Ordos City

Ordos 鄂尔多斯市 (Chinese) ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰᠬᠣᠲᠠ(Mongolian)
Prefecture-level city
View of Dongsheng District
Location of Ordos City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia (orange)
Coordinates(Genghis Khan Plaza, Kangbashi): 39°36′14″N109°47′06″E / 39.604°N 109.785°E / 39.604; 109.785
Country	People's Republic of China
Region	Inner Mongolia
Municipal seat	Kangbashi District
Area
•  Prefecture-level city	86,752 km2 (33,495 sq mi)
• Urban  (2017) [1]	2,526.5 km2 (975.5 sq mi)
• Metro	5,859.8 km2 (2,262.5 sq mi)
Elevation	1,305 m (4,281 ft)
Highest elevation	2,149 m (7,051 ft)
Lowest elevation	850 m (2,790 ft)
Population  (2020 census [2] )
•  Prefecture-level city	2,153,638
• Density	25/km2 (64/sq mi)
•  Urban   [1]	693,038
• Urban density	270/km2 (710/sq mi)
•  Metro	366,779
• Metro density	63/km2 (160/sq mi)
GDP [3]
•  Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 422.6 billion US$ 67.9 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 207,163 US$ 33,261
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	017000
ISO 3166 code	CN-NM-06
Licence plate prefixes	蒙K
Administrative division code	150600
Website	www.ordos.gov.cn

Main article: Mausoleum of Genghis Khan

The legend says that when Genghis Khan passed through the present-day Ordos area on his way to conquer the Western Xia Kingdom, he accidentally dropped his whip. Genghis Khan proclaimed on the spot that the water is good and grass is rich here, and he would like to be buried here. In August 1227, Genghis Khan died while waging campaign against the Tangut people of Western Xia. Ögedei Khan placed the relics of Genghis Khan in eight white felt tents for worship, collectively known as the Eight White Palaces. When the time came to Kublai Khan, he stipulated the ceremonies and ritual rules of the Eight White Palaces, and promulgated the sacred ceremonies. He held sacrifices throughout the year and became a great sacrifice for the Mongol Empire. In the Eight White Palaces, Genghis Khan and several ladies' coffins formed three white rooms. Genghis Khan used saddles, bows and arrows, milk buckets, historical materials books and reincarnation white horses that had been sealed by Genghis Khan to form the other five white palaces. And ordered the Darwinites to be guarded by the generation and generation, the Eight White Palaces is the holy place for the Mongolian people to worship. The Chagaan Sureg sacrifice is the big ritual of the Eight White Palaces in a year. Genghis Khan used the 981 horses to send to the heavens. And reincarnation of the white god horse with white satin hanging and offering. The Eight White Palaces is a movable hall and a symbol of the power of the Genghis Khan gold family.^{[ citation needed ]}

Kublai Khan moved the Eight White Palaces to Khanbaliq (current day Beijing), the capital of the Mongol empire. In the 1750s, Mandulu Khan led the Ordos people into the area south of the Yellow River. Eight white rooms moved to Ordos. Soon, the son of Mandulu Khan came to dominate the grasslands, betrayed the golden family of Genghis Khan, and controlled the eight white rooms in their hands. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, Genghis Khan's fifteenth generation of Sun Batu Mengke unified Mongolian ministries, and the eight white rooms were re-owned in the Genghis Khan gold family.^{[ citation needed ]}

Qing dynasty

See also: Qing dynasty

Six Banner's League

In the sixth year of Qing Shunzhi (AD 1649), the Qing dynasty divided the Mongolian Ordos tribe into six Banners: the Ordos left-wing middle Banner (formerly the county king Banner), Ordos Left-wing front Banner (now Jungar Banner), the Ordos left-wing Banner (now the Dalat Banner), Ordos right-wing middle Banner (now Otog Banner), Ordos right-wing front Banner (now Uxin Banner), Ordos right wing Banner (now Hanggin), later, the addition of Ordos right wing before the Banner (formerly Zhasak Banner). Later, the Ordos' Six Banners have allied at Wang Ai Zhao, and named the Ikezhao League(Former name of Ordos city).^{[ citation needed ]}

The Qing dynasty was an important period in the history of China's population development. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, through the restoration and development of Kangxi, YongZheng, and Qianlong, three emperors, the population of the Qianlong dynasty broke through the 300 million mark. The contradiction between people and land is sharp, and a large number of the poor in the Mainland are forced by life pressure. They migrated to the West(Ordos), the Guandong, and the Nanyang(South sea and island of China). "Zou Xi Kou" means that thousands of people from Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places have migrated to Ordos, Guihua(Hohhot), Tumut, and Chahar since the Qing dynasty. "Zou Xi Kou" changed Mongolia's social structure, economic structure and way of life. Shanxi people account for a relatively high proportion of immigrants, bringing Shanxi's Jin culture to the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modern

After the Republic of China, the special zone of Suiyuan was established, and later it was changed to Suiyuan Province, and Ikezhao League was established. After the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, Japan occupied most of northern China. In 1938, Inner Mongolia Bailing Temple, Guisui, Baotou and other places were successively lost. After the Japanese invaders occupied Baotou, they went to Ordos to coerce the princes of all ethnic groups and moved the eight white rooms of Genghis Khan to Baotou. At that time, the Iqzhao League leader Shagdur Zab and the flag princes vowed never to move east. Because the Genghis Khan eight white room is the god of all Mongolian beliefs. At that time, the situation was forced, but in desperation, the eight white room had to move west to the Xinglong Mountain in Gansu. On 9 June 1939, the Eight White Room embarked on a long road to the west. On 21 June, the Eight White Room passed through Yan'an, and the Chinese Communist Party presented a wreath to the bier. On the couplet of the mourning hall, the two major ethnic groups of Mongolia and Han are more closely united, inheriting the spirit of Genghis Khan and fighting against the war, and the banner is the world giant. On 25 June, the Eight White Room arrived in Xi'an, and along the street, the 200,000 people were welcome. The National Government held a grand national festival in accordance with the customs of the Mongolian nation. On 1 July 1939, the Eight White Room was placed in Xinglong Mountain, Gansu Province. In 1949, due to the chaos of the current situation, the government of the Republic of China moved the Eight White Room to the Qinghai Kumbum Monastery.^{[ citation needed ]}

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has been transferred to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 1954, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China moved the Eight White Room back to Ejin Hollow. [5]

In 2001, the State Council approved the withdrawal of Ikezhao League and the establishment of the prefecture-level Ordos City.^{[ citation needed ]}

On 8 June 2016, the State Council approved the “Request for the Establishment of Kangbashi District in Ordos City” of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: agreed to set up Kangbashi District, and will be the Habagesh Street, Qingshan Street and Binhe Street in Dongsheng District of Ordos City. It is placed under the jurisdiction of the Kangbashi district.^{[ citation needed ]}

Geography and climate

Ordos's prefectural administrative region occupies 86,752 square kilometers (33,495 sq mi) and covers the bigger part of the Ordos Desert, although the urban area itself is relatively small. It borders the prefecture-level divisions of Hohhot to the east, Baotou to the northeast, Bayan Nur to the north, Alxa League to the northwest, Wuhai to the west, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to its southwest, and the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi to the south. The maximal north–south extent is 340 km (210 mi), while from east to west it stretches for 400 km (250 mi). ^[13]

The most populous municipality is Dongsheng which had a population of 582,544 inhabitants as of the 2010 census. Another urban area is the conglomeration of Kangbashi District and the adjacent township of Altan Xire. ^[14] Kangbashi is to the north of the Wulan Mulun River, a tributary of the Yellow River, while Altan Xire is to the south of the same river.

The area of Ordos can roughly be divided into a hilly area in the east, high plateaus in the west and center, sandy deserts in the north and south, and plains at the southern bank of the Yellow River. The highest elevation, at 2,149 meters (7,051 ft), is located in the west, and the lowest point, at 850 m (2,790 ft), is in the east.

There are two large deserts in the territory of Ordos: Kubuqi Desert in the north and the Mu Us (Maowusu) Desert in the south. The Kubuqi Desert occupies 19.2% of Ordos, or 16,600 km² (6,400 sq mi), while the Maowusu Desert takes up 28.8% of the area, or 25,000 km² (9,700 sq mi).

Ordos features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold and very dry winters; very warm, somewhat humid summers; and strong winds, especially in spring. The annual precipitation is 300 to 400 millimeters (11.8 to 15.7 in) in the eastern part of the city and 190 to 350 mm (7.5 to 13.8 in) in the western part. Most of the rain falls between July and September, with very little snow in winter; average annual evaporation reaches 2,000 to 3,000 mm (79 to 118 in). In the city proper, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −10.5 °C (13.1 °F) in January to 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 6.16 °C (43.1 °F). Sunshine duration averages 2,700 to 3,200 hours annually. ^[13]

Ordos City
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	鄂尔多斯市
Traditional Chinese	鄂爾多斯 市
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin È'ěrduōsī Shì Bopomofo ㄜˋ   ㄦˇ   ㄉㄨㄛ   ㄙ   ㄕˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Eh'eelduosy Shyh Wade–Giles O4-êrh3-to1-ssŭ1 Shih4 Yale Romanization Èěrdwōsz̄ Shr̀ IPA [ɤ̂.àɚ.twó.sɹ̩́ ʂɻ̩̂]

Climate data for Ordos (Dongsheng District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	11.3 (52.3)	16.6 (61.9)	24.9 (76.8)	32.2 (90.0)	32.9 (91.2)	36.7 (98.1)	36.5 (97.7)	33.3 (91.9)	33.3 (91.9)	24.4 (75.9)	18.7 (65.7)	12.2 (54.0)	36.7 (98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−3.9 (25.0)	0.6 (33.1)	7.3 (45.1)	15.3 (59.5)	21.2 (70.2)	25.7 (78.3)	27.4 (81.3)	25.2 (77.4)	20.1 (68.2)	13.2 (55.8)	4.8 (40.6)	−2.4 (27.7)	12.9 (55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−9.3 (15.3)	−5.1 (22.8)	1.4 (34.5)	9.2 (48.6)	15.3 (59.5)	20.0 (68.0)	21.9 (71.4)	20.0 (68.0)	14.7 (58.5)	7.7 (45.9)	−0.5 (31.1)	−7.4 (18.7)	7.3 (45.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−13.1 (8.4)	−9.3 (15.3)	−3.3 (26.1)	3.8 (38.8)	9.7 (49.5)	14.6 (58.3)	17.1 (62.8)	15.6 (60.1)	10.3 (50.5)	3.3 (37.9)	−4.3 (24.3)	−11.1 (12.0)	2.8 (37.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−28.4 (−19.1)	−27.5 (−17.5)	−22.8 (−9.0)	−11.6 (11.1)	−4.8 (23.4)	1.7 (35.1)	9.1 (48.4)	4.3 (39.7)	−2.1 (28.2)	−13.6 (7.5)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−27.1 (−16.8)	−28.4 (−19.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	2.1 (0.08)	4.3 (0.17)	9.3 (0.37)	16.2 (0.64)	31.4 (1.24)	52.1 (2.05)	94.5 (3.72)	89.6 (3.53)	52.0 (2.05)	20.7 (0.81)	9.4 (0.37)	2.3 (0.09)	383.9 (15.12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	2.3	2.6	3.8	3.8	6.7	9.4	11.5	11.3	8.8	4.8	3.1	2.4	70.5
Average snowy days	3.8	4.5	4.3	1.5	0.2	0	0	0	0	1.2	3.2	4.3	23
Average relative humidity (%)	51	45	38	33	36	44	56	60	57	50	50	50	48
Mean monthly sunshine hours	221.7	217.0	257.7	281.8	306.8	288.3	281.7	267.8	242.0	245.7	218.1	211.7	3,040.3
Percent possible sunshine	73	71	69	70	69	65	63	64	66	72	74	73	69
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [15] [16]
Source 2: Weather China [13]

Economy

See also: Economy of the People's Republic of China

Ordos is one of the most prosperous regions of China when measured by GDP figures. With a nominal per-capita GDP of US$34,352 and ppp per capita GDP of $65,192 in 2016, it ranks first among prefecture-level divisions in the entire Chinese mainland, and second in the PRC (including Hong Kong & Macau), behind Macau (Nominal GDP per capita: US$67,079; GDP (PPP) per capita: $96,148). It is extremely rich in natural resources, having one sixth of the national coal reserves. The pillars of its economy are textiles (wool), coal mining, petrochemicals, electricity generation, production of building materials, and bitcoin mining. An industrial park in Dalad Banner is home to one of the world's largest bitcoin 'mines' - really a massive server farm - owned by Beijing-based Bitmain. ^[17]

China is building a third ICBM site near Hanggin Banner, Ordos City, in Inner Mongolia. It will hold more than 100 new DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missiles. It joins two other ICBM fields at Yumen and Hami. ^[18]

Administrative subdivisions

Ordos Shi is divided into two districts and seven banners:

Map
Dongsheng 1 Dalad Banner Jungar Banner Otog Front Banner Otog Banner Hanggin Banner Uxin Banner Ejin'horo Banner 1.Kangbashi
Name	Mongolian	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010)	Area (km2)	Density (/km2)
Dongsheng District	ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠱᠧᠩ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Düŋšėŋ toɣoriɣ)	东胜区	Dōngshèng Qū	582,544	2,146	271
Kangbashi District (Hia'bagx District)	ᠬᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Kiy-a baγsi toɣoriɣ)	康巴什区	Kāngbāshí Qū	153,000	372.55	404
Dalad Banner	ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Dalad qosiɣu)	达拉特旗	Dálātè Qí	322,101	8,192	40
Jungar Banner	ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Jegünɣar qosiɣu)	准格尔旗	Zhǔngé'ěr Qí	356,501	7,535	36
Otog Front Banner (Otog Omnod Banner)	ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Otoɣ-un Emünedü qosiɣu)	鄂托克前旗	Ètuōkè Qián Qí	68,282	12,318	6
Otog Banner	ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Otoɣ qosiɣu)	鄂托克旗	Ètuōkè Qí	148,844	20,064	4
Hanggin Banner	ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qaŋɣin qosiɣu)	杭锦旗	Hángjǐn Qí	111,102	18,903	7
Uxin Banner	ᠦᠦᠰᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Üüsin qosiɣu)	乌审旗	Wūshěn Qí	124,527	11,645	9
Ejin Horo Banner	ᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Ejin Qoroɣ-a qosiɣu)	伊金霍洛旗	Yījīnhuòluò Qí	226,752	5,958	23

Kangbashi New Area

Main article: Kangbashi New Area

A large, sparsely inhabited urban real estate development has been constructed 25 km (16 mi) from Dongsheng District. Intended to house a million people, it originally remained mostly uninhabited. ^{[19] [20]} Intended to have 300,000 residents by 2010, government figures stated it had 28,000. ^[21] By 2017, Kangbashi had a resident population of 153,000 and around one-third of apartments occupied. ^[6] It has been the subject of several speculative publication, including an illustrated feature series conducted by Al Jazeera in 2010. ^[22]

Ordos Museum

Ordos Museum

Main article: Ordos Museum

In 2011, a 49,400-square-meter museum, entitled Ordos Museum (Chinese :鄂尔多斯博物馆), was opened in Kangbashi. The museum, designed by China-based architectural practice MAD Studio, focuses upon the history of the Ordos area, as well as on the culture and traditions of Inner Mongolia. ^[23]

Transportation

Travel within Ordos City is primarily made by car or bus, using the city's network roads. Two tolled expressways, the G18 Rongcheng–Wuhai Expressway and the G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway, provide connections with other towns and cities including Dongsheng.

County Road X623 at Ejin Horo

In 2016, the Ordos railway station in the city opened. The station is on the Beijing-Baotou railway, the Hohhot-Ordos high-speed railway line, and the Baotou-West railway. High speed trains to the provincial capital of Hohhot are run on a daily basis. ^[24] As well as slower speed trains directly to and from Beijing West railway station. ^[25]

Ordos Ejin Horo International Airport is located in Ejin Horo Banner.

Demographics

In the 2000 census, there were 1,369,766 inhabitants:

ethnic group	population	share
Han	1,207,971	88.19%
Mongols	155,845	11.38%
Manchu	2,905	0.21%
Hui	1,861	0.14%
Tibetans	1,023	0.07%

Many people came from the Shanxi province, 30 km (19 mi) south of this city.^{[ citation needed ]}

See also

• List of cities in China by GDP per capita
• List of cities in China by population
• Manhan folk song
• Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
• Ordos culture
• Ordos International Circuit
• Under-occupied developments in China

Notes

1. • Chinese :鄂尔多斯; pinyin :È'ěrduōsī
   • Mongolian: ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰᠬᠣᠲᠠ, Ordos
2. • Chinese:伊克昭盟; pinyin:Yīkèzhāo Méng
   • Mongolian: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠤᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ, Yeke Juu ayimaγ

References

1. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
2. "China: Inner Mongolia (Prefectures, Leagues, Cities, Districts, Banners and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
3. 内蒙古自治区统计局、国家统计局内蒙古调查总队 (2016). 《内蒙古统计年鉴－2016》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN   978-7-5037-7901-5.
4. Sheehan, Matt (5 April 2015). "Signs of Life In China's Gleaming 'Ghost City' Of Ordos". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
5. Day, Peter (17 March 2012). "Ordos: The biggest ghost town in China". BBC News. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
6. Shepard, Wade. "China's Most Infamous 'Ghost City' Is Rising From The Desert". Forbes. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
7. 市情概况. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
8. G. John Ramstedt: Kalmückisches Wörterbuch, Helsinki, 1935, Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, and Ferdinand D. Lessing, ed.: Mongolian-English Dictionary, Bloomington, Ind., 1982, The Mongolia Society, Inc.
9. W. R. Carles, "Problems in Exploration II. Ordos", in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Jun. 1909), p. 669
10. Madsen, David B.; Jingzen, Li; Brantingham, P. Jeffrey; Xing, Gao; Elston, Robert G.; Bettinger, Robert L. (December 2001). "Dating Shuidonggou and the Upper Palaeolithic blade industry in North China". Antiquity. 75 (290): 706–716. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00089213. ISSN   0003-598X. S2CID   128402306.
11. Peng, Fei; Lin, Sam C.; Patania, Ilaria; Levchenko, Vladimir; Guo, Jialong; Wang, Huimin; Gao, Xing (27 May 2020). "A chronological model for the Late Paleolithic at Shuidonggou Locality 2, North China". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0232682. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532682P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232682 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   7252617 . PMID   32459803.
12. Dani, Ahmed Hasan and V.M. Masson, eds. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol 1. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1992: 99.
13. 鄂尔多斯 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
14. Woodworth, Max David (2013). Frontier Boomtown Urbanism: City Building in Ordos Municipality, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2001–2011 (PhD dissertation). University of California, Berkeley. p. 51.
15. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 10 October 2023.
16. "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 10 October 2023.
17. Wong, Joon Ian. "Photos: Inside one of the world's largest bitcoin mines". Quartz. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
18. Gertz, Bill. "EXCLUSIVE: China building third missile field for hundreds of new ICBMs". The Washington Times. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
19. "Ordos, China: A Modern Ghost Town - Photo Essays - TIME". 27 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
20. Gus Lubin (13 June 2011). "NEW SATELLITE PICTURES OF CHINA'S GHOST CITIES". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
21. Barboza, David (19 October 2010). "A New Chinese City, With Everything but People". New York Times.
22. "China's Ghost Town". AlJazeera. 10 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
23. "Ordos Museum". WikiArchitectura. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
24. "重磅好消息！呼包鄂动车今日试运行！5月15日正式开通(附列车时刻表)". www.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
25. "鄂尔多斯到北京西火车时刻表 鄂尔多斯到北京西列车时刻表 - 火车票网".

External links

• Official website
• Ordos Museum website (in Chinese)