Macau

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Macau
澳門
Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
Other official names
  • Chinese:中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區
    Cantonese Yale romanisation:Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
    Portuguese:Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China
Macau locator map.svg
Location of Macau within China
Sovereign state China
Portuguese lease 1557
Treaty of Peking 1 December 1887
Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 26 March 1987
Handover of Macau 20 December 1999
Largest parish
by population
Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Official languages
Ethnic groups
(2016)
88.4% Chinese
4.6% Filipino
2.4% Vietnamese
1.7% Portuguese
2.8% other [3]
Demonym(s) Macau [c]
Government Devolved executive-led government within a unitary one-party state [6]
Sam Hou Fai
André Cheong Weng Chon
Kou Hoi In
Song Man Lei
Legislature Legislative Assembly
National representation
12 deputies
29 delegates [7]
Area
 Total
119.3 km2 (46.1 sq mi)
 Water (%)
71.25 [8]
Highest elevation172.4 m (565.6 ft)
Population
 2024 estimate
712,651
 Density
20,300/km2 (52,576.8/sq mi)(1st)
GDP  (PPP)2024 estimate
 Total
Increase2.svg $92.885 billion [9] (101st)
 Per capita
Increase2.svg $125,510 [9] (4th)
GDP  (nominal)2024 estimate
 Total
Increase2.svg $54.677 billion [9] (90th)
 Per capita
Increase2.svg $78,962 [9] (9th)
Gini  (2018)36.0 [10]
medium
HDI  (2022)Increase2.svg 0.925 [d]
very high ·  24th
Currency Macanese pataca (MOP)
Time zone UTC+08:00 (Macau Standard Time)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
yyyy年mm月dd日
Mains electricity 220 V–50 Hz
Driving side Left
Calling code +853
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD
Licence plate prefixes None for local vehicles, 粤Z for cross-boundary vehicles

Macau [e] or Macao [f] is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). With a population of about 710,000 people [12] and a land area of 32.9 km2 (12.7 sq mi), it is the most densely populated region in the world.

Contents

Formerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887, when Portugal gained perpetual colonial rights with the signing of the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until the 1999 handover to China. Macau is a special administrative region of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems". [13] The unique blend of Portuguese and Chinese architecture in the city's historic centre has resulted in its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. [14]

The gambling industry of Macau is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas. [15] The city has one of the highest GDPs per capita and GDPs per capita by purchasing power parity in the world. [16] [17]

It has a very high Human Development Index of 0.925, as calculated by the Government of Macau, [11] and the fourth-highest life expectancy in the world. [18] The territory is highly urbanised, holding the status of the most densely populated territory on Earth; two-thirds of the total land area is built on land reclaimed from the sea. [19]

Etymology

[ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃wɐðminiʃtɾɐˈtivɐɨʃpɨsiˈalmɐˈkaw]
Map of the Pearl River Delta
Macau
Macau (Chinese characters).svg
"Macau" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Aerial view of Macau Peninsula Aerial view of Macau at night.jpg
Aerial view of Macau Peninsula
A 1954 map of the Zhongshan region. Macau is located at the bottom-right of the region. Txu-oclc-10552568-nf49-8.jpg
A 1954 map of the Zhongshan region. Macau is located at the bottom-right of the region.
Map of Macau Txu-oclc-10552568-nf49-8-back.jpg
Map of Macau

Macau is located on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) west of Hong Kong, on the western side of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea in the east and south, and neighbours the Guangdong city of Zhuhai to the west and north. [101] The territory consists of Macau Peninsula, Taipa, and Coloane. [102] A 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) parcel of land in neighbouring Hengqin island that hosts the University of Macau also falls under the regional government's jurisdiction. [103] The territory's highest point is Coloane Alto, 170.6 m (560 ft) above sea level. [99]

Urban development is concentrated on peninsular Macau, where most of the population lives. [104] The peninsula was originally a separate island with hilly terrain, which gradually became a tombolo as a connecting sandbar formed over time. Both natural sedimentation and land reclamation expanded the area enough to support urban growth. [105] Macau has tripled its land area in the last century, increasing from 10.28 km2 (3.97 sq mi) in the late 19th century [19] to 32.9 km2 (12.7 sq mi) in 2018. [99]

Cotai, the area of reclaimed land connecting Taipa and Coloane, contains many of the newer casinos and resorts established after 1999. [17] The region's jurisdiction over the surrounding sea was greatly expanded in 2015, when it was granted an additional 85 km2 (33 sq mi) of maritime territory by the State Council. [106] Further reclamation is underway to develop parts of the Macau New Urban Zone. [107] The territory also has control over part of an artificial island to maintain a border checkpoint for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. [99] [108]

Climate

Despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer, Macau has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), characteristic of southern China. The territory is dual season dominant – summer (May to September) and winter (December to February) are the longest seasons, while spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November) are relatively brief periods. [101] The summer monsoon brings warm and humid air from the sea, with the most frequent rainfall occurring during the season. Typhoons also occur most often then, bringing significant spikes in rainfall. During the winter, northern winds from the continent bring dry air and much less rainfall. [109] The highest and lowest temperatures recorded at the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau are 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) on both 2 July 1930 and 6 July 1930 and −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) on 26 January 1948. [110]

Climate data for Macau (19912020, extremes 1901present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)29.1
(84.4)
30.2
(86.4)
31.5
(88.7)
35.3
(95.5)
37.5
(99.5)
36.9
(98.4)
38.9
(102.0)
38.5
(101.3)
38.1
(100.6)
36.0
(96.8)
34.2
(93.6)
30.0
(86.0)
38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)18.6
(65.5)
19.2
(66.6)
21.4
(70.5)
25.1
(77.2)
28.7
(83.7)
30.5
(86.9)
31.4
(88.5)
31.5
(88.7)
30.8
(87.4)
28.5
(83.3)
24.7
(76.5)
20.3
(68.5)
25.9
(78.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)15.2
(59.4)
16.1
(61.0)
18.6
(65.5)
22.3
(72.1)
25.8
(78.4)
27.8
(82.0)
28.4
(83.1)
28.3
(82.9)
27.5
(81.5)
25.1
(77.2)
21.3
(70.3)
16.9
(62.4)
22.8
(73.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)12.7
(54.9)
13.9
(57.0)
16.5
(61.7)
20.3
(68.5)
23.7
(74.7)
25.7
(78.3)
26.1
(79.0)
25.9
(78.6)
25.1
(77.2)
22.7
(72.9)
18.8
(65.8)
14.3
(57.7)
20.5
(68.9)
Record low °C (°F)−1.8
(28.8)
0.4
(32.7)
3.2
(37.8)
8.5
(47.3)
13.8
(56.8)
18.5
(65.3)
19.3
(66.7)
19.0
(66.2)
13.2
(55.8)
9.5
(49.1)
5.0
(41.0)
0.0
(32.0)
−1.8
(28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)34.2
(1.35)
43.9
(1.73)
80.0
(3.15)
153.5
(6.04)
286.0
(11.26)
373.7
(14.71)
290.7
(11.44)
331.4
(13.05)
227.8
(8.97)
75.1
(2.96)
39.0
(1.54)
31.3
(1.23)
1,966.6
(77.43)
Average precipitation days5.88.911.411.614.117.716.616.212.36.24.95.0130.9
Average relative humidity (%)74.980.585.086.384.984.682.782.178.372.572.670.879.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 126.585.774.894.6135.5159.0211.3188.2178.3192.2158.1145.11,749.3
Source: Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau [111] [110]
Macau Peninsula Wikivoyage banner.jpg
The Macau Peninsula skyline, viewed from Taipa
Macau banner.jpg
View of the Macau Old City

Demographics

2020 population pyramid Macau single age population pyramid 2020.png
2020 population pyramid

The Statistics and Census Service estimated Macau's population at 667,400 at the end of 2018. [112] With a population density of 21,340 people per square kilometre, [113] Macau is the most densely populated region in the world. The overwhelming majority (88.7 per cent) are Chinese, many of whom originate from Guangdong (31.9 per cent) or Fujian (5.9 per cent). [114] The remaining 11.6 per cent are non ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos (4.6 per cent), Vietnamese (2.4 per cent), and Portuguese (1.8 per cent). [3] Several thousand residents are of Macanese heritage, native-born multiracial people with mixed Portuguese ancestry. [115] Of the total population (excluding migrants), 49.4 per cent were born in Macau, followed by 43.1 per cent in mainland China. [116] A large portion of the population are Portuguese citizens, a legacy of colonial rule; at the time of the handover in 1999, 107,000 residents held Portuguese passports. [117]

The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 87.5 per cent of the population, 80.1 per cent as a first language and 7.5 per cent as a second language. Only 2.3 per cent can speak Portuguese, the other official language; [2] 0.7 per cent are native speakers, and 1.6 per cent use it as a second language. Increased immigration from mainland China in recent years has added to the number of Mandarin speakers, making up about half of the population (50.4 per cent); 5.5 per cent are native speakers and 44.9 per cent are second language speakers. [118] Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland. English is considered an additional working language [119] and is spoken by over a quarter of the population (27.5 per cent); 2.8 per cent are native speakers, and 24.7 per cent speak English as a second language. [118] Macanese Patois, a local creole generally known as Patuá, is now spoken only by a few in the older Macanese community. [120]

  1. Buddhism (incl. Chinese folk religion) (80%)
  2. Christianity (6.7%)
  3. Other (13.7%)

Economy

Macau Skyline (157820121).jpeg
Casinos on the Macanese skyline
Yi Shi Ting Qian Di  - panoramio.jpg
Tourism plays an important role in the economy of Macau, the people from Mainland China being the region's most prolific tourists.

Macau has a capitalist service economy largely based on casino gaming and tourism. It is the world's 83rd-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately MOP433 billion (US$53.9 billion). [9] The GDP per capita was US$69,430 in 2023. [127] Although Macau has one of the highest per capita GDPs, the territory also has a high level of wealth disparity. [17] Macau's gambling industry is the largest in the world, generating over MOP195 billion (US$24 billion) in revenue and about seven times larger than that of Las Vegas. [15] Macau's gambling revenue was $37 billion in 2018. [128] Taxes from gambling revenues fund a robust welfare system and an annual cash payment to Macau's citizens. [81] :204

The regional economy is heavily reliant on casino gaming. [15] The vast majority of government funding (79.6 per cent of total tax revenue) comes from gaming. [129] Local taxes on personal income, residential property, and retail sales range from non-existent to negligible. [81] :16 Gambling as a share of GDP peaked in 2013 at over 60 per cent, [15] and continues to account for 49.1 per cent of total economic output. The vast majority of casino patrons are tourists from mainland China, making up 68 per cent of all visitors. [130] Casino gaming is illegal in both the mainland and Hong Kong, giving Macau a legal monopoly on the industry in China. [15] Revenue from Chinese high rollers has been falling and was forecast to fall as much as 10% more in 2019. Economic uncertainty may account for some of the drop, but alternate Asian gambling venues do as well. For example, Chinese visitors to the Philippines more than doubled between 2015 and 2018, since the City of Dreams casino opened in Manila. [128]

Casino gambling was legalised in 1962 and the gaming industry initially operated under a government-licensed monopoly granted to the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau. This licence was renegotiated and renewed several times before ending in 2002 after 40 years. [131] The government then allowed open bidding for casino licences to attract foreign investors. [132] Along with an easing of travel restrictions on mainland Chinese visitors, this triggered a period of rapid economic growth; from 1999 to 2016, Macau's gross domestic product multiplied by 7 [15] and the unemployment rate dropped from 6.3 to 1.9 per cent. [103] The Sands Macao, Wynn Macau, MGM Macau, and Venetian Macau were all opened during the first decade after liberalisation of casino concessions. [132] Casinos employ about 24 per cent of the total workforce in the region. [103] "Increased competition from casinos popping up across Asia to lure away Chinese high rollers and tourists" in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, Australia, Vietnam and the Russian Far East led in 2019 to the lowest revenues in three years. [128]

Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 [133] and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017. [134] The bulk of these exports were cotton textiles and apparel, but also included toys and electronics. [135] At the handover in 1999, manufacturing, financial services, construction and real estate, and gaming were the four largest sectors of the economy. [15] Macau's shift to an economic model entirely dependent on gaming caused concern over its overexposure to a single sector, prompting the regional government to attempt re-diversifying its economy. [136]

The government traditionally had a non-interventionist role in the economy and taxes corporations at very low rates. [137] Post-handover administrations have generally been more involved in enhancing social welfare to counter the cyclical nature of the gaming industry. [138] Economic growth has been attributed in large part to the high number of mainlander visits to Macau, and the central government exercises a role in guiding casino business growth through its control of the flow of tourists. [139] [140] The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between Macau and mainland China, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. [141]

Due to a lack of available land for farming, agriculture is not significant in the economy. Food is exclusively imported to Macau and almost all foreign goods are transshipped through Hong Kong. [142]

Infrastructure

Transport

Air Macau Airbus A321 taxiing at Macau International Airport Air Macau Airbus A321-200 B-MCA (24311327220).jpg
Air Macau Airbus A321 taxiing at Macau International Airport

Macau has a highly developed road system, with over 400 km (250 mi) of roads. Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in both mainland China and Portugal), due to historical influence of the British Empire. [143] [ failed verification ] Vehicle traffic is extremely congested, especially in the oldest part of the city, where streets are the narrowest. [144] Public bus services operate over 80 routes, supplemented by free hotel shuttle buses that also run routes to popular tourist attractions and downtown locations. [145] About 1,500 black taxicabs are licensed in the territory. [146] The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, opened in 2018, provides a direct link with the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary. [147] Cross-boundary traffic to mainland China may also pass through border checkpoints at the Portas do Cerco, Lótus Bridge, and Qingmao Port. [148]

Macau International Airport serves over 8 million passengers each year and is the primary hub for local flag carrier Air Macau. [149] Ferry services to Hong Kong and mainland China operate out of ferry terminals such as Taipa Ferry Terminal. Daily helicopter service is also available to Hong Kong and Shenzhen. [150] Phase 1 of the territory's first rail network, the Macau Light Rapid Transit, began operations in December 2019. The Taipa line connects 11 metro stations throughout Taipa and Cotai. [151]

Healthcare

Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital MUST Hospital 01.jpg
Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital

Macau is served by one major public hospital, the Hospital Conde S. Januário, and one major private hospital, the Kiang Wu Hospital, both located in Macau Peninsula, as well as a university associated hospital called Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital in Cotai. In addition to hospitals, Macau also has numerous health centres providing free basic medical care to residents. Consultation in traditional Chinese medicine is also available. [152]

None of the Macau hospitals are independently assessed through international healthcare accreditation. A Western-style medical school was opened in Macau in 2019 by the Macau University of Science and Technology, with an annual intake of 50 students. [153] Local nurses are trained at the Macao Polytechnic University and the Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau. [154] [155] There are no training courses in midwifery in Macau. [156] A study by the University of Macau, commissioned by the Macau SAR government, concluded that Macau is too small to have its own medical specialist training centre. [157]

The Fire Services Bureau is responsible for ambulance service (Ambulância de Macau). The Macau Red Cross also operates ambulances (Toyota HiAce vans) for emergency and non-emergencies to local hospitals with volunteer staff. The organisation has a total of 739 uniformed firefighters and paramedics serving from 7 stations in Macau. [158]

The Health Bureau in Macau is mainly responsible for coordinating the activities between the public and private organisations in the area of public health, and assure the health of citizens through specialised and primary health care services, as well as disease prevention and health promotion. [159] The Macau Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was established in 2001, which monitors the operation of hospitals, health centres, and the blood transfusion centre in Macau. It also handles the organisation of care and prevention of diseases affecting the population, sets guidelines for hospitals and private healthcare providers, and issues licenses. [160]

As of 2016 Macau healthcare authorities send patients to Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong in instances where the local Macau hospitals are not equipped to deal with their scenarios, and many Macau residents intentionally seek healthcare in Hong Kong because they place more trust in Hong Kong doctors than in Mainland-trained doctors operating in Macau. [157]

Education

The main campus of the University of Macau is located in neighbouring Hengqin. UM Hengqin 2.jpg
The main campus of the University of Macau is located in neighbouring Hengqin.

Education in Macau does not have a single centralised set of standards or curriculum. Individual schools follow different educational models, including Chinese, Portuguese, Hong Kong, and British systems. [161] Children are required to attend school from the age of five until completion of lower secondary school, or at age 15. Of residents aged 3 and older, 69 per cent completed lower secondary education, 49 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 21 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher. [162] Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 96.5 per cent. While lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty. [163]

Most schools in the territory are private institutions. Out of the 77 non-tertiary schools, 10 are public and the other 67 are privately run. [164] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau maintains an important position in territorial education, managing 27 primary and secondary schools. [165] The government provides 15 years of free education for all residents enrolled in publicly run schools, [164] and subsidises tuition for students in private schools. Students at the secondary school level studying in neighbouring areas of Guangdong are also eligible for tuition subsidies. [166]

The vast majority of schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in Chinese and compulsory classes in Mandarin. A minority of private schools use English or Portuguese as the primary teaching language. Portuguese-Chinese schools mainly use Chinese, but additionally require mandatory Portuguese-language classes as part of their curriculum. [161]

Macau has ten universities and tertiary education institutes. The University of Macau, founded in 1981, is the territory's only public comprehensive university. The Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau is the oldest higher institute, specialising in educating future nursing staff for the college's parent hospital. The University of Saint Joseph, Macau University of Science and Technology, and the City University of Macau were all established in subsequent years. Five other institutes specialise in specific vocations or provide continuing education. [167]

Culture

The mixing of Chinese and Portuguese culture and religious traditions for more than four centuries has left Macau with an inimitable collection of holidays, festivals and events. The biggest event of the year is the Macau Grand Prix each November, [168] when the main streets of the Macau Peninsula are converted to a racetrack bearing similarities with the Monaco Grand Prix. Other annual events include Macau Arts festival in March, the International Fireworks Display Contest in September, the International Music festival in October or November, and the Macau International Marathon in December.

The Lunar Chinese New Year is the most important traditional festival, and celebration normally takes place in late January or early February. [169] The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of Tou Tei, the Earth god, in February. The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well-known Roman Catholic rite and journey, which travels from Saint Austin's Church to the cathedral, also taking place in February. [170]

The A-Ma Temple, which honours the Goddess Matsu, is in full swing in April with many worshipers celebrating the A-Ma festival. In May, it is common to see dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling-clean Buddhas at the Feast of the Bathing of Lord Buddha. In Coloane Village, the Taoist god Tam Kong is also honoured on the same day. [170] Dragon Boat Festival is brought into play on Nam Van Lake in June and Hungry Ghosts' festival, in late August and/or early September every year. All events and festivities of the year end with Winter Solstice in December.

Capela de Nossa Senhora da Guia and Guia Lighthouse at the Guia Fortress Macau - Fortaleza de Guia (cropped).JPG
Capela de Nossa Senhora da Guia and Guia Lighthouse at the Guia Fortress

Macau preserves many historical properties in the urban area. Its historic centre, which includes some twenty-five historic locations, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Durban, South Africa. [171] However, the Macao government is criticised for ignoring the conservation of heritage in urban planning. [172] In 2007, local residents of Macao wrote a letter to UNESCO complaining about construction projects around world heritage Guia Lighthouse (Focal height 108 m (354 ft)), including the headquarter of the Liaison Office (91 m (299 ft)). UNESCO then issued a warning to the Macau government, which led former Chief Executive Edmund Ho to sign a notice regulating height restrictions on buildings around the site. [173] In 2015, the New Macau Association submitted a report to UNESCO claiming that the government had failed to protect Macao's cultural heritage against threats by urban development projects. One of the main examples of the report is that the headquarter of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government, which is located on the Guia foothill and obstructs the view of the Guia Fortress (one of the world heritages symbols of Macao). One year later, Roni Amelan, a spokesman from UNESCO Press service, said that the UNESCO has asked China for information and is still waiting for a reply. [174] [173] In 2016, the Macau government approved an 81-metre (266 ft)-tall construction limit for the residential project, which reportedly goes against the city's regulations on the height of buildings around world heritage site Guia Lighthouse. [173]

Cuisine

MargaretCafe PasteisDeNata.JPG
Porkchopbun.jpg
(Left): Macanese-style pastel de nata . (Right): Pork chop buns are popular street snacks.

Food in Macau is mainly based on both Cantonese and Portuguese cuisine, drawing influences from Indian and Malay dishes as well, reflecting a unique cultural and culinary blend after centuries of colonial rule. [175] Portuguese recipes were adapted to use local ingredients, such as fresh seafood, turmeric, coconut milk, and adzuki beans. These adaptations produced Macanese variations of traditional Portuguese dishes including caldo verde , minchee, and cozido à portuguesa . While many restaurants claim to serve traditional Portuguese or Macanese dishes, most serve a mix of Cantonese-Portuguese fusion cuisine. Galinha à portuguesa is an example of a Chinese dish that draws from Macanese influences, but is not part of Macanese cuisine. [176] Cha chaan teng , a type of fast casual diner originating in Hong Kong that serves that region's interpretation of Western food, are also prevalent in Macau. [177] Pastel de nata , pork chop buns, and almond biscuits are popular street food items. [176]

Sports

Formula Three racers in the 2008 Macau Grand Prix 2008 Macau F3 GP.JPG
Formula Three racers in the 2008 Macau Grand Prix

Despite its small area, Macau is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities that have hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the 2005 East Asian Games, the 2006 Lusophony Games, and the 2007 Asian Indoor Games.

The territory regularly hosts the Macau Grand Prix, one of the most significant annual motorsport competitions that uses city streets as the racetrack. It is the only street circuit that hosts Formula Three, touring car, and motorcycle races in the same event. The Guia Circuit, with narrow corner clearance and a winding path, is considered an extremely challenging course and a serious milestone for prospective Formula One racers. [178]

Macau represents itself separately from mainland China with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory maintains its own National Olympic Committee, but does not compete in the Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee rules specify that new NOCs can only be admitted if they represent sovereign states (Hong Kong has participated in the Olympics since before the regulation change in 1996). [179]

Twin towns and sister cities

Macau has six sister cities, listed chronologically by year joined: [180]

Additionally, Macau has other cultural agreements with the following cities: [180]

Union of Luso-Afro-Americo-Asiatic Capital Cities

Macau is part of the Union of Luso-Afro-Americo-Asiatic Capital Cities [182] [180] from 28 June 1985, establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.
  2. 1 2 For all government use, documents written using Traditional Chinese characters are authoritative over ones inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters. Portuguese shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.
  3. The Macanese people are a distinct ethnic group of mixed Asian and European heritage (predominantly Cantonese and Portuguese). [4] Attempts by the Portuguese colonial government in the mid-1990s to change this definition in the Portuguese and English languages ultimately failed. [5]
  4. The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. [11]
    • English: /məˈk/ ; Portuguese: [mɐˈkaw] ; Chinese :澳門, Cantonese: [ōu.mǔːn]
    • Officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Chinese :中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區; Cantonese Yale :Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui, Portuguese: Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China).
    • Legally Macao, China in international treaties and organizations.
  5. Macau is the official spelling in the Portuguese language, while Macao is the official spelling in the English language. Macau passports use both spellings.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Macau" Archived 24 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
  2. 1 2 3 Basic Law Chapter I Article 9.
  3. 1 2 Population By-Census 2016, p. 6.
  4. "What are the characteristics of Macanese people?". Macau Daily Times. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  5. Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010). Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness . Harvard University Press. pp.  110113. ISBN   978-0674035454.
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