Gansu has a population of 26million,ranking 22nd in China. Its population is mostly Han,along with Hui,Dongxiang and Tibetan minorities. The most common language is Mandarin. Gansu is among the poorest administrative divisions in China,ranking last in GDP per capita as of 2019.
The state of Qin originated in what is now southeastern Gansu,and later established the first imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The Northern Silk Road ran through the Hexi Corridor,which passes through Gansu,resulting in it being an important strategic outpost and communications link for the Chinese empire.
The city of Jiayuguan,the second most populated city in Gansu,is known for its section of the Great Wall and the Jiayu Pass fortress complex.
Gansu is abbreviated as 甘 (Gān) or 陇 (Lǒng),and was also known as Longxi (陇西;'west of Long') or Longyou (陇右;'right of Long') prior to early Western Han dynasty,in reference to Mount Liupan between eastern Gansu and western Shaanxi.[citation needed]
Gansu's name is a compound name first used during the Song dynasty. It is a combination of the names of two prefectures (州) in the Sui and Tang dynasty:Gan (around Zhangye) and Su (around Jiuquan). Its eastern part forms part of one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilisation.
Ancient Gansu
In prehistoric times,Gansu was host to Neolithic cultures. The Dadiwan culture,from where archaeologically significant artifacts have been excavated,flourished in the eastern end of Gansu from about 6000BC to about 3000BC.[7] The Majiayao culture and part of the Qijia culture took root in Gansu from 3100 BC to 2700 BC and 2400 BC to 1900 BC respectively.
The Yuezhi originally lived in the very western part of Gansu until they were forced to emigrate by the Xiongnu around 177 BC.
The State of Qin,known in China as the founding state of the Chinese empire,grew out from the southeastern part of Gansu,specifically the Tianshui area. The Qin name is believed to have originated,in part,from the area.[8][9] Qin tombs and artifacts have been excavated from Fangmatan near Tianshui,including one 2200-year-old map of Guixian County.[10]
In imperial times,Gansu was an important strategic outpost and communications link for the Chinese empire,as the Hexi Corridor runs along the "neck" of the province. The Han dynasty extended the Great Wall across this corridor,building the strategic Yumenguan (Jade Gate Pass,near Dunhuang) and Yangguan fort towns along it. Remains of the wall and the towns can be found there. The Ming dynasty built the Jiayuguan outpost in Gansu. To the west of Yumenguan and the Qilian Mountains,at the northwestern end of the province,the Yuezhi,Wusun,and other nomadic tribes dwelt (Shiji 123),occasionally figuring in regional imperial Chinese geopolitics.
By the Qingshui treaty,concluded in 823 between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty,China lost much of western Gansu province for a significant period.[11]
After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate,a Buddhist Yugur (Uyghur) state called the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was established by migrating Uyghurs from the khaganate in part of Gansu that lasted from 848 to 1036AD.
Along the Silk Road,Gansu was an economically important province,as well as a cultural transmission path. Temples and Buddhistgrottoes[12] such as those at Mogao Caves ('Caves of the Thousand Buddhas') and Maijishan Caves contain artistically and historically revealing murals.[13] An early form of paper inscribed with Chinese characters and dating to about 8BC was discovered at the site of a Western Han garrison near the Yumen pass in August 2006.[14]
The Xixia or Western Xia dynasty controlled much of Gansu as well as Ningxia.
The province was also the origin of the Dungan Revolt of 1862–77. Among the Qing forces were Muslim generals,including Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang,who helped the Qing crush the rebel Muslims. The revolt had spread into Gansu from neighbouring Qinghai.
As a result of frequent earthquakes,droughts and famines,the economic progress of Gansu was significantly slower than that of other provinces of China until recently. Based on the area's abundant mineral resources it has begun developing into a vital industrial center. An earthquake in Gansu at 8.6 on the Richter scale killed around 180,000 people mostly in the present-day area of Ningxia in 1920,and another with a magnitude of 7.6 killed 275 in 1932.[15]
While the Muslim General Ma Hongbin was acting chairman of the province,Muslim General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of Gansu in 1940. Liangzhou District in Wuwei was previously his headquarters in Gansu,where he controlled 15million Muslims.[16]Xinjiang came under Kuomintang (Nationalist) control after their soldiers entered via Gansu.[17] Gansu's Tienshui was the site of a Japanese-Chinese warplane fight.[18]
The Yellow River gets most of its water from Gansu,flowing straight through Lanzhou. The area around Wuwei is part of Shiyang River Basin.[25]
The landscape in Gansu is very mountainous in the south and flat in the north. The mountains in the south are part of the Qilian Mountains,while the far western Altyn-Tagh contains the province's highest point,at 5,830 metres (19,130ft).
A natural land passage known as Hexi Corridor,stretching some 1,000 kilometres (620mi) from Lanzhou to the Jade Gate,is situated within the province. It is bound from north by the Gobi Desert and Qilian Mountains from the south.
Gansu generally has a semi-arid to arid continental climate (KöppenBSk or BWk) with warm to hot summers and cold to very cold winters,although diurnal temperature ranges are often so large that maxima remain above 0°C (32°F) even in winter. However,due to extreme altitude,some areas of Gansu exhibit a subarctic climate (Dwc) –with winter temperatures sometimes dropping to −40°C (−40°F). Most of the limited precipitation is delivered in the summer months. Winters are so dry that snow cover is confined to very high altitudes and the snow line can be as high as 5,500 metres (18,040ft) in the southwest.
Despite recent growth in Gansu and the booming economy in the rest of China, Gansu is still considered to be one of the poorest provinces in China. For several years, it has ranked as one of the provinces with lowest GDP per capita.[33] Its nominal GDP for 2017 was about 767.7billion yuan (US$113.70billion) and per capita of 29,326RMB (US$4,343). The province also has a large difference in wealth between regions and urban versus rural areas. The poorest areas are Dingxi, Longnan, Gannan and Linxia.[34] According to analysts, the local economy failed to gather momentum while other provinces did manage to increase their economic growth.[33]
Due to poor natural conditions such as aridness, Gansu is one of the Chinese provinces with smallest per capita area of arable land.[34] Agricultural production includes cotton, linseed oil, maize, melons (such as the honeydew melon, known locally as the Bailan melon), millet, and wheat.[citation needed] Gansu is known as a source for wild medicinal herbs which are used in Chinese medicine. However, pollution by heavy metals, such as cadmium in irrigation water, has resulted in the poisoning of many acres of agricultural land. The extent and nature of the heavy metal pollution is considered a state secret.[35]
Industry
The industrial sector in Gansu was developed after completion of the Longhai railway in 1953 and blueprinted in the first five-year plan of China.[36] It was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign.[37]:298
Until 2014, the industrial sector contributed the most to Gansu's economy.[34] The most important industries are petrochemicals, non-ferrous metallurgy, machinery and electronics. The province is also an important base for wind and solar power.[36] As a result of environmental protection policies, the industry sector is not growing.[38] The manufacturing sector has been shrinking for several years and has low investment numbers.[33]
As stipulated in the country's 12th Five Year Plan, the local government of Gansu hopes to grow the province's GDP by 10% annually by focusing investments on five pillar industries: renewable energy, coal, chemicals, nonferrous metals, pharmaceuticals and services.[citation needed]
Gansu has China's largest nickel deposits accounting for over 90% of China's total nickel reserves.[36]
Services
Shopping mall in Lanzhou
Since 2014, the service sector is the largest economic sector of Gansu.[34] Tourism is a sector that is becoming of increased importance.[38]
Economic and technological development zones
The following economic and technological zones are situated in Gansu:
Lanzhou National Economic and Technological Development Zone was established in 1993, located in the center of Lanzhou Anning District. The zone has a planned area of 9.53km2 (3.68sqmi). 17 colleges, 11 scientific research institutions, 21 large and medium-size companies and other 1735 enterprises have been set up in the zone. Main industries include textile mills, rubber, fertilizer plants, oil refinery, petrochemical, machinery, and metallurgical industry.[40]
Lanzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Lanzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, one of the first 27 national hi-tech industrial development zones, was established in 1998 covering more than 10km2 (3.9sqmi). It is expected to expand another 19km2 (7.3sqmi). The zone mainly focuses on Biotechnology, chemical industry, building decoration materials and information technology.[41]
Ningxia Province/AR was part of Gansu Province until 1929 and 1954–1958.
Gansu province is home to a little more than 25 million people.[54] As of 2020, 47.7% of the population was rural, but much relocation in recent years has reduced this. Gansu is 89.4% Han[54] and also has Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang, Tu, Uyghurs, Yugur, Bonan, Mongolian, Salar and Kazakh minorities. Gansu province's community of Chinese Hui Muslims was bolstered by Hui Muslims resettled from Shaanxi province during the Dungan Revolt. Gansu is also a historical home, along with Shaanxi, of the dialect of the Dungans, who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large ethnic Tibetan population. Modern Gansu is dominated by Lanzhou city and Linxia Hui prefectures, their growth hides the stark fact that much of the rest of the province is rapidly losing population.
Largest cities in Gansu
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[55]
Most of the inhabitants of Gansu speak dialects of Northern Mandarin Chinese. On the border areas of Gansu one might encounter Tu, Tibetan, Mongolian, Uyghur and the Kazakh language. Most of the minorities also speak Chinese.
A unique variety of Chinese folk music identified with the local peoples of Gansu includes the Hua'er ('flowery melodies'), popular among the Han and nine ethnic groups of Gansu.[56] The cuisine of Gansu is based on the staple crops grown there: wheat, barley, millet, beans, and sweet potatoes. Within China, Gansu is known for its lamian (pulled noodles), and Muslim restaurants which feature authentic Gansu cuisine.
According to a 2012 survey[57] around 12% of the population of Gansu belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with 8.2%, followed by Muslims with 3.4%, Protestants with 0.4% and Catholics with 0.1%. Around 88% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and folk religious sects.
Taoism (Daoism): Over 210,000 adherents; 212 places of worship. The most famous site is Mount Kongtong (崆峒山) in Pingliang.[58]
Protestantism: Approximately 60,000 adherents; 304 places of worship. Comprises 15 denominations, including, the China Inland Mission, the Assemblies of God, the Evangelical Alliance Mission, the Coordinating Council, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Brethren, the Baptist Church, the True Jesus Church, and others.[58]
Roman Catholicism: Over 30,000 adherents; 83 places of worship.
Muslim restaurants are common, and feature typical Chinese dishes, but without any pork products, and instead an emphasis on lamb and mutton. Gansu has many works of Buddhist art, including the Maijishan Grottoes. Dunhuang was a major centre of Buddhism in the Middle Ages.
Jiayuguan Pass, in Jiayuguan city, is the largest and most intact pass, or entrance, of the Great Wall. Jiayuguan Pass was built in the early Ming dynasty, somewhere around the year 1372. It was built near an oasis that was then on the extreme western edge of China. Jiayuguan Pass was the first pass on the west end of the great wall so it earned the name "The First And Greatest Pass Under Heaven".
An extra brick is said to rest on a ledge over one of the gates. One legend holds that the official in charge asked the designer to calculate how many bricks would be used. The designer gave him the number and when the project was finished, only one brick was left. It was put on the top of the pass as a symbol of commemoration. Another account holds that the building project was assigned to a military manager and an architect. The architect presented the manager with a requisition for the total number of bricks that he would need. When the manager found out that the architect had not asked for any extra bricks, he demanded that the architect make some provision for unforeseen circumstances. The architect, taking this as an insult to his planning ability, added a single extra brick to the request. When the gate was finished, the single extra brick was, in fact, extra and was left on the ledge over the gate.[61]
The Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang have a collection of Buddhist art. Originally there were a thousand grottoes, but now only 492 cave temples remain. Each temple has a large statue of a buddha or bodhisattva and paintings of religious scenes. In 366AD under the Former Liang dynasty, a monk named Le Zun (Lo-tsun) came near Echoing Sand Mountain, when he had a vision. He started to carve the first grotto. During the Five Dynasties period they ran out of room on the cliff and could not build any more grottoes.
Silk Road and Dunhuang City
A terracotta warrior from Gansu, with traces of polychrome and gold, from the Tang dynasty (618–907)
The historic Silk Road starts in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) and goes to Constantinople (Istanbul). On the way merchants would go to Dunhuang in Gansu. In Dunhuang they would get fresh camels, food and guards for the journey around the dangerous Taklamakan Desert. Before departing Dunhuang they would pray to the Mogao Grottoes for a safe journey, if they came back alive they would thank the gods at the grottoes. Across the desert they would form a train of camels to protect themselves from thieving bandits. The next stop, Kashi (Kashgar), was a welcome sight to the merchants. At Kashi most would trade and go back and the ones who stayed would eat fruit and trade their Bactrian camels for single humped ones. After Kashi they would keep going until they reached their next destination.
Located about 5km (3.1mi) southwest of the city, the Crescent Lake or Yueyaquan is an oasis and popular spot for tourists seeking respite from the heat of the desert. Activities includes camel and 4x4 rides.
The Silk Route Museum is located in Jiuquan along the Silk Road, a trading route connecting Rome to China, used by Marco Polo. It is also built over the tomb of the Western Liang King.[62]
Bingling Temple, or Bingling Grottoes, is a Buddhist cave complex in a canyon along the Yellow River. Begun in 420AD during the Western Qin dynasty, the site contains dozens of caves and caverns filled with outstanding examples of carvings, sculpture, and frescoes. The great Maitreya Buddha is more than 27 meters tall and is similar in style to the great Buddhas that once lined the cliffs of Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Access to the site is by boat from Yongjing in the summer or fall. There is no other access point.
Labrang Tashikyil Monastery is located in Xiahe County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, located in the southern part of Gansu, and part of the traditional Tibetan province of Amdo. It is one of the six major monasteries of the Gelukpa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet, and the most important one in Amdo. Built in 1710, it is headed by the Jamyang-zhaypa. It has 6 dratsang (colleges), and houses over 60,000 religious texts and other works of literature as well as other cultural artifacts.
The Maijishan Grottoes are a series of 194 caves cut in the side of the hill of Majishan in Tianshui. This example of rock cut architecture contains over 7,200 Buddhist sculptures and over 1,000 square meters of murals. Construction began in the Later Qin era (384–417 CE).
35,300 square kilometres (13,600sqmi) cultivated land (1,400 square metres (15,000sqft) per capita)
66,600 square kilometres (25,700sqmi) wasteland suitable for forestation
10,000 square kilometres (3,900sqmi) wasteland suitable for farming
Minerals
Three thousand deposits of 145 different minerals. Ninety-four minerals have been found and ascertained, including nickel, cobalt, platinum, selenium, casting clay, finishing serpentine, whose reserves are the largest in China.[citation needed] Gansu has advantages in getting[clarification needed] nickel, zinc, cobalt, platinum, iridium, copper, barite, and baudisserite.
Energy
Among Gansu's most important sources of energy are its water resources: the Yellow River and other inland river drainage basins. Gansu is placed ninth among China's provinces in annual hydropower potential and water discharge. Gansu produces 17.24 gigawatts of hydropower a year. Twenty-nine hydropower stations have been constructed in Gansu, capable of generating 30 gigawatts in total. Gansu has an estimated coal reserve of 8.92billion tons and petroleum reserve of 700million tons.
There is also good potential for wind and solar power development. The Gansu Wind Farm project – already producing 7.965GW in 2015[63] – is expected to achieve 20GW by 2020, at which time it will likely become the world's biggest collective windfarm.
In November 2017 an agreement between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Gansu government was announced, to site and begin operations of a molten salt reactor pilot project in the province by 2020.[64]
Flora and fauna
Gansu has 659 species of wild animals.[65] It has 24 rare animals which are under a state protection.
Among zoologists who study moles, the Gansu mole is of great interest. For a reason that can only be speculated, it is taxologically a New World mole living among Old World moles: that is to say, an American mole living in a sea of Euro-Asians.
Gansu is home to 441 species of birds; it is a center of endemism and home to many species and subspecies which occur nowhere else in the world.
On 16 December 1920, Gansu witnessed the deadliest landslide ever recorded. A series of landslides, triggered by a single earthquake, accounted for most of the 180,000 people killed in the event.[66]
↑gansu's total permanent population at the end of 2023 is 24.6548 million, and at the end of 2024 it is 24.5834 million "zh:(甘肃)关于2024年全省主要人口数据的通报" (Press release). gansu.gov. 18 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.[permanent dead link] so that the mid-year population of gansu in 2024 is 24.6191 million. gansu's GDP in 2024 is CN¥1,300.29 billion, or US$182.58 billion (average annual exchange rate in 2024 is 1 US dollar to RMB 7.1217) "zh:(甘肃)2024年全省经济运行情况" (Press release). gansu.gov. 20 January 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.[permanent dead link] Gansu's GDP per capita in 2024 based on the mid-year population is CN¥52,816 (US$7,416).
↑Powers, John (2017). The Buddha party: how the people's Republic of China works to define and control Tibetan Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.Appendix B, page 6. ISBN9780199358151. OCLC947145370.
↑National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
↑地球知识局, 行业观察 (9 April 2018). "新中国第一座石油工业城市已落幕?". OILSNS. China. Retrieved 13 February 2021. With the exploration efforts of Sun Jianchu, Yan Shuang and other patriotic scholars, on August 11, 1939, the Laojunmiao oil well blew out the first oil. This moment has also become the starting point of China's petroleum industry. During the Anti-Fascist War against the Imperial Japanese forces, the Yumen oil wells produced a total of 250,000 tons of crude oil, accounting for more than 90% of the country's crude oil output during the same period, making an important contribution to the victory toward the Anti-Fascist War.
↑Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
↑Zhou, Jasmine. "Folk Songs of Qinghai and Gansu". NAXOS. Retrieved 15 February 2021. Hua'er is a form of Chinese folk music that is widely disseminated in the Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang Provinces located in north-western China. It is performed among the Han and nine other ethnic minorities...
↑Wang Xudang, Li Zuixiong, and Zhang Lu (2010). "Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins Near Dunhuang", in Neville Agnew (ed), Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, 28 June – 3 July 2004, 351–357. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, J. Paul Getty Trust. ISBN978-1-60606-013-1, pp 351–352.
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