Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and politician who served as the second provisional president of the Republic of China and head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916. A major political figure during the late Qing dynasty,he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in 1912,which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China.
Hebei or,is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province,with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese,3% Manchu,0.8% Hui,and 0.3% Mongol. Three Mandarin dialects are spoken:Jilu Mandarin,Beijing Mandarin and Jin.
Li Hongzhang,Marquess Suyi was a Chinese statesman,general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty. He quelled several major rebellions and served in important positions in the Qing imperial court,including the Viceroy of Zhili,Huguang and Liangguang.
The term Beiyang literally means Northern Ocean. Initially a purely geographic term,it originated toward the end of the Qing dynasty,and it referred to the coastal provinces of Zhili,Shandong and Liaoning that bordered the Yellow Sea and surrounded the imperial capital of Beijing.
Hešeri,is a clan of Manchu nobility with Jianzhou Jurchens roots,originally hailing from the area which is now the modern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It was once one of the most important and powerful noble families in the early Qing dynasty in China,second only to the royal House of Aisin Gioro,to whom they were closely related by marriage.
The Beiyang Army,named after the Beiyang region,was a large,Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of Qing China's military system. The Beiyang Army played a major role in Chinese politics for at least three decades and arguably right up to 1949. It made the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 possible,and,by dividing into warlord factions known as the Beiyang Clique,ushered in a period of regional division.
Zongdu,usually translated as Viceroy,Head of State or Governor-General,governed one territory or more provinces of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Qishan,courtesy name Jing'an,was a Mongol nobleman and official of the late Qing dynasty. He was of Khalkha Mongol and Borjigit descent,and his family was under the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He is best known for negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi on behalf of the Qing government with the British during the First Opium War of 1839–42.
Ronglu,courtesy name Zhonghua,was a Manchu political and military leader of the late Qing dynasty. He was born in the Guwalgiya clan,which was under the Plain White Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. Deeply favoured by Empress Dowager Cixi,he served in a number of important civil and military positions in the Qing government,including the Zongli Yamen,Grand Council,Grand Secretary,Viceroy of Zhili,Beiyang Trade Minister,Secretary of Defence,Nine Gates Infantry Commander,and Wuwei Corps Commander. He was also the maternal grandfather of Puyi,the last Emperor of China and the Qing dynasty.
The Viceroy of Liangguang,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Two Guang Provinces and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. The Viceroy of Liangguang had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Guangdong Province and then Guangxi Province.
Baoding Military Academy or Paoting Military Academy was a military academy based in Baoding,during the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China,in the first two decades of the 20th century. For a time,it was the most important military academy in China,and its cadets played prominent roles in the political and military history of the Republic of China. The Baoding Military Academy closed in 1923,but served as a model for the Whampoa Military Academy,which was founded in Guangzhou in 1924. It,along with the Yunnan Military Academy and the Whampoa Military Academy,was one of the “three major strategist cradles in modern China”. During the Second Sino-Japanese War,half of 300 divisions in China's armed forces were commanded by Whampoa graduates and one-third were Baoding cadets.
The Viceroy of Liangjiang,fully named in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages,Management of Rivers,and Administration on Nanhe Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province and then Jiangxi Province. The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.
The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Shaanxi,Gansu and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages,Tea and Horses and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Shaanxi Province and then Gansu Province.
The Viceroy of Huguang,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Hubei,Hunan and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Huguang had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Hubei Province and then Hunan Province.
The Viceroy of Yun-Gui,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Yun-Gui Provinces and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty of China. The Viceroy of Yun-Gui had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Yunnan Province and then Guizhou Province.
The Viceroy of Sichuan,fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Sichuan and Other Local Areas,in Charge of Military Affairs,Food and Wages and Governor Affairs,was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Sichuan had jurisdiction of military,civil,and political affairs over then Sichuan Province.
Duanfang,courtesy name Wuqiao,was a Manchu politician,educator and collector who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He was a member of the Tohoro clan and the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners.
Shuntian Prefecture was an administrative region of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties,equivalent to Beijing Municipality in today's People's Republic of China. However,the area of the prefecture jurisdiction was different. The term Shuntian fu also referred to the yamen (office) of the prefecture's local government.
Bichang of the Mongol Eledete clan,courtesy name Dongyuan (東垣) and art name Xingquan (星泉),was a Qing dynasty official who served first in high-ranking posts in Xinjiang and later as Viceroy of Liangjiang under the Daoguang Emperor. He was also a writer,an accomplished poet,and a painter. His posthumous name was Qinxiang (勤襄).
The Qing dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.
