In terms of urban population,Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population,Tianjin ranks fifth in mainland China.[7] The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860,Tianjin has been a seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion,the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government. Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China,Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region.[8] At that time,European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions,some of which are preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China,Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and the 1976 Tangshan earthquake;however,it has been recovering since the 1990s.[9] Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city,a Large-Port Megacity,due to its large urban population and port traffic volume.[10]
The origin of the name is disputed. One traditional theory says that it was an homage to the ChupoetQu Yuan,whose "Li Sao" includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." (朝發軔於天津兮;zhāo fārèn yúTiānjīn xī). Another says that it honors the former name of the Girl,a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui. A third says that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin. The most common theory says that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming,who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew,the Jianwen Emperor.[19]
Prior to the introduction of pinyin,the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization. The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958,after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries,international organizations and media outlets have adopted the pinyin name since in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) has continued to use the postal and Wade–Giles spelling since the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.
History
Early history
The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the Bohai Gulf,including the Yellow River,which entered the open sea in the area at one time. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin,as the canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin began to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gained importance during the Yuan dynasty. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty;it was a center of commerce by the 17th century.[20]
Qing dynasty
During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911),the Tianjin Prefecture,or Zhou (州),was established in 1725,and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later,it became an urban prefecture or Fu (府),before becoming a relay station (駐地) under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili.
In 1856,Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow,a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy,smuggling,and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response,the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture the Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year,the British and French prevailed,and the Treaty of Tientsin was signed,which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860,so Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900,Britain and France were joined by Japan,Germany and Russia,and some countries without Chinese concessions,such as Austria-Hungary,Italy and Belgium,in establishing self-contained concessions in Tianjin,each with its own prisons,schools,barracks and hospitals.[21] These nations left architectural reminders of their rule,which include churches and thousands of villas.
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful;one violent incident was that of the Tianjin Church Massacre. In June 1870,the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (translated as Church Our Lady's Victories[citation needed]) in Tianjin,which built by French Roman Catholic missionaries,was accused of kidnapping and brainwashing Chinese children. On June 21,the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a conflict at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate,killing eighteen foreigners,including ten French nuns,the French consul,and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government,which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.
In 1885,Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy (天津武備學堂) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms.[22] The academy's founding was supported by the Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan.[22]:267 The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the Green Standard Army officers. The instructors were German officers.[22]:267 In 1887,the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers;the program continued for five years.[22]:268 Practical and technical subjects including sciences,foreign languages,Chinese literature,mathematics,and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.[22]:268 A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy,which was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy.[22]:268 In 1886,the Tianjin Military Academy adopted Romance of the Three Kingdoms as part of its curriculum.[23] Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui;its staff included Yinchang.
In June 1900,the Boxers were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26,European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang;they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.
Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road,built in 1930
In July 1900,the Eight-Nation Alliancerecaptured Tianjin. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government,which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia,Britain,Japan,Germany,France,America,Austro-Hungary,and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15,1902,when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city,establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907,Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.
Major crossing (Rue Général Foch and Rue de Chaylard) of downtown Tianjin in French concession
Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin,and the Italians,French,Japanese,Germans,Russians,and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments;the United States did not initially participate. During World War I,the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as prisoners of war by Allied Forces;meanwhile,in 1918,the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920,the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them,and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment,minus one battalion,to Tianjin from the Philippines.
Because of the development of industry,commerce and finance in the city,Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935,Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei;afterwards,it was reestablished as an independent municipality.
Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General George C. Marshall,the "architect of victory" in World War II,during which he was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army,served in Tianjin in the 1920s as the Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew the infantry unit in 1938,but the nation's presence was maintained by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.
Asahi Street (now Heping Road) in 1939 Tianjin flood
Second Sino-Japanese War
On July 30,1937,during the Second Sino-Japanese War,Tianjin fell to Japan,but was not entirely occupied,as the Japanese generally respected foreign concessions until 1941,when American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939,the Tientsin Incident damaged Anglo-Japanese relations. On June 14,1939,the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded a British concession due to the refusal of British authorities to transfer six Chinese people,who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge in the British concession,to be under Japan's authority. For a time,the events of 1939 appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war,especially when reports of the Japanese Army mistreating British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in British newspapers. The situation ended when British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters,and that given the situation in Europe,it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters,thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese people,who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation,Tianjin was ruled by the North China Executive Committee,a puppet state based in Beijing.
On August 9,1940,all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14,1941,the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave,but before it left,the Japanese attacked the United States. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8,1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to Vichy) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943,Japanese troops took the Italian concession,following a battle with its garrison,and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded the concession to Wang Jingwei's Japan-controlled puppet state. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15,1945,with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.
After World War II
P.R.China's 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959
In the Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War,the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15,1949.
From 1949 to February 1958,Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952,Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors,and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958,due to the "Great Leap Forward" and the city's industrial foundation,Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province,which was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period,under the coordination of the State Council,the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning,which was independent of Hebei Province. However,a number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei,hindering Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967,due to preparation and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield,Hebei Province repatriated its provincial capital to Baoding,and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so. In April 1970,since the central government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway,the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project using the name of the channel and by build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973,five counties,including Jixian,Baodi,Wuqing,Jinghai,and Ninghe,were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.
Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and Tianjin Eye
On July 28,1976,during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake,Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city,24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year,the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981,Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River;it is now used to supply water for Beijing;however;the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin,resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result,during 1976,the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers.
Monument of TEDA
In 1984,during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms,Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone's economy began to develop. However,the overall speed of development in Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994,Tianjin began its industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area,with the Tianjin Port as its core. In October 2005,the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee convened;its meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening of the Binhai New Area into its Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the national development strategy. In March 2006,the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city,a northern economic center,and an ecological city." Since then,the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006,the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year,the State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area were announced;they stated the following:"In financial enterprises,financial services,financial markets,and finance Major reforms such as opening up can,in principle,be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area."
In August 2008,China's first high-speed railway,the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway,which has a speed of 350 kilometers per hour,was opened. In August 2008,Tianjin was the co-host city of the 29th Olympic Games. In September 2008,the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum (also called Summer Davos) began to be established in Tianjin;it is now held every two years.[24] In October 2010,the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin.[25] In 2012,the Tianjin Metro Lines 2,3,and 9 were completed and open to traffic,and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.
In October 2013,Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the East Asian Games. In 2014,the coordinated development of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy;Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base,Northern International Shipping Core Area,Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area,and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year,the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed,so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26,2015,the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21,the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27,Jincheng Bank,the first private bank in northern China,officially opened its doors.
2015 Tianjin explosion
On August 12,2015,a fire and explosion occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port,causing 173 deaths,hundreds of injuries,and property losses.[26] The first two explosions at the facility,which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin,happened within 30 seconds of each other;the second explosion was larger and involved the detonation of approximately 800 tons of ammonium nitrate (equivalent to about 256 tons of TNT). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrollably throughout the weekend,resulting in eight additional explosions on August 15. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated to be $9 billion,making it the most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.
Panorama of Hai River
Geography
Population density and low elevation coastal zones in the Tianjin area. Tianjin is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.Tianjin (labeled as T'IEN-CHIN (TIENTSIN) 天津) (1955)Map of the Hai River Basin2011 satellite image of Tianjin. The city center was on the left,while the smaller urban area to the right was the Binhai New Area.Hai River in 2011
Tianjin is located on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf;the provinces of Shandong and Liaoning are located across those waters. The city is bordered by Beijing,which is 120 kilometers (75mi) to the northwest. Tianjin is surrounded on all sides by Hebei,with the exception of its eastern border,which is the Bohai Sea. With a latitude ranging from 38°34' to 40°15' N and a longitude ranging from 116°43' to 118°04' E,the total area of the city is 11,860.63 square kilometers (4,579.41sqmi).
The city has 153km (95mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80mi) of land border.[27] It is located at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China,which connects with the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. The municipality is generally flat and is swampy near the coast;however,it has hills in the north,where the Yan Mountains enter Tianjin. Tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city.[28] The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak (九顶山) in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei;the mountain has an altitude of 1,078.5m (3,538ft).
Tianjin has a semi-arid climate (suing the Köppen system,the city has a BSk climate bordering on Dwa). As in other areas of East Asia,the city has a four-season,monsoon-influenced climate;it also has cold,windy,and dry winters due to the Siberian anticyclone and hot,humid summers due to the monsoon season. Spring in the city is dry and windy;the season sometimes consists of sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert,which are capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −2.8°C (27.0°F) in January to 27.2°C (81.0°F) in July,with an annual mean of 13.3°C (55.9°F). Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from −22.9°C (−9°F) to 40.5°C (105°F).[29] With the monthly percentage of the possible amount of sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 61% in March and April,the city receives 2,460 hours of sunshine annually. Having an annual total precipitation of 521 millimeters (20.5in),with nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone,the city lies within the semi-arid climate zone,although parts of the municipality are humid continental (KöppenBSk/Dwa,respectively).[30]
Climate data for Tianjin (Dongli District) (1991–2020 normals)
In May 2014,the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several methods to restrict pollution on days when is severe,such as by halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads,halting construction and manufacturing activity,closing schools,and halting large-scale outdoor activities.[34]
In the past,flights have also been grounded and highways have been closed.[35]
Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality,citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste."[36]
The Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration,but has rights similar to those of a regular district. At the end of 2017,the total population of Tianjin was 15.57 million.
Tianjin's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014,an increase of 10.0 percent over its GDP in 2013. The city of Tianjin had China's highest per-capita GDP of $17,126,followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847.[42]
Industries include petrochemical industries,textiles,car manufacturing,mechanical industries,and metalworking. EADS Airbus is one of the manufacturers in the city,and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners;the plant has been operational since 2009. As of 2010,the fastest supercomputer in the world,Tianhe-1A,has been located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin. The city's GDP in 2009 was ¥750.1 billion,with a GDP per capita of RMB ¥62,403.[citation needed]
As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones,the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6,1984,with the approval of the State Council. It is given state preferential policies with the task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop new technology-oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organization of the Tianjin Municipal Government,the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and has provincial-level administrative and economic management rights.[citation needed]
Tianjin Export Processing Zone
The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council,having been approved on April 27,2000. This area is a special enclosed zone. where Customs officials conduct constant administration for commodities transported into and out of the zone. The central government granted the special economic zone preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA and has a planned area of 2.54km2 (0.98sqmi). The area developed in the first phase is 1 square meter (11sqft) wide. A permanent wall is built to separate the export processing and non-export processing zones.[43]
Tianjin Airport Economic Area
The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting,warehousing,distribution,processing,and exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China.[44]
The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved for establishment in 1991 by State Council. It is 30km (19mi) from Tianjin city proper,less than 1km (0.62mi) away from the wharf,[clarification needed] and 38km (24mi) away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport.[45]
Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area
The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995. It is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine technology industry. By the end of 2008,the zone had 2,068 corporations and 5 industries there,including those for new materials,oil manufacturing,modern machinery manufacturing,and electronic information.[46]
Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone
The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor,a part of the"dual-city,dual-harbor" space development strategy of Tianjin,and a zone with a circular economy. The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200km2 (77sqmi),of which the terrestrial area is 162km2 (63sqmi).
Agriculture
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat,rice,and maize are the most economically important crops.
Resources
Tianjin Municipality has deposits of about 1billion tonnes of petroleum,with Dagang District containing oilfields. Salt production is also one of the city's industries,with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's salt production areas.[clarify]Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.[citation needed]
The Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) is located at the juncture of the Beijing-Tianjin City Belt and the Circum-Bohai City Belt. It is the gateway to North China,Northeast China,and Northwest China. Lying in the center of Northeast Asia,it is the nearest point of departure of the Eurasian Continental Bridge.[citation needed]
Demographics
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1953
2,693,831
—
1982
7,764,141
+188.2%
1990
8,785,402
+13.2%
2000
9,848,731
+12.1%
2010
12,938,224
+31.4%
2013
14,720,000
+13.8%
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.
At the end of 2009,the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28million,of which 9.8million owned and lived in Tianjin hukou (permanent residences). Among permanent residents of Tianjin,5.99million lived in urban areas,while 3.81million lived in rural ones.[47] Tianjin has recently shifted to population growth;its population had reached 14.72 million as of the end of 2013.[48]
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have,as of 2010[update],a population of 15.4 million.[49][50]
The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese. People from 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups live in Tianjin. Minorities with higher populations in the city include Hui,Korean,Manchu,and Mongol people.
Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station is a radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting for nine channels,it serves most of North China,as well as a part of East and Northeast China,reaching an audience of over 100 million.[52]Tianjin Television,the local television station,broadcasts on nine channels. It also has a paid digital channel,which features home improvement programs.[53][non-primary source needed] Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film,Radio and Television Group,which was established in October 2002.[54][non-primary source needed]
Local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao (transl.Tonight Newspaper),which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group,respectively. There are also three English-language magazines:Jin,[55][non-primary source needed]Tianjin Plus[56][non-primary source needed] and Business Tianjin,[57][non-primary source needed] which are mainly directed at expats resident in the city.
Previous newspapers
The first German newspaper in northern China,Tageblatt für Nordchina (also spelled as Tageblatt für Nord China),was published in Tianjin,which was known as Tientsin at the time.[58]
In 1912,Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and five daily newspapers in other languages. None of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers,three were in English;the other two were in French and German,respectively. Newspapers from Tianjin published in the city included China Critic,Peking and Tientsin Times,The China Times,[59]Tageblatt für Nordchina,L'Écho de Tientsin,China Tribune,Ta Kung Pao (L'Impartial),Min Hsing Pao,and Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao (Tsientsin Daily News).[60] Newspapers from Beijing published in Tianjin included Pei Ching Jih Pao,Peking Daily News,and Le Journal de Peking.[59]
In 1930,the newspaper Deutsch-Mandschurische Nachrichten[12] moved from Harbin to Tianjin and changed its name to the Deutsch-Chinesische Nachrichten.[61]
Censorship capital
China's leading Internet information providers (which are usually located in Beijing),including social networks Sina Weibo and Douban,as well as the online video website Sohu,have been increasingly relocating their censorship departments to Tianjin,where labor costs are cheaper than in Beijing,as censorship is a type of labor-intensive work. In fact,Tianjin is considered to have become the censorship capitol for Chinese Internet.[12][62]
The city's streetscapes incorporate nineteenth and early twentieth-century European architecture,juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China. Though areas of the city are being redeveloped,much of the colonial architecture has been placed under protection.
In the nineteenth century,the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers,who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. Using armed gunboats,they were victorious;the Treaty of Tianjin,signed in 1856,gave the Europeans the right to establish nine concessionary bases on the mainland,from which they could conduct trade and sell opium. These concessions,which were along the banks of the Hai River,were self-contained European communities;the French built châteaux and towers,while the Germans constructed red-tiled Bavarian villas. Tensions between the indigenous population and the foreigners were noticeable in the Tianjin Incident of 1870,which occurred when a Chinese mob attacked a French-run orphanage,and again during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900,after which foreigners leveled the walls surrounding the old Chinese city to enable them to watch its residents.
The old city was razed entirely during 2000 and 2001 to make way for new developments. Only several old buildings,such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius,remain.
The network of ex-concession streets south and west of the central train station and south of the Hai River now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors. The châteaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river and mansions that the British built are east of the area. Farther east and south of the river,the architecture has a slight German construction.
People from Tianjin speak the Tianjin dialect of Mandarin,from which it is derived. Despite its proximity to Beijing,the Tianjin dialect sounds different from the Beijing dialect,which provides the basis for Putonghua (Standard Chinese).
Tianjin is known for its stand-up comedy and comedians,including Guo Degang and Ma Sanli. Ma Sanli (1914–2003),an ethnic Hui person and longtime resident of Tianjin,was known for his xiangsheng,a form of Chinese entertainment akin to stand-up comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect. Tianjin,along with Beijing,is a center for the art of xiangsheng. Tianjin's general style of stand-up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers (kuaiban).[63]
Yangliuqing (transl.Green Willows),a town about 15km (9.3mi) west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Xiqing District,is known for its Chinese New Year-themed,traditional,and colorful wash paintings (杨柳青年画). Tianjin is also known for the Zhang clay figurine,a type of colorful figurine depicting a variety of characters,and Tianjin's Wei's kites,which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes and are noted for portability.
On September 28,2015,the Juilliard School in Manhattan,New York City announced an expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China's first lady,Peng Liyuan. At the time,the school had plans to offer a master's degree program. The visit was the institution's first full-scale foray outside the United States .[64]
Tianjin cuisine places a focus on seafood,due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. It can be further classified into several varieties,including rough (Chinese:粗;pinyin:cū),smooth (simplified Chinese:细;traditional Chinese:細;pinyin:xì),and high (Chinese:高;pinyin:gāo) cuisine. Menu options include the Eight Great Bowls (Chinese:八大碗;pinyin:Bādàwǎn),a combination of eight main meat dishes,and the Four Great Stews (Chinese:四大扒;pinyin:sìdàbā),which actually refers to a large number of stews,which may include chicken,duck,seafood,beef,and mutton.
The four foods that are considered to be delicacies of Tianjin include Goubulibaozi,Guifaxiang Shibajie Mahua (Chinese:十八街麻花;pinyin:shíbājiēmáhuā),Erduoyan Zhagao (Chinese:耳朵眼炸糕;pinyin:erduoyǎn zhàgāo) and Maobuwen Jiaozi (Chinese:猫不闻饺子;pinyin:māo bùwén jiǎozi). Known foods include Caoji donkey meat,Bazhen sheep-leg mutton of Guanshengyuan,Luji Tangmian Zhagao,Baiji Shuijiao,Gaogan of Zhilanzhai,Guobacai of Dafulai,Subao of Shitoumenkan and Xiaobao chestnut. These snacks are available in Nanshi Food Street,which has food from Tianjin.
The transportation system in Tianjin is considered to be relatively effective,inclusive and sustainable. The city received the Sustainable Transport Award for 2024 due to its efforts to improve and expand non motorized and public transport,as well as to make it accessible. The policy of the city had an impact on policies at the regional and country level and received support from the World Bank (transportation in Tianjin is its biggest investment in this domain). According to a statement of the Institute for Transportation &Development about policy that resulted in the award,"Thus,the city’s recent investments into sustainable mobility policy and infrastructure have the potential to serve as a model for the rest of China,as the nation works towards achieving carbon neutrality before 2060."[65][66]
Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building,which covers an area of 25,000m2 (269,000sqft),a merchandise warehouse,which covers an area of 29,500m2 (318,000sqft),and runways with a total length of 3.6km (2.2mi). It also has a grade 4E airstrip,which all types of large aircraft can take off from and land safely on. Tianjin Binhai International Airport[67] has 59 flight routes,connecting 48 cities,including 30 domestic cities and 17 foreign cities. Airline companies such as Japan Airlines,All Nippon Airways,Korean Air,Asiana Airlines,Singapore Airlines Cargo and Martinair Holland all have routes to Tianjin Binhai International Airport.
The Port of Tianjin is China's largest artificial deep water harbor;its throughput capacity is the fifth largest in the world. Located in the Binhai Economic Zone,a national new economic zone of China,Tianjin Harbor is a port for international cruises visiting the wider area,including Beijing.
Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern,high-speed rubber-tired tram system;it is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006,the system marked a return of the tram to Tianjin,which once had a standard steel-wheeled tramway network. The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company[68] in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first citywide tramway system in China. It closed in 1972.
The Tianjin Metro was formerly operated by two companies,Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However,in 2017,the two companies merged to form the Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. It is currently under expansion to create five to nine lines. A total of six lines are currently operating in the city and the Binhai area. As of April 2019,the entire network of Tianjin Metro has 155 stations and 6 lines.
Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4,1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track was 7.4 kilometers (5mi). The metro service was suspended on October 9,2001,for reconstruction. The original line is now part of Line 1 of the new metro system. It was reopened to the public in June 2006. The track was extended to 26.2km (16.280mi);[69] there is now a total of 22 stations. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 was completed in 2012;the two lines are now in operation. Several new metro lines have been planned.
The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows:
Tianjin Metro General Corporation operates Lines 1,2,3 and 6.
Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. operates Lines 5 and 9
There are several railway stations in the city,Tianjin railway station being one of them. It was built in 1888. The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang (simplified Chinese:旺道庄;traditional Chinese:旺道莊;pinyin:Wàngdàozhuāng). The station was later moved to Laolongtou (simplified Chinese:老龙头;traditional Chinese:老龍頭;pinyin:Lǎolóngtóu) on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892;as a result,the station was renamed as Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was completely rebuilt in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15,1987,and was finished on October 1,1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally known as the 'East Station',due to its geographic position. In January 2007,the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project,which involves Tianjin Metro lines 2,3,and 9,as well as the Tianjin-Beijing High-Speed Rail.
The inter-city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system using the letter C (C stands for InterCity) followed by four numbers. The train numbers range between C2001 and C2298. The number ranges are divided into three different groups,which provide information about where a train will go:
C2001–C2198:Directly from Beijing South Station to Tianjin
C2201–C2268:From Beijing South Station to Tianjin,with stops at Wuqing Station (武清站)
C2271–C2298:From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station in Tianjin[70]
The new C trains take 30 minutes to travel between Beijing and Tianjin;the trains make the journey with half the time used by the previous D trains. The ticket price,as of Aug 15,2008,is 69 RMB for first-class seating and 58 RMB for second-class seating.
Bus
Tianjin Bus Route 678
There were over 900 bus lines in the city as of 2005[update].[71]
Roads and expressways
Some roads and bridges,such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road,have retained names given to them while the Republic of China (1912–1949) was in power. As in other cities in China,some roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Unlike Beijing,Tianjin has few roads that run parallel to the four cardinal directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed,traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is similar to a highway-level ring road. The road experiences traffic.
Tianjin's roads often finish in dao (Chinese:道;lit.'avenue') and xian (simplified Chinese:线;traditional Chinese:線;lit.'line'). These suffixes are most often used for highways and through routes. The terms lu (Chinese:路;lit.'road') and jie (Chinese:街;lit.'street') are not generally used. As Tianjin's roads are tend to not be in cardinal directions,jing (simplified Chinese:经;traditional Chinese:經;lit.'avenue') roads and wei (simplified Chinese:纬;traditional Chinese:緯;lit.'avenue') roads appear;these roads attempt to run more directly north–south and east–west,respectively.
Some residents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religious practices,such as the worship of Mazu,a sea goddess. Tianjin also contains the Temple of Great Compassion (a Buddhist temple),St. Joseph's Cathedral (a Catholic cathedral also known as Laoxikai Church),and Our Lady of Victory Church (a Catholic church also known as Wanghailou Church). A Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin exists.[72] According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009,Christians constitute 1.51% of the city's population.[73] Tianjin has been described as a historically "strong center" of Islam in China.[74] Northwestern Tianjin has traditionally been the location of the Muslim quarter of the city,where Muslims have lived for centuries;the area is near the city's Great Mosque,Qingzhen si,which was founded in 1703.[75][76] The city also contains the Dahuoxiang Mosque.[77]
Since 2014,a WTA international tennis tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center.
Martial arts
For some centuries,Tianjin and Beijing had been considered centers for traditional Chinese martial arts. Formerly and currently practiced martial arts including bajiquan,piguazhang,xingyiquan,and baguazhang have been practiced in the city.[78][79][80] The martial arts that the city is known most for are Hong Qiao and Nankai. Martial artists practice in public green spaces such as Xigu Park and the Tianjin Water Park.
Tianjin Yaohua Middle School (天津市耀华中学) was founded in 1927. It was previously known as Tianjin Gongxue by Lefeng Zhuang;it was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle School in 1934.
Tianjin No. 21 High School (天津第二十一中學) (formerly Fahan College—法漢學堂;'College'),was founded in 1895. The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin called it the French academy. It was renamed "工部局學校" in 1902,before moving to its current address in 1916,when it was renamed Fahan College (法漢學堂);in French,it is still known as "Ecole Municipale Francaise". The school is located in an area with political and cultural education in Heping district and is adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China;thus,the main building of the school has retained its church-like appearance. The school covers an area of 10.1 mu (6.7km2);the building's floor has an area of 10,300 square meters.
Tianjin Tianjin High School (天津市天津中学)
Tianjin Fuxing High School (天津市复兴中学)
Tianjin Ruijing High School (天津市瑞景中学)
The Foreign Languages School Affiliated with the Tianjin Foreign Studies University (TFLS;天津外国语学院附属外国语学校)[85][non-primary source needed]
The Tianjin University of Science and Technology is a municipal public university in Binhai, Tianjin, China. It is affiliated with the City of Tianjin and funded by the municipal government. Founded as Hebei Institute of Light Industry in 1958, it received university status in 2002.
The Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway is a Chinese high-speed railway that runs 117 kilometres (72.7 mi) line between Beijing and Tianjin. Designed for passenger traffic only, the Chinese government built the line to accommodate trains traveling at a maximum speed of 350 km/h (217 mph), and currently carries CRH high-speed trains running speeds up to 350 km/h (217 mph) since August 2018.
Transport in Tianjin consists of an extensive network of roads and railways and a major airport. Bicycle is a major means of transport in daily use of the city.
Binhai, fully known as Binhai New Area, abbreviated as Binhai and Bincheng, is a sub-provincial division, new area and special economic zone of China under the jurisdiction of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, located in the eastern coastal area of Tianjin, the center of the Bohai Economic Rim, with a total area of 2,270 square kilometers and a population of 2,067,300, It is the gateway to opening up to the outside world in northern China, a high-level modern manufacturing and R&D transformation base, a northern international shipping center and international logistics center, and a livable and ecological new urban area.
The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The name "Tianjin Xingang", which strictly speaking refers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used to refer to the whole port. The port is on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centred on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km southeast of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010.
Hangu District, is a former district in eastern Tianjin, China; now part of Binhai New Area. It serves as a gateway towards Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces.
The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim (BBER) is the economic region surrounding Tianjin (Tientsin). It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong surrounding the Bohai Sea. This region has undergone major economic and infrastructural changes and is an emerging economic powerhouse of North China, rivaling both the Pearl River Delta in southern China and the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China.
The Port of Tianjin is divided into nine areas: the three core areas of Beijiang, Nanjiang, and Dongjiang around the Xingang fairway; the Haihe area along the river; the Beitang port area around the Beitangkou estuary; the Dagukou port area in the estuary of the Haihe River; and three areas under construction.
The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The name "Tianjin Xingang"(Chinese: 天津新港; pinyin: tiānjīn xīngǎng; lit. 'Tianjin New Port'), which strictly speaking refers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used to refer to the whole port. The Port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centered on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km south east of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010.
The Port of Tianjin falls under the supervisory and regulatory purview of the Tianjin Municipality People’s Government. The 2004 incorporation of the Tianjin Port Authority into TPG formally divested the group of its role as Port Regulator, which passed to the Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority (天津市交通运输和港口管理局), formerly the Tianjin Transport Commission. The TTPA implements state policy on port work; drafts local policies, by-laws and regulations; and licenses, audits, and issues certifications to businesses operating in the port, in particular to ship terminals. The TTPA supervises and manages compliance to all laws and regulations regarding environmental protection, service compliance, pilotage, maintenance of port infrastructure and handling of dangerous goods and disinfection in all terminals and storage areas.
The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The name "Tianjin Xingang"(Chinese: 天津新港; pinyin: tiānjīn xīngǎng; lit. 'Tianjin New Port'), which strictly speaking refers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used to refer to the whole port. The Port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centered on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km south east of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010.
Jing-Jin-Ji cluster is an expanded urban agglomeration consisting of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. It is the biggest urban agglomeration region in North China, including an economic region surrounding the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, and along the coast of the Bohai Sea. This emerging region is rising as a northern metropolitan region rivaling the Pearl River Delta in the south and the Yangtze River Delta in the east. In 2020, Jingjinji had a total population of 110 million people, comparable to that of the Philippines.
Tianjin Free-Trade Zone, officially China (Tianjin) Pilot Free-Trade Zone is a free-trade zone in Tianjin, China. It is the only free-trade zone in North China. The zone covers three areas — Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Dongjiang Free Trade Port Zone and Binhai New Area Central Business District.
Tianjin No. 20 High School is a public secondary school in Heping District in Tianjin.
Beijing–Binhai intercity railway, formerly known as the Second Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway, is a high-speed railway connecting the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. The western section of the railway is built as part of the Beijing–Tangshan intercity railway. From Baodi railway station onwards, the railway will branch south along new trackage to Binhai West railway station in Binhai New Area of Tianjin.
Tianjin Xinhua High School has a long history, was founded in 1914 by Li Luyi, Xia Jingru and others from Catholic Church. It was initially named by "Sheng Gong School"(simplified Chinese: 圣功学堂), and had several times changed its name, among others "Shenggong Girls middle school"(simplified Chinese: 圣功女中), Hebei University secondary school. In 1973 it got named by "Tianjin Xinhua middle school". In 1978, the school was notable as one of the first top schools in Tianjin; in 1994, the school was included in the "Chinese top school selection." It got notable as one of the first state-level demonstration high schools. Each year the school received more than 40 honors at all levels. The school is located in Machang Road 99, Hexi District, Tianjin, covers an area of 40,000 square meters.
The city of Tianjin considers itself the original home or birthplace of Chinese industrial revolution. Modern industry started there with Tianjin Machine Factory which was established by the Qing government during the Self-Strengthening Movement. Afterwards, Yuan Shikai promoted new policies in Tianjin. Numerous modern industrial enterprises mushroomed in Hebei New District in the northern bank of the Hai River. Including Zhou Xuexi, many industrialists established large enterprise groups that were managed by merchant and supervised by the government. By the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese private enterprises were booming. Among them is the most representative Yongli Alkali Factory which won the gold award and certificate in Philadelphia, the U.S. in 1926 by the sodium carbonate it produced. The factory was praised as "the symbol of developing important chemical industry of the Republic China". The development of Tianjin's modern industrial and the establishment of the Concessions in Tianjin contributed to the rapid expansion of modern Tianjin to become the biggest city and center of industry and commerce in northern China, as well as the second biggest city of industry, finance and trade in China. The development of Tianjin modern industry mainly went through four stages: initial period, evolution period, booming period and occupied period. Because of the industrial boom of Tianjin modern industry, the government of Tianjin built The Tianjin Museum of Modern Industry in Divergence estuary for commemoration.
Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt, including four main national Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zones in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Baoding, i.e. Zhongguancun, Tianjin Binhai Hi-Tech Zone, Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Zone and Baoding Hi-Tech Zone. The place is one of the main Hi-Tech Industrial Belts in China(Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou and Pearl River Delta).
The British concession of Tianjin was one of seven total British concessions in China. It was one of nine foreign concessions in Tianjin, and was the earliest established and most successful out of all of the concessions. The concession bordered the French and Germans to the northwest and southeast, respectively, and faced the Russian concession across the Hai river. The settlement prospered economically, and many legacies of the British influence over Tianjin can be seen today.
Tsin Ku University, was a Jesuit Catholic university established by the French Jesuits in Tianjin, China. It was the second Catholic university in China and one of the earliest universities in modern China to offer architectural education. Founded in 1921, its official name was originally French: Institut des Hautes Études Industrielles et Commerciales de Tientsin, translated into Chinese as 天津工商大学. In August 1933, it was officially registered under the Ministry of Education of the Nationalist Government as Private Tientsin Kung Shang College (私立天津工商学院). In October 1948, it was restructured into a university and named Private Tsin Ku University (私立津沽大学). In September 1951, it was converted from private to public and became subordinate to the Ministry of Education. In August 1952, as part of higher education restructuring, Tsin Ku University was dissolved. The engineering college merged into Tianjin University, the school of finance and economics merged into Nankai University, and based on its former campus, the Teacher Training College of Tsin Ku University became Tianjin Teacher Training College, which later evolved into Hebei University. In November 1970, Hebei University relocated to Baoding. Some faculty and students who did not move established Tianjin Foreign Studies Institute on the original Tsin Ku University campus, which has since been upgraded to Tianjin Foreign Studies University.
↑ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p.813. ISBN1-884964-04-4.
↑ Donati, Sabina (June 2016). "Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922". The Historical Journal. 59 (2): 447–468. doi:10.1017/S0018246X15000461. S2CID163536150.
↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
↑ 第二次湖南R＆D资源清查主要数据公报（第四号） (in Simplified Chinese). Stats.gov.cn. February 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
↑ National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003). 《2000年人口普查中國民族人口資料》[Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
↑ 天津人民广播电台 (in Simplified Chinese). Radiotj.com. December 22, 2010. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
↑ McDougall, Bonnie S. (1984). Popular Chinese literature and performing arts in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979. University of California Press. p.84.
↑ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p.484. ISBN9780195309911.
↑ "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. Walter de Gruyter, January 1, 2003. ISBN3110962799, ISBN9783110962796.
Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences. K.G. Saur, 2003. ISBN3598218370, 9783598218378.
Further reading
(fr) Mathieu Gotteland, Les forces de l'ordre japonaises à Tientsin, 1914–1940: Un point de vue français, Éditions universitaires européennes, 2015.
Donati, Sabina (June 2016). "Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922". The Historical Journal. 59 (2): 447–468. doi:10.1017/S0018246X15000461. S2CID163536150.
Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
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