in China. It is served by the Beijing–Shanghai railway (mostly "conventional" trains to stations throughout China) and the Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway (high-speed D- and G-series trains providing frequent service primarily between Shanghai and Nanjing). It takes only 25 minutes to reach Shanghai railway station on the fastest G-series trains and less than 1 hour to Nanjing.

The Suzhou North railway station, a few kilometers to the north, is on the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway (opened 2011), served by high-speed trains to Beijing, Qingdao, etc.

Other stations on the Beijing–Shanghai railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway serve other points in the same corridor within Suzhou Prefecture-level city, such as Kunshan. In between Suzhou and Kunshan South railway station, Suzhou Industrial Park railway station is also an important station for people visiting and living in the areas.

The northern part of the prefectural area, including Zhangjiagang, Changshu and Taicang, were the last areas to be connected by rail; the Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway reached there in 2020. ^[60]

Highways

The Nanjing-Shanghai Expressway connects Suzhou with Shanghai, alternatively, there is the Yangtze Riverine Expressway and the Suzhou-Jiaxing-Hangzhou Expressway. In 2005, the Suzhou Outer Ring was completed, linking the peripheral county-level cities of Taicang, Kunshan, and Changshu. China National Highway 312 also passes through Suzhou.

Water transport

Main article: Port of Suzhou

Port of Suzhou, on the right bank of the Yangtze River, dealt with 428 million tons of cargo and 5.86 million TEU containers in 2012, which made it the busiest inland river port in the world by annual cargo tonnage and container volume. ^{[61] [62]}

Metro

Main article: Suzhou Rail Transit

The Suzhou Rail Transit currently has five lines in operation and five other lines under construction. The masterplan consists of nine independent lines. Line 1 started operation on 28 April 2012, Line 2 started operation on 28 December 2013, ^[63] and Line 4 started operation in 2017, Suzhou Railway Line 5 began operation in June 2021. Line 6, Line 7 and Line 8 and Line 11 are under construction. The Suzhou rail system is expected to connect to the Shanghai Metro system by June 2023.

Tram

Suzhou Tram's Longkang Road Station

Main article: Suzhou Tram

The Suzhou Tram system has two routes in the Suzhou New District.

Bus

Suzhou has public bus routes that run into all parts of the city. Fares are flat rated, usually 1 Yuan for a non-air-conditioned bus and 2 Yuan for an air-conditioned one.^{[ citation needed ]} The Suzhou BRT, a 25-kilometer (16 mi)-long bus rapid transit system opened in 2008, operates 5 lines using elevated busways and bus-only lanes throughout the city.

Culture

The Yunyan Pagoda, or Huqiu Tower, a tower that is now leaning due to lack of foundational support (half soil, half rock), built during the latter part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era (907–960 AD).

The "xi shi" stone bridge

• Opera: Kunqu originated in the Suzhou region, as does the much later Suzhou Opera. Ballad-singing, or Suzhou pingtan, is a local form of storytelling that mixes singing (accompanied by the pipa and sanxian) with portions in spoken dialect.
• Silk: throughout China's Imperial past, Suzhou silk has been associated with high-quality silk products, supplying silks to ancient royal families. By the 13th century, Suzhou was already the center of the profitable silk trade.
• Song brocade: Suzhou's Song brocade, with its flashy colors, exquisite patterns, strong and soft texture, is one of China's three famous brocades, together with Nanjing Yun brocade and Sichuan Shu brocade. Suzhou's brocade production can be traced back to the Five Dynasties. It prospered in the Song dynasty. After the government moved the capital southward, the country's political and cultural center moved to the Yangtze River area. To cope with the special need of artists, a type of very thin brocade for decorating paintings emerged in Suzhou. These brocades and paintings have been preserved. Whenever people talked about brocade, they mentioned the Song dynasty, and thus Song brocade got its name and has been well-known ever since.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Cuisine: Suzhou Cuisine (苏帮菜), which is part of the Jiangsu cuisine, including Yangcheng Lake large crab, Squirrel fish, etc. ^[64]
• Handicrafts: Suzhou embroidery, fans, Chinese musical instruments, scroll mounting, lanterns, mahogany furniture, jade carving, silk tapestry, traditional painting pigments of Jiangenxutang Studio, the New Year's wood-block prints of Taohuawu Studio.
• Paintings
• Calligraphic art
• Suzhou Silk Hand Embroidery Art
• Suzhou is the original place of "Jasmine", a song sung by Chinese singers or actresses thousands of times on the occasions of almost every important meetings or celebrations. Jasmine is the symbol of Suzhou as well as Tai Hu Lake.
• Suzhou Gardens: Gardens in Suzhou have an ancient history. The first garden in Suzhou belonged to the emperor of Wu State in Spring and Autumn Period (600 BC). More than 200 gardens existed in Suzhou between the 16th and 18th centuries. Gardens in Suzhou were built according to the style of Chinese Paintings. Every view in a garden can be seen as a piece of Chinese Painting and the whole garden is a huge piece of Chinese Paintings. At present, the Humble Administrator's Garden, built in 16th, is the largest private garden in Suzhou. It belonged to by Wang Xianchen, an imperial censor. ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Suzhou embroidery together with embroidery of Hunan, Sichuan and Guangdong are called as the "Four Famous Embroideries". Suzhou tapestry method is done in fine silks and gold thread. Other art forms found in this area are sculpture, Song brocade, jade and rosewood carving. Suzhou embroidery, acknowledged as a cultural heritage, has involved many cultural practitioners in advancing technology and skills with ICH-resources to better engage in economic pursuits. ^[65]
• The Suzhou Museum has a rich collection of relics from many eras. The collection includes revolutionary records, stele carving, folk customs, drama and verse, Suzhou embroidery, silk cloth, gardens, coins and Buddhist artifacts. ^[66]
• Wedding gowns ^[67]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Suzhou

Lu Xun (陆逊) (183–245) military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era, most famous for his defeat of Liu Bei in the Battle of Xiaoting.

Feng Menglong (冯梦龙) (1574-1645) famous vernacular writer and poet of the late Ming Dynasty.

Tang Yin (唐寅) (1470-1524) one of the most renowned painter in China history, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming Dynasty, better known by his courtesy name Tang Bohu (Chinese:唐伯虎) ^[68]

Wen Zhengming (文徵明) (1470-1559) Painter and poet of the Ming Dynasty, the founder of Wu School (Chinese:吴门画派), one of Four Masters of the Ming Dynasty

Weng Tonghe (翁同龢) (1830–1904) Chinese Confucian scholar and imperial tutor of the Tongzhi and Guangxu emperors in the late Qing dynasty, who is one of the most obdurate old guard defending the traditional Confucianism practices while being stubbornly against reform efforts to westernise the country. ^[69]

I. M. Pei (贝聿铭) (1917-2019) One of the best architects in China history, being recognised as the 'last master of high modernist architecture', ^[70] famous for his design of Louvre Pyramid, Hong Kong Bank of China tower, Singapore OCBC Centre, East Building of National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Germany Historical Museum, etc. ^[71]

Cheng Kaijia (程开甲) (1918-2018) A nuclear physicist and engineer. One of the key figure in China's nuclear weapons development and a founding father of the Two Bombs, One Satellite project.

Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道) (1926-) Physicist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 at the age of 30, for his work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions. ^[72]

Meng Jianzhu (孟建柱) (1947-) Politician, former member of the Politburo and Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission

Education

Universities and colleges

Soochow University

Duke Kunshan University

• Changshu Institute of Technology
• Duke Kunshan University
• KEDGE Business School
• Jiangnan Social University
• Jiangsu University Zhangjiagang Campus
• Renmin University of China Suzhou Campus
• Skema Business School – Chinese campus of the French business school
• Soochow University
• Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture
• Suzhou University of Science and Technology
• Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
• Suzhou City University

Under construction

• Nanjing University Suzhou Campus
• Northwestern Polytechnical University Taicang Campus

High schools

• Changshu High School
• Dulwich College Suzhou
• Dulwich International High School Suzhou
• Kunshan Senior High School
• SIP Experimental Middle School  [ zh ]
• Suzhou Experimental High School
• Suzhou High School
• Suzhou Singapore International School
• Suzhou No.1 High School  [ zh ]
• Suzhou No.10 High School
• Suzhou Wuxian High School (苏州吴县中学)
• Taicang Senior High School
• United World College (UWC) Changshu China
• Zhenze Middle School
• Jiangsu Province Mudu senior High School

Postgraduate institutions

• Southeast University-Monash University Joint Graduate School
• Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town (National University of Singapore and Fudan Joint Graduate School, Nanjing University Graduate School, etc.)

Others

• Japanese School of Suzhou
• Overseas Chinese Academy Chiway Suzhou (苏州工业园区海归人才子女学校) ^[73]

See also

• China portal

• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Port of Suzhou

Notes

1. /suːˈdʒoʊ/ ; ^[5] Chinese :苏州; Suzhounese: sou¹ tseu¹ [səu˦tsøʏ˦] , Mandarin: [sú.ʈʂóʊ] ; alternately romanized as Soochow

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Works cited

• Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1887), "Su-chow"  , Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 22 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 617.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Su-chow"  , Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 26 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 7.
• Xu, Yinong (2000). The Chinese City in Space and Time: The Development of Urban Form in Suzhou. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN   9780824820763.

External sources

• Economic profile for Suzhou at HKTDC ^{[ dead link ]}

• Official Resource for English-speaking travelers
• Official website for Suzhou's municipal government
• Suzhou city guide with open directory (Jiangsu Network)
• Geographic data related to Suzhou at OpenStreetMap