Henan

For other uses, see Henan (disambiguation) and 河南 (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with the unrelated province of Hunan.

Henan Province 河南省
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	河南省 (Hénán Shěng)
• Abbreviation	HA / HEN / 豫 (pinyin :Yù)
Clockwise: Mount Song, Kaifeng, Fawang Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng, Fawang Temple entrance, Longmen Grottoes
Map showing the location of Henan Province
Coordinates: 33°54′N113°30′E / 33.9°N 113.5°E / 33.9; 113.5 Coordinates: 33°54′N113°30′E / 33.9°N 113.5°E / 33.9; 113.5
Country	China
Named for	河 hé – (Yellow) River 南 nán – south "south of the Yellow River"
Capital (and largest city)	Zhengzhou
Divisions	17 prefectures, 159 counties, 2,455 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Henan Provincial People's Congress
•  CCP Secretary	Lou Yangsheng
•  Congress chairman	Lou Yangsheng
•  Governor	Wang Kai
•  CPPCC chairman	Liu Wei
Area [1]
• Total	167,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi)
Area rank	17th
Highest elevation (Laoyachanao)	2,413.8 m (7,919.3 ft)
Population  (2020) [2]
• Total	99,365,519
• Rank	3rd
• Density	600/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
• Density rank	7th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han – 98.8% Hui – 1%
• Languages and dialects	Zhongyuan Mandarin, Jin
ISO 3166 code	CN-HA
GDP (2020)	CNY 5.499 trillion USD 797 billion (5th) [3]
- per capita	CNY 55,348 USD 8,021 (19th)
• growth	1.3%
HDI (2019)	0.742 [4] (high) (18th)
Website	henan.gov.cn

1. New district established after census: Xiangfu (Kaifeng County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
2. New district established after census: Jian'an (Xuchang County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
3. New district established after census: Shanzhou (Shanxian County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.

Henan
"Henan" in Chinese characters

Most populous cities in Henan Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population [26]
	Rank		Pop.	Rank		Pop.
Zhengzhou Luoyang	1	Zhengzhou	6,261,900	11	Luohe	610,300	Nanyang Kaifeng
	2	Luoyang	2,359,800	12	Xinyang	609,200
	3	Nanyang	1,604,700	13	Xuchang	565,800
	4	Kaifeng	1,023,000	14	Zhumadian	513,800
	5	Shangqiu	964,800	15	Sanmenxia	494,200
	6	Pingdingshan	964,500	16	Hebi	490,200
	7	Jiaozuo	801,000	17	Yongcheng	466,000
	8	Xinxiang	789,600	18	Yuzhou	434,400
	9	Anyang	760,000	19	Zhoukou	431,300
	10	Puyang	611,400	20	Ruzhou	410,000

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1912 [27]	28,518,000	—
1928 [28]	30,566,000	+7.2%
1936–37 [29]	34,290,000	+12.2%
1947 [30]	29,654,000	−13.5%
1954 [31]	44,214,594	+49.1%
1964 [32]	50,325,511	+13.8%
1982 [33]	74,422,739	+47.9%
1990 [34]	85,509,535	+14.9%
2000 [35]	91,236,854	+6.7%
2010 [36]	94,023,567	+3.1%

With a population of approximately 93.6 million, Henan is the third most populous Chinese province after Guangdong and Shandong. It is also the fifth most populous sub-national division in the world. If it were a country by itself, it would be the twelfth most populous in the world, just behind Mexico and ahead of the Philippines. However, the hukou system shows Henan as the most populous province in China with over 103 million people, as it counts the migrant Henanese laborers as residents of Henan, instead of the province they currently reside in. On the other hand, Guangdong is shown as having only 81 million people, though the actual population is 95 million due to the influx of migrants from other provinces.

The population is highly homogeneous with 98.8% of the population being Han. Small populations of Mongols and Manchus exists in scattered rural communities as well as major urban centers. Along with Jiangxi, Henan has one of the most unbalanced gender ratios in China. As a result of the Chinese government's one-child policy (many parents do not want the only child to be female and abort the fetus), the gender ratio was 118.46 males for 100 females in 2000. Subsequently, aborting fetuses due to their female sex was banned in Henan and heavy fines are issued for those who violate the law. In addition, daughter-only families receive an annual allowance from the government. ^[37] Despite these efforts the problem seems to have become far worse. Based on a 2009 British Medical Journal study, the ratio is over 140 boys for every 100 girls in the 1–4 age group; ^[38] this might be a strong exaggeration, as many families with more than one child do not register their daughters to the hukou in order to escape fines.

Religion

Religion in Henan (2012) ^[39]

  Non religious and traditional faiths (86.1%)

   Buddhism (6.4%)

   Protestantism (5.6%)

   Catholic (0.5%)

   Islam (1.3%)

  Others (0.2%)

According to a 2012 survey ^[39] only around 13% of the population of Henan belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with 6.4%, followed by Protestants with 5.6%, Muslims with 1.3% and Catholics with 0.5%. Henan has some important centres of Chinese Buddhism, the White Horse Temple and the famous Shaolin Monastery.

Henan has also the largest Christian population by numbers and percentage of any province of China, ^[39] 6.1% of the province's population as of 2012 ^[update] , corresponding to approximately 7 million Christians. A 2009 survey reported the share of Christians to be 9.33%. ^[40] In 2019, Communist officials demolished the True Jesus Church near Zhumadian city in Henan province. ^[41] In 2020, Communist officials demolished the Sunzhuang Church. ^[42]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 86% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects (for example, a sect that is endogenous to Henan is the Tianxian miaodao). According to a 2007 survey, approximately 8% of the Henanese believe in and are involved in ancestor veneration, the traditional Chinese religion of the lineages organised into lineage churches and ancestral shrines. ^[40]

Detail with incense burner at the Guanlin, Temple Mausoleum of Guandi in Luoyang.

Indian style pavilion of the White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China.

Temple of the Chenghuangshen (City God) of Anyang.

The Zhongyuan Buddha (Great Buddha of the Central Plains) of the Temple of the Spring in Lushan is currently the second tallest statue in the world.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Henan and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The Government of Henan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Henan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Henan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Henan Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Henan CPC Party Chief".

Economy

Farmland in Xiping County, Zhumadian

Henan has seen rapid development in its economy over the past two decades, and its economy has expanded at an even faster rate than the national average of 10%. This rapid growth has transformed Henan from one of the poorest provinces to one that matches other central provinces, though still relatively impoverished on a national scale. In 2011, Henan's nominal GDP was 3.20 trillion RMB (US$427 billion), ^[43] making it the fifth largest economy in China, although it ranks nineteenth in terms of GDP per capita.

Henan is a semi-industrialized economy with an underdeveloped service sector. In 2009, Henan's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 277 billion RMB (US$40 billion), 1.097 trillion RMB (US$160 billion), and 563 billion RMB (US$82 billion), respectively. Agriculture has traditionally been a pillar of its economy, with the nation's highest wheat and sesame output and second highest rice output, earning its reputation as the breadbasket of China. Henan is also an important producer of beef, cotton, maize, pork, animal oil, and corn. Food production and processing makes up more than 14% of the output from the province's secondary industry, ^[44] and it is said that 90% of Chinese McDonald's and KFC ingredients comes from Henan.^{[ citation needed ]}

Although Henan's industry has traditionally been based on light textiles and food processing, recent developments have diversified the industry sector to metallurgy, petrol, cement, chemical industry, machinery and electronics. Henan has the second largest molybdenum reserves in the world. Coal, aluminum, alkaline metals and tungsten are also present in large amounts in western Henan. Henan houses some of the biggest limestone reserves in China estimated over 24 billion tons. ^[45] Export and processing of these materials is one of the main sources of revenues.

Henan is actively trying to build its economy around the provincial capital of Zhengzhou, and it is hoped that the province may become an important transportation and manufacturing hub in the years to come. ^[44] In 2008, the total trade volume (import and export) was US$17.5 billion, including US$10.7 billion for exports. Since 2002, 7,111 foreign enterprises have been approved, and foreign funds (FDI) of US$10.64 billion have been used in contracts with a realized FDI of US$5.3 billion. Foreign exchanges are increasing continuously. Friendly provincial relationships have been established with 16 states (districts) in the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, and others. Some cities of Henan have established friendly relationships (sister city) with thirty-two foreign cities.

Henan's service sector is rather small and underdeveloped. Finance and commerce are largely concentrated in urban centers such as Zhengzhou and Luoyang, where the economy is fueled by a large and relatively affluent consumer base. In order to make the economy more knowledge- and technology-based, the government established a number of development zones in all of the major cities, promoting industries such as software, information technologies, new materials, bio-pharmaceutical and photo-machinery-electronics. ^[46] Henan is a major destination for tourists, with places such as Shaolin Temple and Longmen Grottoes attracting millions of tourists each year.

In July 2021, extreme flooding inflicted an estimated US$12.7 billion ^[47] of economic damage in Henan.

Transportation

Henan has some of the most advanced transportation system in China due to its flat terrain and its location at the heart of central China's construction boom. The Jingguang and Longhai Railway, the nation's two most important railways, run through much of the province and intersect at Zhengzhou. Other railway hubs such as Shangqiu, Xinxiang, and Luohe have also become important centers of trade and manufacturing as a result. A high-speed railway links Zhengzhou with Xi'an. Henan's expressway system is highly developed and the total length is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi), the highest total for any Chinese province. The state of air transport is less stellar, the only 3 public airports are located in Xinzheng (near Zhengzhou), Luoyang, and Nanyang.

Culture

Main article: Zhongyuan culture

• Most of Henan speaks dialects of the Mandarin group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China. Linguists put these dialects into the category of "Zhongyuan Mandarin". The northwestern corner of Henan is an exception, where people speak Jin dialects instead. The dialects of Henan are collectively called "the Henan dialect" in popular usage, with easily identifiable stereotypical features.
• Yu opera (Yuju) is the local form of Chinese opera; it is also well-known and popular across the rest of China. Henan Quju and Henan Yuediao are also important local opera forms.
• Henan cuisine is the local cuisine, with traditions such as the Luoyang Shuixi (Luoyang "Water Table", consisting entirely of various soups, etc.); Xinyang Duncai (Xinyang brewed vegetables), and the traditional cuisine of Kaifeng.
• Important traditional art and craft products include: Junci, a type of porcelain originating in Yuzhou noted for its unpredictable colour patterns; the jade carvings of Zhenping; and Luoyang's Tangsancai ("Tang Three Colours"), which are earthenware figurines made in the traditional style of the Tang dynasty.

Tourism

Henan is located in the Yellow River valley where ancient people lived. Intricate pottery, writing and musical instruments of the Peiligang Culture and Yangshao Culture arose during neolithic times. Three of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China are in Henan: Luoyang, Kaifeng and Anyang. 16 historical sites in Henan are protected at the national level and 267 more at the provincial level.

White Horse Temple

• Mount Jigong, on the southern border.
• Mount Song, near Dengfeng, one of the Five Sacred Mountains of China.
• Shaolin Temple, on Mount Song.
• Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory in Dengfeng, the oldest astronomical observatory in China.
• Longmen Grottoes, near Luoyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
• Songyue Pagoda
• Yinxu in Anyang, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Youguo Temple with the Iron Pagoda
• White Horse Temple in Luoyang
• Baligou in Xinxiang
• Mount Mangdang in Shangqiu
• Yuntai Mountain in Jiaozuo

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Henan

Henan University

• Zhengzhou University
• Henan University of Economics and Law
• Henan University
• Henan Agricultural University
• Henan Polytechnic University
• Henan University of Science and Technology
• Henan Normal University
• North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
• Zhongyuan Institute of Technology
• Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
• Henan University of Technology
• Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management
• Henan Medical University
• Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Xinxiang College
• Huanghe Science and Technology University
• Nanyang Institute of Technology
• Sias University
• Shangqiu College
• Shangqiu Normal College
• Anyang Institute of Technology
• Zhengzhou Grain College
• Zhengzhou University of Technology
• Zhengzhou Textile Institute
• Luoyang Institute of Technology
• Pingdingshan Normal College
• Xinxiang Medical University
• Nanyang Teachers College

Notable individuals

• Zhao Ziyang (17 October 1919 − 17 January 2005), former Premier and CCP Secretary
• Deng Yaping (born 5 February 1973), four-time Olympic gold medalist.
• Du Wei (born 9 February 1982), professional football player
• Ge Xin'ai (born 30 June 1953) Table Tennis World Champion (1975, 1977, 1979)
• Chen Zhong, Olympic gold medalist in Taekwondo
• Liu Guoliang, member of the Chinese table tennis team
• Shang Tang, the first ruling king of the Shang dynasty
• Hui Shi (380 BC−?), philosopher
• Xu Shen (c.58−c. 147), editor of the Shuowen Jiezi
• Ruan Ji (210–263), poet
• Du Fu (712–770), considered one of the greatest of Chinese poets
• Han Yu (768–824), one of China's best known prose writers and poets
• Li Shangyin (813–858), poet
• Cheng Hao (1032–1085) and brother Cheng Yi (1033–1107), Neo-Confucian philosophers
• Li Tang (c. 1080−c. 1130), painter
• Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), second President of the Republic of China
• Feng Youlan (1895–1990), philosopher
• Lao Zi (Lao Tzu: dates uncertain), founder of Daoism
• Chuang Tzu (born 369 BC), Daoist philosopher
• Gao Yaojie, medical doctor
• Mo Zi, founder of Mohism
• Lie Yukou (c. 4th century BC), Daoist philosopher
• Su Qin
• Han Fei (c. 280–233 BC), Legalist philosopher
• Chen Sheng, (known in some sources as Chen She) and Wu Guang (both died 209 BC or 208 BC), leaders of the first rebellion against Qin dynasty
• Jia Yi, a Chinese poet and statesman of the Han dynasty
• Zhang Heng, an astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar of the Eastern Han dynasty
• Feng Yi, a general of the Eastern Han dynasty
• Zhang Ji (style-named Zhang Zhongjing) (150–219), an Eastern Han physician, the author of the Shanghan Zabing Lun
• Xu Shu one of Liu Bei's advisors during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
• Sima Yi (179–251), a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
• Xun Yu (styled-named Wenruo), an advisor to Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period
• Xun You an advisor to Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period
• Deng Ai (?−264), an officer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
• Fan Zhen (c. 450–515), a Chinese philosopher of the Southern Qi dynasty, remembered today for the treatise Shen Mie Lun (On the Annihilation of the Soul)
• Yue Fei (1103–1142), a noted Chinese patriot and general who fought for the Southern Song dynasty against the Jurchen
• Zhong You (151–230), a politician and calligrapher in Wei dynasty of San guo
• Zhu Ting, sixteenth captain of China National Women's Volleyball Team
• Wei Rui, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
• Jia Aoqi, sanshou fighter and professional kickboxer
• Zhang Zhilei, professional heavyweight boxer
• Kong Hongxing, sanshou fighter
• Zhang Jian (born September 1955), judge ^[48]

Sports teams

Professional sports teams in Henan include;

• Chinese Basketball Association
  • Henan Dragons
• Chinese Football Association Jia League
  • Henan Jianye F.C.

See also

• China portal

• List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Henan
• Zhengzhou

References

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Works cited

• Rummel, Rudolph J. (1991). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. New Burnswick; London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN   0-88738-417-X.
• Smith, S. A. (2015). "Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.). Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364. ISBN   978-0674287204.
• Economic profile for Henan at HKTDC

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henan .

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Henan .

• Henan Government website (in Chinese)