Clockwise from the top: Skyline of Handan, Guangfu Ancient City, Qibugou Scenic Area, wide view of downtown, Congtai Park, statue of foreign-clothed cavalry
Handan is a prefecture-level city located in the southwest of Hebei province,China. The southernmost prefecture-level city of the province,it borders Xingtai on the north,and the provinces of Shanxi on the west,Henan on the south and Shandong on the east. At the 2010 census,its population was 9,174,683 inhabitants whom 2,845,790 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 5 urban districts. Yongnian District in Handan and Shahe City in Xingtai have largely formed into a single conurbation.
Handan is one of the oldest cities in China,first settled around 6500 BC by the Cishan culture. Throughout the city's long history,it contributed significantly to Chinese culture,serving as the capital of State of Zhao,was northern China's political,economic and cultural center,and home to Tai chi and the first compass,made from stones collected in the nearby Mount Ci (magnet mountain). Handan is designated as one of China's National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities.[4][5][6][7]
A dictionary from the Tang dynasty explained that "Han" (Chinese:邯) is the name of a nearby mountain (Hanshan),and "Dan" (Chinese:单) meant "the terminus of a mountain" with an added radical (Chinese:阝) denoting a city. Together,"Handan" means "the city at the terminus of Mount Han". This explanation has been widely accepted until the discoveries of jade writings in Houma,Shanxi in 1965,where the "Dan" in Handan was spelt "丹",meaning red. This then lead to another explanation that Handan was named so because Mount Han appeared reddish-purple in color.[8]
The different spellings of the city's name consolidated into the modern spelling in Qin dynasty.[8]
History
Map of the archaeological site of Warring States Era Handan
Ancient China
According to the Bamboo Annals,during the late Shang dynasty,the kings constructed palaces in the Handan area,with a time span of 3,050 to 3,100 years ago. In the early Western Zhou period,during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou,Handan was part of the Bei state and was inhabited by Wu Geng,the son of the last king of Shang. Later,it came under the control of the state of Wey. In 661 BCE,the Di people conquered Handan and ruled it for over 40 years after destroying Wey. In 588 BCE,the Jin state defeated the Di,and Handan was incorporated into Jin. In 546 BCE,after Wey's restoration,a rebellion forced members of the Wey royal family to flee to Handan for refuge. This event is recorded in The Spring and Autumn Annals (Guliang Commentary).
During the Warring States period (5th–3rd centuries BCE),Handan is an important city of the state of Zhao. In 386 BCE,Marquess Jing of Zhao officially relocated the capital to Handan and initiated large-scale construction. It was their second capital,after Zhongmu. It remained the capital for 158 years,until Zhao was conquered by the Qin. King Wuling of Zhao turned Zhao into one of the Qin state's most stalwart foes,pioneering the use of walls to secure new frontiers (which would inspire the eventual construction of the Great Wall of China). The city was conquered by the State of Qin after the virtual annexation of Zhao by Qin in 228 BCE,except for the Dai Commandery.
At the beginning of the Han dynasty, Handan was Liu Bang's base for suppressing Chen Xi's rebellion in 197 and 196 BCE. By the late Western Han period, Handan remained one of the five major cities in the country, covering an urban area of 13.6 square kilometers with a population of over 150,000. Its handicrafts, commerce, and iron smelting industries were highly developed. In the late Western Han, a peasant uprising erupted, and Wang Lang launched a rebellion in the Handan area in support of the peasant army. After Liu Xiu, the founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, raised an army in Hebei, he captured Handan and downgraded it to Handan County, marking the first time the city was demoted from a capital to a county seat. This began Handan's decline. By the late Eastern Han period, Yuan Shao seized control of Hebei and established Ye, which gradually replaced Handan and rose to prominence. Note that Ye is still contained in Handan Prefecture nowadays, located in the current Linzhang County.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao established his base in Ye, marking the rise of Ye City. After the founding of the Cao Wei state, Ye became the northern capital of Wei, serving as the political center of northern China. The construction of the Wei capital was renowned for its symmetrical design along a central axis, and iconic structures such as the Bronze Bird Terrace.
During the late Sui dynasty, Handan became the center of activities for Dou Jiande's rebel army in Hebei. Dou Jiande established Guangfu, which is in current Yongnian, Handan, as the capital of the short-lived Xia regime.
Under the Tang dynasty, Handan was incorporated into Mingzhou and Cizhou. Meanwhile, Weizhou in the region began to rise in prominence and was later renamed Daming Prefecture, which is the current Daming County in Handan. By 621, Daming had emerged as the central city north of the Yellow River.
In 923, Li Cunxu ascended the throne in Daming, proclaiming himself emperor and establishing the Later Tang dynasty, known historically as Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang.
During the Song dynasty, in response to the Liao invasion, Daming Prefecture was elevated to serve as the auxiliary capital to the main capital (present-day Kaifeng). At its peak, the city had a population of over one million, with a bustling trade that attracted merchants from as far as the Western Regions.
In the late Northern Song period, the Jurchen Jin dynasty invaded the Central Plains. In the Handan region, locals joined Wang Yan’s "Bazijun" guerrilla force in the Taihang Mountains, resisting the Jin for decades until the southern campaign of Wanyan Liang. Due to the prolonged warfare, Handan fell into decline and was eventually submerged by flooding. The ruins of Song-era Handan remain preserved beneath four meters of Yellow River silt.
After the Jin dynasty fell to the Mongol Empire, Handan was incorporated into the Mongol realm. During the early Yuan dynasty, it was part of the capital region of Dadu (modern-day Beijing). However, in the later Yuan period, the area suffered from frequent flooding and locust plagues, leaving the population in hardship.
In 1368, with the establishment of the Ming dynasty, the Handan area was placed under the jurisdiction of Northern Zhili. It was governed by the prefectures of Guangping and Daming. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang implemented a resettlement policy, relocating impoverished families from Shanxi to Daming and Guangping, revitalizing the region after its decline during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
In the late Ming period, influenced by Li Zicheng, the people of Handan staged uprisings. In 1644, after the Qing army crossed the Great Wall and entered the Central Plains, local resistance, led by Zhang Zhibang, fought against the invaders but was brutally suppressed. Under the Qing, the administrative structure remained similar to that of the Ming, with the area still called Zhili. Daming Prefecture served as the seat of the Zhili Governor-General, while Handan County remained under Guangping Prefecture, which functioned as the political and economic center of southern Hebei and northern Henan during the Ming and Qing periods.
Modern China
In 1928, Zhili was renamed Hebei Province, and Handan came under direct provincial administration. During the Warlord Era, Handan became a contested site between the Zhili and Anhui warlords. In 1927, a Communist Party branch was established in Handan, and the region was embroiled in the Central Plains War. By the mid-1940s, Handan had declined to a small commercial town, covering only 1 square kilometer with a population of about 28,000.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the former headquarters of the Eighth Route Army’s 129th Division, also known as the Liu-Deng Army Headquarters, is located in She County, within Handan. Following Japan’s defeat in 1945, Handan was designated a city and served as the seat of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu (晋冀鲁豫) Border Region Government. In October 1945, during the Chongqing Negotiations, the National Revolutionary Army advanced north along the railway, passing through Communist-controlled areas. Armed conflict broke out, leading to the Handan Campaign. By November, the Communist forces achieved a decisive victory, consolidating the North China Liberated Zone into a unified territory. In 1946, the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Bureau of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu region planned to launch a major official newspaper in Handan. Initially considered names included Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu Daily and Taihang Daily, but Mao Zedong suggested the title People's Daily. Although the inaugural issue was printed on May 15, 1946, in Xibaipo, the project originated in Handan, and the publication became known as the “Handan Edition of the People’s Daily (人民日报邯郸版).”
On December 22, 1952, Handan was reestablished as a city and became a provincial city in 1954. In 1956, Fengfeng City was merged into Handan, followed by the incorporation of Handan County in 1983. In 1984, Handan was again designated a provincial city, and Wu'an (later Wu'an City) was annexed in 1986.
Handan maintained a reputation for its fine Cizhou ware well into the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). It was also the birthplace in the 19th century of Yang-style tai chi, one of Tai Chi's five major schools.
Though much of Handan's ancient history is no longer visible, it still has some attractions, deriving from the many Chinese idioms that the city inspired,[9] such as the road into which Lin Xiangru, courier of the precious Heshibi, backed in order to let his nemesis Lian Po pass first, as well as the location in which Lian Po begged for Lin Xiangru's forgiveness. Modern-day Congtai Park is located on the site of the historical Zhao court. Next to Congtai Park is the legendary "Xuebu Bridge" (学步桥), or "Learning to Walk Bridge". Legend has it that a noble from the state of Yan heard of a particularly elegant manner of walking unique to Handan. Arriving in Handan, he spent weeks trying to master the Handan style of walking on a bridge, only to fail. In the process, however, he had forgotten how to walk normally and had to crawl back to Yan. This story inspired the Chinese expression, "to learn the walk of Handan" (邯郸学步, Hándān xué bù), which means learning something difficult too intensely, thereby forgetting the basics in the process.[10]
Ancient stone bridge of Xue Bu, where the phrase comes from.
The nearby Xiangtangshan Caves contain massive Buddha statues carved into the mountainside, some dating to the 6th century, many of which were severely damaged by invading Japanese forces during World War II. At that time, Handan was prized by the Japanese invaders for its coal reserves. Many parts of the Buddhist statues are now in museums arouns the world. For example, several parts are currently in Metropolitan Museum of Art,[11]The San Diego Museum of Art,[12] and Penn Museum.[13] See [14] for a complete list.
The population at the 2010 census was 941,427 for the 3 urban districts, 2,845,790 for the built up area and 9,174,683 for the entire Prefecture-level city area of 12,068km2 (4,659sqmi).
Handan has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (KöppenDwa/BSk), with strong monsoonal influence, typical of the North China Plain. The normal monthly daily mean temperature ranges from −0.9°C (30.4°F) in January to 27.3°C (81.1°F) in July, while the annual mean temperature is 14.3°C (57.7°F). A majority of the normal annual precipitation of 502mm (19.8in) occurs in July and August.
Climate data for Handan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Map including Handan (labeled as HAN-TAN 邯鄲) (AMS, 1953)
Handan has witnessed rapid growth over the past 20 years. Industrial growth in the city has focused on communication and transport activities. Handan is a major producer of coal and steel, with Coal mines at Fengfeng providing power for Handan's iron, steel and textile mills. Chemical and cement plants along with other industries also benefit. Local agriculture produces maize, pomegranates and eggs.[17] Handan also has a growing services sector, with retail, banking and trading making up 40% of the economy.[18] The GDPper capita in Renminbi was estimated at ¥13,449 in 2005. In 2015, the figure was ¥33,554.87.
Air pollution
According to a survey by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Handan was one of China's most polluted cities due to heavy industrial outputs.[19]
However the government has made a significant effort to make the city cleaner, which involved closing down many polluting power plants. It is no longer the most polluted city, and, according to a 2016 government survey, the number of good air quality days is 189 days, an increase of 135 days compared with 2013.[20]
Handan is served by Handan Airport. Handan has two main train stations: one is Handan railway station which serves for the normal speed train, the other is named Handandong railway station, which serves for the high speed train.
Demographics
Ethnic minorities
According to Handan government in 2007, 40 ethnic groups were present in Handan. Ethnic minorities represent 50,000 people, among which 48,000 Hui. There are 22 Hui schools and 5 Hui junior high schools in Handan.[21]
There are also 300,000 Protestants. The largest Protestant church is on Qianjin Avenue (邯郸市西堂) and was built in 1997.[24] The oldest church was on Congtai Street and was built in 1920. The church was destroyed in 2009 by the local government.[25] A new church was built in 2011.[26]
According to the local government 30,000 Hui Muslims live in the prefecture of Handan.[27]
Culture
Idioms
Handan is hailed as the capital of Chinese idioms.[28] As a prosperous city and cultural center during the Warring States period, Handan attracted many scholars. Over 1,500 idioms and proverbs are attributed to the city.[9] The following are some of the most well known idioms.
邯鄲學步 (literally: "to study the walking method of Handan"), meaning to badly imitate others, and lose one's individuality in the process.
黃粱一夢 (literally: "millet dream"), meaning a pipe dream.
頂天立地 (literally: "stand upright on one's two legs between heaven and earth"), meaning to be fiercely independent.
圍魏救趙 (literally: "to besiege the State of Wei to rescue the State of Zhao"), meaning to relieve a besieged ally by attacking the besiegers.
不可同日而語 (literally: "musn't speak of the two things on the same day"), meaning incomparable.
驚弓之鳥 (literally: "a bird frightened by the mere sound of shooting arrows"), a panic-stricken person.
鷸蚌相爭，漁翁得利 (literally: "when the snipe and the oyster fight, it is the fisherman that wins"), when two parties fight, it is always the third one who wins. King of Yan sent a representative to King Hui of Zhao to relay this message in order for him to rethink his plans of war.
曠日持久 (literally: "drawn out and protracted"), meaning to be protracted.
Lin Xiangru, politician of the Warring States period. He's featured in two idioms, "Returning the Jade to Zhao" and "Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt".
Hebei is a province in North China. It is China's sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It borders Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, Shandong and Liaoning to the east, and Inner Mongolia to the north; in addition, Hebei entirely surrounds the direct-administered municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin on land. Its population is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0.3% Mongol. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Jilu Mandarin, the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, and Jin Chinese.
This is a list of historical capitals of China.
Wei was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang.
Zhao was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the tripartite division of Jin, along with Han and Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan, as well as various nomadic peoples including the Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei province.
Yan was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Its capital was Ji. During the Warring States period, the court was also moved to another capital at Xiadu at times.
Qin was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. It is traditionally dated to 897 BC. The Qin state originated from a reconquest of western lands that had previously been lost to the Xirong. Its location at the western edge of Chinese civilisation allowed for expansion and development that was not available to its rivals in the North China Plain.
Baoding is a prefecture-level city in central Hebei province, approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) southwest of Beijing. As of the 2020 census, Baoding City had 11,544,036 inhabitants, of which 2,549,787 lived in the metropolitan area made of 4 out of 5 urban districts: Lianchi, Jingxiu, Qingyuan, and Mancheng all of which are largely conurbated. Accounting for about one-sixth of the population of Hebei Province.Baoding is among 13 Chinese cities with a population of over 10 million, ranking seventh. Zhuozhou City in the northern part has now grown into part of the Beijing metro area.
Zhangjiakou, also known as Kalgan and by several other names, is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hebei province in Northern China, bordering Beijing to the southeast, Inner Mongolia to the north and west, and Shanxi to the southwest. By 2020, its population was 4,118,908 inhabitants on 36,861.56 square kilometres (14,232.33 sq mi), divided into 17 Counties and Districts. The built-up area made of Qiaoxi, Qiaodong, Chongli, Xuanhua, Xiahuayuan Districts largely being conurbated had 1,413,861 inhabitants in 2020 on 5,266 km2 (2,033 sq mi).
Xingtai, formerly known as Xingzhou and Shunde, is a prefecture-level city in southern Hebei province, People's Republic of China. It has a total area of 12,486 km2 (4,821 sq mi) and administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 12 counties. At the 2020 census, its population was 7,111,106 inhabitants. It borders Shijiazhuang and Hengshui in the north, Handan in the south, and the provinces of Shandong and Shanxi in the east and west respectively.
You Prefecture or YouProvince, also known by its Chinese name Youzhou, was a prefecture (zhou) in northern China during its imperial era.
Fàn is a Chinese family name. It is also one of the most common surnames in Vietnam, where it is written as Pham, and occurs in Korea as Beom. It is the 46th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem in Chinese.
Hedong Commandery was a historical region in the Qin and Han dynasties of ancient China. Hedong was located to the east of the Yellow River in Shanxi.
This is a family tree of Chinese monarchs from the foundation of the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE until the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Qin's wars of unification were a series of military campaigns launched in the late third century BC by the state of Qin against the other six states remaining in China – Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi. Between 247 and 221 BC, Qin had developed into the most powerful of China's Seven Warring States that coalesced in the wake of the declining Zhou dynasty, which had been reduced to a weak and merely ceremonial position during the Warring States period. In 230 BC, Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, began the sequence of campaigns that would bring the Warring States period to a close, setting out to conquer each of the six states one by one. This was completed in 221 BC with the fall of Qi, which further led to a more centralised form of government replacing the fengjian system of the Zhou dynasty. Ying Zheng declared himself the First Emperor – or Shi Huangdi – of a unified China under the Qin dynasty.
Qian'an is a county-level city in the northeast of Hebei province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tangshan. The city spans an area of 1,227 square kilometres (474 sq mi), and has a population of 775,813 as of 2021.
She County, or Shexian, is a county of southwestern Hebei Province, China, located on the lower reaches of the Zhang River and bordering Shanxi to the west and Henan to the south. It is under the administration of the Handan City, with a population of 400,000 residing in an area of 1,509 km2 (583 sq mi).
The Partition of Jin, the watershed between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, refers to the division of the State of Jin between rival families into the three states of Han, Zhao and Wei. As a result, the three states were often referred to as the "Three Jins".
Shangdang Commandery or Shangdang Prefecture was an administrative subdivision of ancient China from the time of the Spring and Autumn period. Consisting of a number of districts or Zhōu, the prefecture covered roughly the area of modern-day Changzhi City in south east Shanxi Province.
Zhao Jia, also known as Jia, King of Dai (代王嘉) or Jia, King of Zhao (趙王嘉), reigned as the only king of the Dai state from 227 to 223 BC. His realm was a rump state of the Zhao state that covered only a northern fraction of the Zhao territories. In this regard, he is sometimes considered the last ruler of Zhao.
Mao Sui, was born in the Zhao state during the Warring States period. He was a retainer of Lord Pingyuan, namely Zhao Sheng. Mao lived in Zhao for three years but success eluded him. In 257 BC, after the Battle of Changping, Zhao refused to cede territory to the Qin. As a result, Qin attacked Handan, the capital of Zhao. On its part, Zhao sought assistance from the Chu state. Mao Sui recommended himself to the Chu State and was successful in persuading the Chu to assist Zhao. In return, Mao Sui gained fame, and it was widely believed that: "A good tongue of Mao Sui is stronger than a million soldiers."
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