Jiangsu

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Jiangsu
江苏
Province of Jiangsu
chinese transcription(s)
  Chinese江苏省 (Jiāngsū Shěng)
  AbbreviationJS / (pinyin :)
   Wu Kaonsu San
   Jiang–Huai Jiang1 su1 Sen3
Nanjing Zifeng Tower Zi Feng Da Sha .jpg
Huqiu-Tower.jpg
TV Tower of Xuzhou.jpg
Hall of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.jpg
From top to bottom, left to right: Zifeng Tower in Nanjing, Tiger Hill Pagoda in Suzhou, Xuzhou TV Tower, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Jiangsu in China (+all claims hatched).svg
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Coordinates: 32°54′N119°48′E / 32.9°N 119.8°E / 32.9; 119.8
CountryChina
Named for Jiāng – Jiangning (now Nanjing)
Suzhou
Capital Nanjing
Largest city Suzhou
Divisions
 - Prefecture-level
 - County-level
 - Township-
level

13 prefectures
95 counties
1237 towns and subdistricts
Government
  Type Province
  Body Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress
   Party Secretary Xin Changxing
   Congress chairmanXin Changxing
   Governor Xu Kunlin
  Provincial CPPCC Chairman Zhang Yizhen
   National People's Congress Representation144 deputies
Area
   Province 102,600 km2 (39,600 sq mi)
  Rank 25th
Highest elevation625 m (2,051 ft)
Population
 (2020) [1]
   Province 84,748,016
  Rank 4th
  Density830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
   Rank 4th
   Urban
21,780,000 (26%)
   Rural
63,370,000 (74%)
Demonym Jiangsunese
Demographics
  Ethnic composition Han – 99.6%
Hui – 0.2% (160,800)
  Languages and dialects Mandarin (Official)
Central Plains Mandarin, Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu
GDP (2023) [2]
  Total CN¥ 12.82 trillion (2nd)
US$ 1.82 trillion
  Per capitaCN¥ 150,487 (3rd)
US$ 21,356
ISO 3166 code CN-JS
HDI (2022)0.827 [3] (4th) – very high
Website www.jiangsu.gov.cn OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg (in Chinese)
English version

Name

Jiangsu's name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is " " (), the second character of its name. [12]

History

During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area that is now Jiangsu was far away from the center of Chinese civilization, which was in the northwest Henan; it was home of the Huai barbarians (淮夷), an ancient ethnic group. During the Zhou dynasty more contact was made, and eventually the state of Wu appeared in southern Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Wu became a great power under King Helu of Wu, and defeated in 484 BC the state of Qi, a major power in the north in modern-day Shandong province, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day Zhejiang province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, and unified China in 221 BC. [13]

One of the tortoise stelae of Xiao Dan (478-522), a member of the Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, near Nanjing Xiao Dan - turtle in the tower - P1070634.JPG
One of the tortoise stelae of Xiao Dan (478–522), a member of the Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, near Nanjing

Under the reign of the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), Jiangsu was removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain, and was administered under two zhou (provinces): Xu Province in the north, and Yang Province in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu (222 to 280), whose capital, Jianye (later renamed to Jiankang), is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the imperial court of the Jin dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north. Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China. [14]

The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961. Tiger hill.jpg
The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961.

After the Sui dynasty united the country in 581, the political center of the country shifted back to the north, but the Grand Canal was built through Jiangsu to link the Central Plains with the prosperous Yangtze Delta. The Tang dynasty (618–907) relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain. It was during the Song dynasty (960–1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that Jiangnan (southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and adjacent areas) emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, major cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today the region remains one of the richest parts of China.

The Jurchen Jin dynasty gained control of North China in 1127 during the Jin-Song wars, and Huai River, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea, was the border between the north, under the Jin, and the south, under the Southern Song dynasty. The Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, initially put its capital in Nanjing. Regions surrounding Nanjing, corresponding to Jiangsu and Anhui today, were designated as the Nanzhili province (literally "southern directly governed"). Following a coup by Zhu Di (later, the Yongle Emperor), however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north, although Nanjing kept its status as the southern capital. In late Ming, Jiangnan continued to be an important center of trade in China; some historians see in the flourishing textiles industry at the time incipient industrialization and capitalism, a trend that was however aborted.

The Beisi Pagoda of Suzhou, built between 1131 and 1162 during the Song dynasty, 76 m (249 ft) tall. SuzhouNorthTemplePagoda.jpg
The Beisi Pagoda of Suzhou, built between 1131 and 1162 during the Song dynasty, 76 m (249 ft) tall.

The Qing dynasty converted Nanzhili to "Jiangnan province"; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. Jiangsu's borders have been for the most part stable since then.

With the start of Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile Yangtze river delta was increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shanghai, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was split out later as an independent municipality. Jiangnan also figures strongly in the Taiping Rebellion (1851 1864), a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a Christian theocracy in China; it started far to the south, in Guangdong province, swept through much of South China, and by 1853, had established Nanjing as its capital, renamed as Tianjing (天京 "Heavenly Capital").

The Republic of China was established in 1912, [15] and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established a government at Nanjing; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next three months would come to be known as the Rape of Nanjing, after which it became the seat of the collaborationist government of East China under Wang Jingwei, and most of Jiangsu remained under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in 1945.

After the war, Nanjing was once again the capital of the Republic of China, though now the Chinese Civil War had broken out between the Kuomintang government and Communist forces, based further north, mostly in Northeast China. The decisive Huaihai Campaign was fought in northern Jiangsu; it resulted in Kuomintang defeat, and the communists were soon able to cross the Yangtze River and take Nanjing. The Kuomintang fled southward and eventually ended up in Taipei, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer Taiwan, Pescadores, and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful de jure capital.

After the communist takeover, Beijing (formerly Peiping) was made capital of the People's Republic, and Nanjing was demoted to be the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping initially focused on the south coast of China, in Guangdong province, which soon left Jiangsu behind; starting from the 1990s they were applied more evenly to the rest of China. Suzhou and Wuxi, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring Shanghai, have since become particularly prosperous, being among the top 10 cities in China in terms of gross domestic product and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. The income disparity between northern and southern Jiangsu however remains large.

Geography

Population density and low elevation coastal zones in Jiangsu. Jiangsu is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Shanghai, China (13874137394).jpg
Population density and low elevation coastal zones in Jiangsu. Jiangsu is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.
Jiangsu in 1946 35Nian Jiang Su Fen Xian Xiang Tu Ya Guang Yu Di Xue She .png
Jiangsu in 1946
Tourists cross a bridge in Chengxu temple, a Taoist temple which was built in 1086-1093 during the Song dynasty Chengxu Temple, Zhou Zhuang.JPG
Tourists cross a bridge in Chengxu temple, a Taoist temple which was built in 1086-1093 during the Song dynasty

Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than 50 meters (160 ft) above sea level. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of traditional Chinese :水鄕; simplified Chinese :水乡 (shuǐxiāng "land of water"). The southern city of Suzhou has so many canals that it has been dubbed "Venice of the East" or the "Venice of the Orient". [16] [17] The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east–west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the Yellow Sea. The Yangtze River, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the East China Sea, which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division. [18] Mount Huaguo, near the city of Lianyungang, is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of 625 meters (2,051 ft) above sea level. Large lakes in Jiangsu include Lake Tai (the largest), Lake Hongze, Lake Gaoyou, Lake Luoma, and Lake Yangcheng.

Before 1194 A.D., the Huai River cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between North China and South China. Since 1194 A.D., the Yellow River further to the north changed its course several times, running into the Huai River in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into Bohai Bay. The silting caused by the Yellow River was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging Lake Hongze and Lake Gaoyou), and flowed southwards through the Grand Canal into the Yangtze. The old path of the Huai River is now marked by a series of irrigation channels, the most significant of which is the North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal (traditional Chinese :蘇北灌溉總渠; simplified Chinese :苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the Huai River alongside south of its old path into the sea.

Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing Xuan Wu Hu Yuan Tiao .jpg
Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing

Most of Jiangsu has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa in the Köppen climate classification), beginning to transition into a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F) in January and 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F) in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer ( meiyu ), typhoons with rainstorms occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 millimeters (31 to 47 in), concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast monsoon.

Climate change in Jiangsu

Due to its flat terrain, low altitude, and dense population, Jiangsu is one of the most vulnerable regions in China to climate change and its ensuing sea level rise. [19] According to the data collected by the Center of Climate Change in Jiangsu from 1961 to 2007, on average, the province experiences an temperature increase between 0.16 and 0.45 Celsius per 10 years and total precipitation change between -28.7 and 37.09 mm per 10 years. Extreme weather have become stronger and more common. Jiangsu's agriculture, ecosystem, water resource, transportation, and coastline are all negatively impacted. The speed of sea level rise exceeds the world's average by a large margin. [20]

Specifically, a ranking on climate change risk of global regions released in early 2023 by The Cross Dependency Initiative (XDI) puts Jiangsu as the most vulnerable of the entire world. [19] Jiangsu is at more risk due to its extensive industrial, trade, residential, and commercial development. [21]

In response to climate disturbance across the country, the fourteenth five-year plan, endorsed by the National People's Congress in 2021, indicates the general direction and various steps towards a low-carbon transition. [22] On a provincial level, the Jiangsu government aims to achieve an 18% carbon dioxide decrease per unit GDP and accelerate the development of a green, low-carbon economy, as indicated in the 14th five-year development. The province also plans to recover the damaged coastal regions such as Lianyugang and Yancheng, and improve resilience against rising sea level by implementing seawalls and river floodgates. [23]

Major cities: [24]

Administrative divisions

Jiangsu is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city):

Jiangsu
Jiangsu (Chinese characters).svg
"Jiangsu" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Administrative divisions of Jiangsu
Division code [25] DivisionArea in km2 [26] Population 2020 [27] SeatDivisions [28]
Districts Counties CL cities
320000Jiangsu Province102,600.0084,748,016 Nanjing city551921
320100 Nanjing city6,582.319,314,685 Xuanwu District 11
320200 Wuxi city4,787.617,462,135 Binhu District 52
320300 Xuzhou city11,764.889,083,790 Yunlong District 532
320400 Changzhou city4,384.575,278,121 Xinbei District 51
320500 Suzhou city8,488.4212,748,262 Gusu District 54
320600 Nantong city8,001.007,726,635 Chongchuan District 313
320700 Lianyungang city7,615.294,599,360 Haizhou District 33
320800 Huai'an city9,949.974,556,230 Qingjiangpu District 43
320900 Yancheng city16,972.426,709,629 Tinghu District 351
321000 Yangzhou city6,591.214,559,797 Hanjiang District 312
321100 Zhenjiang city3,840.323,210,418 Jingkou District 33
321200 Taizhou city5,787.264,512,762 Hailing District 33
321300 Suqian city8,555.004,986,192 Sucheng District 23
Population distribution of Jiangsu in 2010 Population distribution of Jiangsu in 2010.png
Population distribution of Jiangsu in 2010

These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 95 county-level divisions (55 districts, 21 county-level cities, and 19 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,237 township-level divisions (699 towns, 19 townships, and 519 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2021, the total population was 85.05 million. [2]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
No.Cities2020 Urban area [29] 2010 Urban area [30] 2020 City proper
1 Nanjing 8,085,2415,827,888 [b] 9,314,685
2 Suzhou 5,892,8923,302,152 [c] 12,748,262
3 Wuxi 3,956,9852,757,7367,462,135
4 Changzhou 3,572,3492,257,376 [d] 5,278,121
5 Xuzhou 2,517,6931,735,166 [e] 9,083,790
6 Nantong 1,993,344 [f] 1,612,3857,726,635
7 Yangzhou 1,846,6561,077,531 [g] 4,559,797
8 Yancheng 1,678,5421,136,826 [h] 6,709,629
9 Kunshan 1,652,1591,118,617see Suzhou
10 Huai'an 1,561,1051,523,655 [i] 4,556,230
11 Lianyungang 1,395,701897,393 [j] 4,599,360
12 Jiangyin 1,331,3521,013,670see Wuxi
13 Changshu 1,230,599929,124see Suzhou
14 Taizhou 1,140,206676,877 [k] 4,512,762
15 Zhenjiang 1,123,813950,5163,210,418
16 Zhangjiagang 1,055,893762,625see Suzhou
17 Suqian 940,921783,3764,986,192
18 Yixing 889,871710,497see Wuxi
19 Pizhou 850,815631,572see Xuzhou
20 Danyang 792,584500,572see Zhenjiang
21 Rugao 761,879614,909see Nantong
22 Xinghua 649,849575,288see Taizhou
23 Taixing 619,033553,079see Taizhou
24 Hai'an 601,165 [l] see Nantong
25 Taicang 586,830435,225see Suzhou
26 Qidong 580,157479,243see Nantong
27 Xinyi 549,911402,169see Xuzhou
28 Dongtai 524,562489,815see Yancheng
29 Liyang 495,507368,409see Changzhou
30 Jingjiang 453,970388,119see Taizhou
31 Gaoyou 422,816341,069see Yangzhou
32 Jurong 412,996299,033see Zhenjiang
33 Yizheng 356,995271,969see Yangzhou
34 Yangzhong 221,434179,771see Zhenjiang
Haimen 661,983 [f] 453,781see Nantong
Wujiang see Suzhou781,771 [c] see Suzhou
Jiangdu see Yangzhou506,706 [g] see Yangzhou
Jiangyan see Taizhou376,724 [k] see Taizhou
Dafeng see Yancheng347,389 [h] see Yancheng
Jintan see Changzhou275,185 [d] see Changzhou
  1. UK: /æŋˈs/ ; [4] US: /ˈjɑːŋˈs/ [5] Chinese : 江苏 ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu
  2. New districts established after 2010 census: Lishui (Lishui County), Gaochun (Gaochun County). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Wujiang (Wujiang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Jintan (Jintan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. New district established after 2010 census: Tongshan (Tongshan County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. 1 2 New district established after 2020 census: Haimen (Haimen CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Jiangdu (Jiangdu CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Dafeng (Dafeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. New district established after 2010 census: Hongze (Hongze County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. New district established after 2010 census: Ganyu (Ganyu County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  11. 1 2 New district established after 2010 census: Jiangyan (Jiangyan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  12. Hai'an County is currently known as Hai'an CLC after 2010 census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Jiangsu
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population [31]
RankPop.RankPop.
Nanjing Xinjiekou Skyline.jpg
Nanjing
Gate of the Orient Dong Fang Zhi Men dong fang zhi men Suzhou photo Christian Ganshirt 2015.JPG
Suzhou
1 Nanjing 6,572,00011 Taizhou 967,600 Downtown wuxi.jpg
Wuxi
20090919 Changzhou Imgp5266.jpg
Changzhou
2 Suzhou 3,572,50012 Zhenjiang 888,500
3 Wuxi 2,588,40013 Suqian 823,900
4 Changzhou 2,340,70014 Kunshan 527,400
5 Xuzhou 2,066,90015 Yixing 510,400
6 Nantong 1,634,10016 Changshu 436,500
7 Huai'an 1,604,50017 Pizhou 405,000
8 Yancheng 1,342,70018 Zhangjiagang 384,000
9 Yangzhou 1,219,40019 Jiangyin 382,500
10 Lianyungang 1,102,00020 Danyang 364,400

Politics

The politics of Jiangsu is structured in a one party (Communist) government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu CCP Party Chief".

Courts

In July 2021, the Jiangsu Intermediate Court established a labor tribunal to handle labor disputes arising from the platform economy. [32] :183

Economy

An industrial landscape in Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, Nanjing Ganjiaxiang - industrial panorama - P1070643.JPG
An industrial landscape in Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, Nanjing

As of 2022, Jiangsu had a gross domestic product (GDP) of CNY¥12.29 trillion (US$1.83 trillion), [2] the second-highest in China after Guangdong. Its GDP is greater than those of Australia and South Korea, which are the world's 12th- and 13th-largest economies respectively. [33] In 2022, Jiangsu's GDP adjusted by purchasing power parity was $3.04 trillion, making it the 3rd-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind California and Guangdong. [34] Jiangsu's economy in PPP also was just behind that of Italy with a GDP PPP of $ $3.05 trillion, the 12th largest in the world. [33]

Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China. Its 2022 nominal GDP per capita reached ¥144,390 (US$21,467), becoming the first province in China to reach the $20,000 mark. [35] [33] Cities like Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi have GDPs per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China.

The province has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Main cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea. Other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, ginkgo. Silkworms form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Tai region to the south a major base of silk production in China. Jiangsu is an important producer of freshwater fish and other aquatic products.

Jiangsu has coal, petroleum, and natural gas deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as halite (rock salt), sulfur, phosphorus, and marble. The city of Xuzhou is a coal hub of China. The salt mines of Huaiyin have more than 0.4 trillion tonnes of deposits, one of the greatest collections of deposits in China.

Jiangsu is historically oriented toward light industries such as textiles and food industry. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as chemical industry and construction materials. Jiangsu's important industries include machinery, electronic, chemicals, and automobile. [36] [37] The government has worked hard to promote the solar industry and hoped by 2012 the solar industry would be worth 100 billion RMB. [38] Jiangsu's economy growth has directly benefited from the reform Chinese's policies, and its growth trajectory reflects that of many other coastal provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shandong. [39] The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping have greatly benefited southern cities, especially Suzhou and Wuxi, which outstrip the provincial capital, Nanjing, in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, Singapore has built the Suzhou Industrial Park, a flagship of Sino-Singaporean cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of a single foreign country.

Jiangsu contains over 100 different economic and technological development zones devoted to different types of investments. [40]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912 [41] 32,283,000    
1928 [42] 34,126,000+5.7%
1936–37 [43] 36,469,000+6.9%
1947 [44] 36,080,000−1.1%
1954 [45] 41,252,192+14.3%
1964 [46] 44,504,608+7.9%
1982 [47] 60,521,114+36.0%
1990 [48] 67,056,519+10.8%
2000 [49] 73,043,577+8.9%
2010 [50] 78,659,903+7.7%
Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province until 1927.
Nanjing part of Jiangsu Province until 1927; dissolved in 1952 and incorporated into Jiangsu Province.

The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. Other minorities include the Hui and the Manchus. In 2021, 73.94 percent of the province lived in urban areas, while 26.06 lived in rural areas. [2]

Demographic indicators in 2021

Population: 85.05 million (urban: 62.89 million; rural: 39.421 million)
Birth rate: 5.65 per 1000
Death rate: 6.77 per 1000
Sex ratio: 103.05 males per 100 females
Literacy rate: 96.94%

Religion

Religion in Jiangsu [51] [note 1]

   Christianity (2.64%)
  Other religions or not religious people [note 2] (80.69%)

The predominant religions in Jiangsu are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 16.67% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.64% of the population identifies as Christian. [51] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.69% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

In 2010, there were 130,757 Muslims in Jiangsu. [52]

Transportation

Jiangsu is home to one of the most extensive transportation networks in China.

Air

Nanjing Lukou International Airport ( IATA : NKG) serves as the major airport in the province, with flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Milan, Vancouver and Los Angeles. Other passenger airports include Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Changzhou Benniu Airport, Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport, and Nantong Xingdong Airport. Air traffic in the populated Suzhou area is often diverted to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, to which Suzhou is conveniently connected to via bus services and by expressway.

Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport, Yancheng Nanyang International Airport, and Lianyungang Baitabu Airport serve as hubs in northern Jiangsu.

Rail

The southern part of the province, namely the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor, has very high-frequency rail services. Jiangsu is on the Jinghu railway from Beijing to Shanghai, as well as the high speed line between the two cities: Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway and Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, completed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Since the completion of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, travel time between Beijing and Nanjing has been reduced to approximately four hours (from eleven hours previously); travel time between Nanjing and Shanghai on the fastest high-speed trains takes just over an hour.

As of 2022, all major cities in Jiangsu have been connected by high-speed lines, including: Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway since 2010, Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway since 2011, Nanjing–Hangzhou high-speed railway since 2013, Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway since 2015, Lianyungang–Zhenjiang high-speed railway since 2020, Xuzhou–Yancheng high-speed railway since 2019, Yancheng–Nantong high-speed railway since 2020, Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway since 2020, and Lianyungang–Xuzhou high-speed railway since 2021.

Road

Jiangsu's road network is one of the most developed in the country. [53] The Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (G2) enters the province from the north and passes through Huai'an, Yangzhou, Taizhou, and Wuxi on the way to Shanghai; travelling from Shanghai westbound, the G2 forks at Wuxi and continues onto Nanjing separately as G42, the Shanghai–Nanjing Expressway, which serves the widely travelled southern corridor of the province. The Ningchang Expressway links Nanjing with Changzhou. The Suzhou area is extensively networked with expressways, going in all directions. The Yanhai Expressway links the coastal regions of the province, passing through Nantong, Yancheng, and Lianyungang.

Historically, the province was divided by the Yangtze River into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the river in Jiangsu, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, was completed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. The second bridge crossing, Jiangyin Bridge, opened 30 years later at Jiangyin. As of October 2014, there were 11 cross-Yangtze bridges in the province, including the five in Nanjing, which also has two cross-river tunnels. The Jiangyin Bridge (1,385 m (4,544 ft)), Runyang Bridge (opened in 2005, connecting Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, 1,490 m (4,890 ft)), and Fourth Nanjing Bridge (opened in 2012; 1,418 m (4,652 ft)) all rank among the ten longest suspension bridges in the world. The Sutong Bridge, opened in 2008, connecting Nantong and Changshu, has one of the longest cable-stayed bridge spans in the world, at 1,088 m (3,570 ft).

Metro (subway)

As of December 2022, Jiangsu has six cities that have operational subway systems, together with an extra city (Huai'an) currently under construction. These six cities are Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Xuzhou and Nantong.

The Nanjing Metro was opened in September 2005. It was the sixth city in mainland China that opened up a metro system. As of December 2019 the city currently has 11 metro lines (Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S6, Line S7, Line S8 and Line S9), with several extra ones (i.e. Line 5) under construction.

The Suzhou Rail Transit, also known as the Suzhou Metro, was opened in April 2012. As of October, 2022, it currently has five operational lines: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5. It also has four other lines under construction (Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line S1) and 11 lines under planning (Lines 9, 10, 11 through 16, Line 18, Line 20, Line S4, Line S5). Currently under construction lines are expected to be operational by 2024 and planned lines are expected to be operational by 2035.

The Wuxi Metro was opened in July 2014. The system is currently composed of four operational lines by 2022: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4. It also has two other lines under construction: Line S1 and an extension of Line 4.

The Changzhou Metro was opened in September 2019. The system currently only has two lines operational, Line 1 and Line 2.

The Xuzhou Metro was opened in September 2019, a few days after the Changzhou Metro started operations. The system currently only has three lines operational, Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3.

The Nantong Metro was opened in November 2022. It has one operating line: Line 1 and another line under construction: Line 2. [54]

The Huai'an Metro, also known as the Huai'an Rail System, began construction in November 2018. There are seven lines planned: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line S1, and Line S2. It is expected to start operations before 2025.

Culture

The four mass migrations in the 4th, 8th, 12th and 14th centuries had been influential in shaping the regional culture of Jiangsu. According to dialects and the other factors, the province can be roughly segmented four major cultural subdivisions: Wu (), Jinling (金陵), Huaiyang (淮扬) and Xuhuai (徐淮), from southeast to northwest.[ citation needed ] The belts of transition blurred the boundaries. [55] [56] [57]

GroupWuyueLower YangtzeCentral Plains
DesignationWuJinlingHuaiyangXuhuai
Major dialectWu ChineseLower Yangtze MandarinLower Yangtze MandarinCentral Plains Mandarin
CoreSuzhouNanjingYangzhouXuzhou
The Humble Administrator's Garden, one of the classical gardens of Suzhou. The Humble Administrator's Garden, Suzhou, China (37825378061).jpg
The Humble Administrator's Garden, one of the classical gardens of Suzhou.

Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. Kunqu , originating in Kunshan, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of Chinese opera. [58] [ citation needed ] Pingtan , a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular: it can be subdivided into types by origin: Suzhou Pingtan (of Suzhou), Yangzhou Pingtan (of Yangzhou), and Nanjing Pingtan (of Nanjing). Wuxi opera, a form of traditional Chinese opera, is popular in Wuxi, while Huaiju is popular further north, around Yancheng. Jiangsu cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of the cuisine of China.

Suzhou is also well known for its silk, Chinese embroidery, jasmine tea, stone bridges, pagodas, and classical gardens. Nearby Yixing is noted for its teaware while Yangzhou is known for its lacquerware and jadeware. Nanjing's yunjin is a noted type of woven silk.

Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess,[ citation needed ] as was indeed done by many famous poets. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as Hangzhou in neighbouring Zhejiang) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂,下有蘇杭 ("above there is heaven; below there are Suzhou and Hangzhou"), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities. Similarly, the prosperity of Yangzhou has led poets to dream of: 腰纏十萬貫,騎鶴下揚州 ("with a hundred thousand strings of coins wrapped around its waist, a crane landed in Yangzhou").

Education and research

Higher education

As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces. [59] There are two Project 985, 11 Project 211, and 16 Double First-Class Construction universities in the province. A combination of 93 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering work in Jiangsu. [60] As of 2023, four major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 200 (Nanjing 6th, Suzhou 40th, Zhenjiang 166th and Wuxi 188th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index. [11]

Double First Class Universities in Jiangsu

Jiangsu (16) Nanjing (13)
Wuxi
Suzhou
Xuzhou

Other Major Research Universities in Jiangsu

Additional schools

Tourism

Nanjing was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the Purple Mountain, Purple Mountain Observatory, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Ming dynasty city wall and gates, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (the mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu Emperor), Xuanwu Lake, Jiming Temple, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Zoo, along with its circus. Suzhou is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site), as well as the Hanshan Temple, and Huqiu Tower. Nearby is the water-town of Zhouzhuang, an international tourist destination with Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings, which have been preserved over centuries. Yangzhou is known for Slender West Lake. Wuxi is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, Xuzhou is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities". The official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu [61] was set up in 2008.

Sports

Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Nanjing Olympic Sports Center inner view (2016).jpg
Nanjing Olympic Sports Center.

Professional sports teams in Jiangsu include:

International relations

Twin Provinces

Source: [62]

CountryState/ProvinceTime
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia Victoria 1979/11/18
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Aichi 1980/7/28
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea Kangwon 1984/11/8
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Ontario 1985/11/21
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States New York 1989/4/21
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Essex 1992/7/16
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany North Rhine-Westphalia 1992/8/1
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Tuscany 1992/9/18
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Fukuoka 1992/11/4
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Punjab 1993/12/28
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Baden-Württemberg 1994/4/23
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands North Brabant 1994/9/9
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea North Jeolla 1994/10/27
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Minas Gerais 1996/3/27
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Veneto 1998/6/22
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Östergötland 1999/3/22
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Moscow Oblast 1999/8/20
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Namur 2000/5/7
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Free state 2000/6/7
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Lesser Poland 2000/11/16
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Southern Finland 2001/5/11
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Atlántico 2001/6/4
Flag of Malaysia 23px.svg  Malaysia Malacca 2002/9/18
Flag of France.svg  France Alsace 2007/05/24
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Baja California 2006/8/23
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Lucerne 2011/4/26
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States California 2011/7/18
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey İzmir 2012/4/30
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Basque 2012/4/27
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Capital Region 2015/1/30
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus Mogilev 2015/5/10
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Khomas 2015/6/19
Flag of Malaysia 23px.svg  Malaysia Kedah 2023/10/6

Twin towns and sister cities

Source: [63]

See also

Notes

    1. The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015) [51] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
    2. This may include:

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Anhui</span> Province of China

    Anhui is an inland province located in East China. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze and Huai rivers, bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the east, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei and Henan to the west, and Shandong to the north. With a population of 61 million, Anhui is the 9th most populous province in China. It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese. Languages spoken within the province include Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu, Hui, Gan and small portion of Central Plains Mandarin.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuxi</span> Prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Wuxi is a city in southern Jiangsu, China. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 7,462,135 inhabitants. The city lies in the southern delta of the Yangtze and on Lake Tai. The city's landmarks include Lihu Park, the Mt. Lingshan Grand Buddha Scenic Area and its 88-meter (289 ft)-tall Grand Buddha at Ling Shan statue, Xihui Park, Wuxi Zoo, and the Wuxi Museum. The transportation to the city include Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Wuxi Metro, and Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway, and Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway. Wuxi is the home to Jiangnan University.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhenjiang</span> Prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Zhenjiang, alternately romanized as Chinkiang, is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, China. It lies on the southern bank of the Yangtze River near its intersection with the Grand Canal. It is opposite Yangzhou and between Nanjing and Changzhou. Zhenjiang was formerly the provincial capital of Jiangsu and remains as an important transportation hub. As of the 2020 census, its total population was 3,210,418 inhabitants whom 1,266,790 lived in the built-up area made of the 3 urban districts. The town is best known both in China and abroad for Chinkiang vinegar, a fragrant black vinegar that is a staple of Chinese cooking.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Nantong</span> Prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Nantong is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Jiangsu province, China. Located on the northern bank of the Yangtze River, near the river mouth. Nantong is a vital river port bordering Yancheng to the north; Taizhou to the west; Suzhou, Wuxi and Shanghai to the south across the river; and the East China Sea to the east. Its population was 7,726,635 as of the 2020 census, 3,766,534 of whom lived in the built-up area made up of three urban districts.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Jiangnan</span> Geographic area in China

    Jiangnan is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including the southern part of its delta. The region encompasses the city of Shanghai, the southern part of Jiangsu Province, the southeastern part of Anhui Province, the northern part of Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province. The most important cities in the area include Anqing, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Wenzhou, Yangzhou and Zhenjiang.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Yangtze Delta</span> Megalopolis in East China

    The Yangtze Delta or Yangtze River Delta, once known as the Shanghai Economic Zone, is a megalopolis generally comprising the Wu-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region, where the Yangtze drains into the East China Sea. Historically the fertile delta fed much of China’s population, and cities and commerce flourished. Today, it is one of China’s most important metropolitan area and is home to China’s financial center, tourist destination and hub for manufacture ranging from textile to car-making. In 2021, the Yangtze Delta had a GDP of approximately US$4.3 trillion, about the same size as Japan.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhangjiagang</span> County-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Zhangjiagang, formerly Shazhou County, is a county-level city under the administration of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China and one of the many ports along the Yangtze river.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Changzhou</span> Prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the northwest, Wuxi to the east, and the province of Zhejiang to the south. The population of the Changzhou Municipality was 5,278,121 at the 2020 census. The city is the birthplace of Zhou Youguang who created the pinyin romanization system.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Taizhou, Jiangsu</span> City in Jiangsu, China

    Taizhou is a city in Jiangsu in eastern China. Situated on the north bank of the Yangtze River, it borders Nantong to the east, Yancheng to the north and Yangzhou to the west.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Jingjiang</span> County-level city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Jingjiang is a county-level city under the administration of Taizhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is located on the northern (left) bank of the Yangtze River, and is the southernmost part of Taizhou City, bordering Nantong to the northeast, Suzhou to the southeast, Wuxi to the south, Changzhou to the southwest, and Zhenjiang to the west. The area of Jingjiang is 655.6 square kilometres and the population was 684,360 at the 2010 census.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Taixing</span> County-level & Sub-prefectural city in Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China

    Taixing is a county-level city under the administration of Taizhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is located in the Yangtze River Delta, bordering the prefecture-level cities of Nantong to the east, Changzhou to the southwest, and Zhenjiang to the west.

    The Xuzhou dialect is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Xuzhou in Jiangsu province, China.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway</span> Railway line in China

    The Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway or Huning intercity railway is a 301-kilometer (187 mi)-long high-speed rail line between Shanghai and Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province. and Níng are shorthand Chinese names for Shanghai and Nanjing, respectively. The Huning intercity high-speed railway largely follows the route of the preexisting Nanjing-Shanghai section of the conventional Beijing–Shanghai railway and the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway. Construction of this high-speed railway began in July 2008. The line went into test operations in early April 2010, and opened for full service on July 1, 2010. The line has a design speed of 350 km/h (217 mph). The journey time between the two cities has been shortened from 120 minutes to 73 minutes on nonstop trains. According to the arrangements of related departments, 120 pairs of trains are operating on the line, and the time interval between services is 5 minutes at the shortest.

    Railways in Jiangsu, China have existed in the province since the early 20th century. More than 40 large and medium-sized cities in Jiangsu are connected by rail; Nanjing and Xuzhou are transportation centers. Two national rail lines—Longhai Railway and Jinghu Railway —cross the province. A rail link among eight cities in the province is planned. Train travel is popular in China; it is fast, more widely available than automobile travel and more economical than travel by air.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway</span> Expressway of China

    The Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway, designated as G42 and commonly referred to as the Hurong Expressway is an east–west bound expressway that connects the eastern metropolis of Shanghai to Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan. The expressway passes through six provinces and serves major cities such as Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nanjing, Hefei, Wuhan, and Yichang. The eastern terminus of G42 is at the Wuning Road Interchange of Shanghai Middle Ring Road. At its western terminus, the expressway intersects the East 3rd Ring Road and connects East Erxianqiao Road in Chenghua District, Chengdu. The expressway spans 1,960 km (1,220 mi) in length.

    Yangzhou, Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou.

    Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Jiangnan Province</span> Former province of China

    Jiangnan, formerly romanized as Kiangnan, was a historical province of the early Qing dynasty of China. Its capital was Jiangning, from which it is sometimes known as Nanjing or Nanking Province. Established in 1645 during the Qing conquest of Ming, it administered the area of the earlier Ming province of Nanzhili, reaching from north of the Huai River—at the time the course of the Yellow River—to south of the Yangtze River in East China. Its territory was later divided into the separate provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1736–1795), although the exact timing is disputed, with Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville's map of 1734 showing the province still extant as "Kiang-nan". The earliest that the province's partition could have happened was 1667. Under the Republic and People's Republic of China, an area of Jiangsu also became the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.

    Jiangsu Yangtze Metropolitan Belt intercity railway system is a network of 8 regional railways surrounding southern parts of Jiangsu province, China. It is a plan for the gradual implementation of a regional rail system across the region. The system involves Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, it aims to form a convenient, fast, safe and efficient intercity rail transportation network.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuxi opera</span>

    Xiju, also known as Wuxi opera, is a genre of opera which originated in the southern region of the Yangtze River Delta in China. It evolved from "Tanhuang" (滩簧), a folk opera art in the region of Wuxi and Changzhou of Jiangsu province. As one of the main local operas in Jiangsu Province, Wuxi opera has been reputed as "a piece of plum flower in Taihu Lake", a title given to the three major operas in East China, alongside Yue opera and Huangmei opera.

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