One-party state

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Forms of government.svg
Systems of government
Republican forms of government:
   Presidential republics with an executive presidency separate from the legislature
   Semi-presidential system with both an executive presidency and a separate head of government that leads the rest of the executive, who is appointed by the president and accountable to the legislature
   Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial and non-executive president, where a separate head of government leads the executive and is dependent on the confidence of the legislature
  Republics in which a combined head or directory of state and government is elected or nominated by the legislature
   One-party states in which all other parties are either outlawed or only enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections.

Monarchical forms of government:
   Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial and non-executive monarch, where a separate head of government leads the executive
   Semi-constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial monarch, but where royalty still hold significant executive or legislative power
   Absolute monarchies where the monarch leads the executive

  Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
  Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. provisional government or unclear political situations)

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system. [1] All other parties are either outlawed or only enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.

Contents

Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain, [2] the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'état is often considered the first one-party state. [3]

Concept

One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one-party state argue that the existence of separate parties runs counter to national unity. Others argue that the one party is the vanguard of the people, being its most politically aware members, and therefore the party's right to rule cannot be legitimately questioned. The Soviet government argued that the existence of multiple political parties would perpetuate class struggle, so only a single party could lead a classless proletariat; it therefore made the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the only authorised political party.

Conversely, Russian historian Vadim Rogovin attributed the establishment of the one-party system to the conditions which were "imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces". Rogovin highlighted the fact that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the Soviet parties such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and other left parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the Soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. [4]

Some one-party states only outlaw opposition parties, while allowing allied parties to exist as part of a permanent coalition (such as a popular front). However, these allied parties are largely or completely subservient to the ruling party and must accept the ruling party's monopoly of power as a condition of their existence. Examples of this are the National Front in former East Germany and the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in North Korea. Other states outlaw all other parties yet allow non-party members to run for legislative seats as independents, as was the case with Taiwan's Tangwai movement in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the elections in the former Soviet Union. Still others have only a single legal party, membership of which is a prerequisite for holding public office, such as in Turkmenistan under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazov or Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko.

Within their own countries, dominant parties ruling over one-party states are often referred to simply as the Party. For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party meant the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in reference to the pre-1991 Republic of Zambia, it referred to the United National Independence Party.

Most one-party states have been ruled by one of the following:

  1. A party which supports the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and vanguardism (sometimes described as "communist states", such as the Soviet Union)
  2. A party which supports a nationalist or fascist ideology (such as the Kingdom of Italy under the National Fascist Party or Germany under the Nazi Party)
  3. A party that came to power in the wake of independence from colonial rule. One-party systems often arise from decolonization because a single party gains an overwhelmingly dominant role in liberation or in independence struggles.

With such a small winning coalition, leaders in one-party states usually lack the incentive to care about the well-being of citizens. [5]   Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support.  One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies.  They also turn into democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships. [6] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for elections at the smallest local level. One-party states lack any legitimate competition. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races. [7]   For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations. [8]   They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders. [9]   One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data. [10]   To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races. [11]   One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office. [12]   They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents. [12]   This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government. [12]   Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions. [6]   In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites. [9]   It is also worth noting that it is difficult to gather clear data on these regimes, given their private nature. [7]  

One-party states are usually considered to be authoritarian, [13] to the extent that they are occasionally totalitarian. On the other hand, not all authoritarian or totalitarian states operate upon one-party rule. Some, especially amongst absolute monarchies and military dictatorships, have no need for a ruling party, and therefore make all political parties illegal.

Current one-party states

As of 2024 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

CountryHead of partyLeader titlePartyIdeologyDate of establishmentDurationNotes
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [14]
Xi Jinping 2016.jpg
Xi Jinping
General Secretary Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg Chinese Communist Party Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1 October 194974 years, 163 days
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba [15]
Miguel Diaz-Canel (cropped).jpg
Miguel Díaz-Canel
First Secretary Red flag.svg Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism, Castroism, Guevarism, Left-wing nationalism 16 April 196162 years, 331 days
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea [16]
Isaias Afwerki in 2002.jpg
Isaias Afwerki
Chairperson Flag of the EPLF.svg People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism, Statism 24 May 199330 years, 293 days
Flag of Laos.svg Laos [17]
Mr. Thongloun Sisoulith.jpg
Thongloun Sisoulith
General Secretary Flag of LPRP.svg Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 2 December 197548 years, 101 days
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea [18]
Kim Jong-un April 2019 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong-un
General Secretary Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 9 September 194875 years, 185 daysLeads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Brahim Ghali.jpg
Brahim Ghali
Secretary General Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism, Social democracy 27 February 197648 years, 14 days State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam [19]
Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong.jpg
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
General Secretary Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought 30 April 1975 48 years, 317 days

De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power. [20] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system. [21] [22] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

CountryPartyDate of

establishment

Information
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 11 November 1975The MPLA has ruled Angola since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1991.
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia Cambodian People's Party 7 January 1979The CPP has ruled since victory in Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour 31 December 1968The People's Republic of the Congo was a one-party state, until the establishment of a multiparty system in 1990 and the subsequent loss of the PCT, leading to a civil war in 1997, from which point the PCT has been the sole ruling party since.
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 11 October 1987Despite not having any constitutional relation between the government and the PDGE, there is a link between the 1982 constitution and Theodoro Obiang, leader of the PDGE, leading Equatorial Guinea since 1979, and having won every election by at least 92% approval, with all "opposition" parties adamantly supporting Obiang, and never holding more than 32% of seats in any house.
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore People's Action Party 30 May 1959

While it does not have much electoral controversy, the PAP is essentially linked to governance in Singapore.

Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Liberal Democratic Party 15 November 1955After the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco, the estranged right wing parties began gaining power, and with incentives from the CIA, [23] they formed the LDP, counteracting the formation of the JSP, establishing the 1955 System (also known as the One and a Half Party System), in which the LDP has ruled in all but 4 years.
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique Liberation Front of Mozambique 25 June 1975The FRELIMO has ruled Mozambique since its declaration of independence from Portugal, starting as a de jure one-party state, then initiating a multiparty system in 1994.
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay Colorado Party (Paraguay) 11 September 1887Since 1947, the Colorado party has been dominant in Paraguayan politics, ruling as the only legal party between 1947 and 1962, and has controlled the presidency since 1948 notwithstanding a brief interruption between 2008 and 2013. With almost 2 million members, it is the largest political party in the country. Despite the party's grip on power, the government still sustains the defining characteristics of a procedural democracy [24]
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda Rwandan Patriotic Front In power since 1994Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and electoral fraud. [25] [26]

Former one-party states

CountryPartyIdeologyDate of establishmentDate of dissolutionDurationContinent
Flag of Afghanistan (1974-1978).svg Republic of Afghanistan Flag of Afghanistan (1974-1978).svg National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism, Pashtunization, Republicanism, Secularism 14 February 1977 [27] [28] 28 April 19781 year, 73 daysAsia
Flag of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Pashtun nationalism, Anti-imperialism 30 April 197824 December 19791 year, 238 daysAsia
Flag of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svgFlag of Afghanistan (1987-1992).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism, Anti-imperialism 24 December 197928 July 199212 years, 217 daysAsia
Flag of Albania (1939-1943).svg Albanian Kingdom Flag of Albania (1939-1943).svg Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Fascism, Italophilia, Serbophobia, Hellenophobia 2 June 193927 July 19434 years, 55 daysEurope
Flag of Albania (1939-1943).svg Albanian Kingdom Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism, Fascism 27 July 19438 September 194343 daysEurope
Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism, Greater Albania, Anti-communism, Republicanism, Big tent, Agrarian socialism 14 September 194329 November 194376 daysEurope
Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFlag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Anti-revisionism 20 October 19445 August 1945289 daysEurope
Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFlag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front)5 August 194511 January 1946159 daysEurope
Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Albania 11 January 194611 December 199044 years, 334 daysEurope
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria Variant flag of the GPRA (1958-1962).svg National Liberation Front Arab socialism, Algerian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Anti-imperialism 3 July 196223 February 198926 years, 235 daysAfrica
Flag of Angola.svg People's Republic of Angola Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (bandeira).svg People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism, Left-wing nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 11 November 197530 May 199115 years, 200 daysAfrica
Flag of SSRA.svg Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 2 December 192030 December 19222 years, 28 daysAsia
Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 192230 December 1922293 daysAsia
Flag of Austria.svg Federal State of Austria Flag of the Fatherland Front of Austria.svg Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1 May 193413 March 19383 years, 316 daysEurope
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920).svgFlag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svgFlag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 April 192030 December 19222 years, 244 daysAsia
Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 192230 December 1922293 daysAsia
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism, Bengali nationalism, Socialism 24 January 197515 August 1975203 daysAsia
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh Jatiya Party Bangladeshi nationalism, Conservatism, Authoritarianism, Militarism 11 March 19886 December 19902 years, 270 daysAsia
Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 15 December 19634 December 19651 year, 354 daysAfrica
Flag of Benin (1975-1990).svg Benin Flag of PRPB.svg People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism, Marxism–Leninism (nominally)30 November 19751 March 199014 years, 91 daysAfrica
Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia National Partnership flag.png National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 6 April 19399 May 19456 years, 33 daysEurope
Flag of Bulgaria (1946-1948).svgFlag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svgFlag of Bulgaria (1967-1971).svgFlag of Bulgaria (1971 - 1990).svg Bulgaria FlagBKP.svg Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 15 September 194615 January 199043 years, 122 daysEurope
Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon [29] 194319441 year, 0 daysAsia
Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Maha Bama Asi Ayon [30] 194419451 year, 0 daysAsia
Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Burma Burma Socialist Programme Party flag.svg Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 2 March 196218 September 198826 years, 200 daysAsia
Flag of Burundi (1967-1982).svgFlag of Burundi.svg Republic of Burundi Flag of the UPRONA.svg Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism, Tutsi interests11 July 197413 March 199217 years, 246 daysAfrica
Flag of Byelorussian SSR (1919-1927).svg Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 31 July 192030 December 19222 years, 152 daysEurope
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism, National conservatism, Royalism, Statism, Buddhist socialism, Economic nationalism 22 March 195518 March 197014 years, 361 daysAsia
Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svgFlag of the State of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Revisionism, Left-wing nationalism 7 January 19791 May 198910 years, 114 daysAsia
Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svgFlag of Cameroon.svg Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1 September 1966 [31] 24 March 198518 years, 204 daysAfrica
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent, Nationalism, Francophilia 1975199015 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg  Cape Verde Flag of PAIGC.svg African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1 July 197520 January 19815 years, 203 daysAfrica
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg  Cape Verde Flag of PAICV.svg African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 20 January 198128 September 19909 years, 251 daysAfrica
Flag of Ukraine.svg Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union  [ uk ] [32] Nationalism [33] 18 January 1939 [34] March 193960 daysEurope
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism, Anti-colonialism, Progressivism, Anti-imperialism 1962198018 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Central African Democratic Union African nationalism, Republicanism 1 March 19802 September 19811 year, 185 daysAfrica
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Democratic socialism, Social democracy, Republicanism 6 February 198722 April 1991 [35] 4 years, 75 daysAfrica
Flag of Chad.svg Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 16 April 19626 April 197310 years, 355 daysAfrica
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-imperialism, African socialism, Federalism 6 April 197313 April 19752 years, 7 daysAfrica
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 24 June 19843 December 19906 years, 162 daysAfrica
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 19271927Asia
Hunan Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 19271927Asia
Jinggang Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 192719281 year, 0 daysAsia
Southwest Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 193019311 year, 0 daysAsia
National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 7 November 193122 September 19375 years, 319 daysAsia
Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai 2.svg Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1 August 19351 April 19426 years, 243 daysAsia
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China [note 1] /Taiwan Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg Kuomintang Tridemism 1 July 192515 July 198762 years, 14 daysAsia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Chinese communism 1937194912 years, 0 daysAsia
Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg  Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 198219908 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.svg People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 January 196918 March 199223 years, 47 daysAfrica
State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism, Personalism, Authoritarianism 27 January 191712 August 19192 years, 197 daysNorth America
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia Flag of the KSC.svg Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Husakism 25 February 194830 November 198941 years, 278 daysEurope
Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism, Republicanism 11 April 196113 November 19632 years, 216 daysAfrica
Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg Danzig Flag of the NSDAP (1920-1945).svg Nazi Party Nazism 21 October 1937 [36] [37] 1 September 19391 year, 315 daysEurope
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1 October 19814 September 199210 years, 339 daysAfrica
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Antihaitianismo 2 August 193128 December 196130 years, 148 daysNorth America
Flag of Germany.svg East Germany Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 7 October 194930 March 1950174 daysEurope
Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 March 19501 December 198939 years, 246 daysEurope
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 10 February 195319574 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg  Egypt National Union Nasserism, Pan-Arabism, Socialism 195719625 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg  Egypt Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 1961197615 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg  Egypt National Democratic Party Egyptian nationalism, Big-Tent, Neo-liberalism 1976201135 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Propatria.png National Pro Patria Party Fascism, Anti-communism, Conservatism, Agrarian oligarchy 1933194411 years, 0 daysCentral America
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism, Personalism, Anti-imperialism, Anti-colonialism, Anti-racism, Pan-Africanism, Anti-intellectualism, Totalitarianism 7 July 197025 August 19799 years, 49 daysAfrica
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism, Militarism 11 October 198716 November 19914 years, 36 daysAfrica
Flag of Eritrea (1993-1995).svg  Eritrea Flag of the EPLF.svg Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

16 February 19943 years, 0 daysAfrica
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism, Personalism 9 March 193521 July 19405 years, 134 daysEurope
Flag of Estonian SSR (1940-1953).svg Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 19409 August 194019 daysEurope
Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987) (02).svg Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 12 September 198422 February 19872 years, 163 daysAfrica
Flag of Ethiopia (1987-1991).svg Ethiopia Workers' Party of Ethiopia flag (variant).png Workers' Party of Ethiopia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 22 February 198728 April 19914 years, 65 daysAfrica
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 12 March 196822 May 199022 years, 71 daysAfrica
Flag of Georgian SSR (1921-1922).svg Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 25 February 192130 December 19221 year, 308 daysAsia
Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Georgia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 12 March 192230 December 1922293 daysAsia
Flag of the German Reich (1935-1945).svg Nazi Germany Flag of the NSDAP (1920-1945).svg National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 14 July 193323 May 194511 years, 313 daysEurope
Flag of the German Reich (1935-1945).svg Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 14 December 19416 May 19453 years, 143 daysEurope
Ghana flag 1964.svg  Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism, African socialism, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 31 January 196424 February 19662 years, 24 daysAfrica
Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism, Marxism–Leninism 13 March 197925 October 19834 years, 226 daysNorth America
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Anti-communism 19311944Central America
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, African socialism, Pan-Africanism 19601984Africa
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism, Marxism–Leninism 19741991Africa
Flag of Haiti (1964-1986).svg Haiti Flag of Haiti (1964-1986, civil).svg National Unity Party Black nationalism, Haitian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Anti-communism, Anti-Americanism 14 June 195722 July 198528 years, 38 daysNorth America
Flag of Hawaii.svg Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation, Annexationism 4 July 189412 August 18984 years, 39 daysNorth America
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Government of National Unity Flag of the Arrow Cross Party 1942 to 1945.svg Arrow Cross Party Hungarism, Fascism, Collaborationism, Agrarianism 16 October 19447 May 1945203 daysEurope
Flag of Hungary (1949-1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFlag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFlag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg Hungary Flag of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg Hungarian Working People's Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism 20 August 194931 October 19567 years, 72 daysEurope
Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFlag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svgFlag of Hungary.svg Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Kádárism 31 October 195616 October 198932 years, 350 daysEurope
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism, Marhaenism 17 August 19453 November 194578 daysAsia
State Flag of Iran (1964).svg Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism, Populism, Secularism, Democratic centralism, Third Position 2 March 19751 November 19783 years, 244 daysAsia
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Islamic Republican Party Velyât-e Faqih, Anti-imperialism, Iranian nationalism, Shi'ite Islamism, Anti-Monarchism, Anti-Americanism, Anti-communism, Anti-Sovietism, Anti-Zionism, Islamic fundamentalism, Homophobia, Anti-Western sentiment 19811987Asia
Flag of Iraq (1959-1963).svgFlag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism 19641968Asia
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svgFlag of Iraq (1991-2004).svg Iraq Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Saddamist Ba'athism 19682003Asia
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Kingdom of Italy Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg National Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism 17 May 1928 [38]
  • 9 January 1939
27 July 1943Europe
  • Africa
Flag of Italy.svg Italian Social Republic Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg Republican Fascist Party Fascism, Corporatism, Ultranationalism, Totalitarianism, Antisemitism, Collaborationism 13 September 194328 April 1945Europe
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Conservatism, Populism, Houphouëtism, Pan-Africanism 19601990Africa
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism 19401945Asia
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Philippine Executive Commission Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 8 December 194214 October 1943Asia
Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Kampuchea Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Agrarianism, Autarky, Khmer nationalism, Ultranationalism 17 April 197522 June 1982Asia
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism, Conservatism 19821991Africa
Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism, Croatian ultranationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Clerical fascism, Fascist corporatism, Political Catholicism, Anti-communism 10 April 19418 May 1945Europe
Flag of Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 December 191813 January 1920Europe
Flag of Latvian SSR (1940-1953).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 19405 August 1940Europe
Flag of Libya (1969-1972).svg Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism, Nasserism, Nationalism 19711977Africa
Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 17 February 191917 July 1919Europe
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Flag of Lithuanian National Union.svg Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism 1936 [39] 1940Europe
Flag of Lithuanian SSR (1940-1953).svg Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 21 July 19403 August 1940Europe
Flag of Madagascar.svg Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism, Scientific socialism 19761989Africa
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu, Conservatism, African nationalism, Anti-colonialism 19641993Africa
Flag of Mali (1959-1961).svgFlag of Mali.svg  Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism, African socialism 19601968Africa
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism, Democratic centralism 19761991Africa
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo Flag of Concordia Association.svg Concordia Association Fascism, Monarchism, Manchurian nationalism, Pan-Asianism, Anti-communism, Personalism, collaborationism 1 April 1932 [40] 1 May 1945 [40] Asia
Flag of Mauritania (1959-2017).svg  Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism, Centralism, Islamic socialism 19611978Africa
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism, Big tent 4 March 1929 2 July 2000 71 years, 120 daysNorth America
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svgFlag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1930-1940).svgFlag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svgFlag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 192129 July 1990Asia
Flag of Mozambique (1974-1975).svgFlag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svgFlag of Mozambique (1983).svgFlag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Flag of FRELIMO (1997-2004).svg FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 25 June 19751 December 1990Africa
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 19601974Africa
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 19891991Africa
Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg  Vietnam (partially)Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 2 September 19451946[ citation needed ]Asia
Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg  North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought 19552 July 1976Asia
Flag of North Yemen.svg  North Yemen General People's Congress flag.svg General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism, Arab nationalism, Pan-Arabism, Big tent 19821988Asia
Flag of Norway.svg National Government Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg National Rally Fascism, Nazism, Fascist corporatism, Anti-communism, Collaborationism 25 September 19408 May 1945Europe
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg  Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party [41] İttihadism 11 June 19131918Asia/Europe
Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Bandera Partido Colorado de Paraguay.svg Colorado Party Conservatism, national conservatism 19471962South America
Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism, Marxism–Leninism 19201921Asia
Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg Republic of the Philippines Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 14 October 194317 August 1945Asia
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFlag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 5 February 1947July 1982Europe
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFlag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism July 198224 August 1989Europe
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Uniao Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 30 July 1930 [42] 8 October 1945 [42] Europe
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Uniao Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism, corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 31 January 1948 [43] September 1969 [note 2] Europe
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Uniao Nacional Flag.svg People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism, Integralismo Lusitano 197025 April 1974Europe
Flag of Romania.svg Romania Flag of the National Renaissance Front.svg Party of the Nation Big tent, Romanian nationalism, Monarchism 16 December 19386 September 1940Europe
Flag of Romania.svg Flag of the Legionary Movement.png National Legionary State Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg Iron Guard Legionarism, clerical fascism, Christian nationalism 6 September 194023 January 1941Europe
Flag of Romania.svgFlag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFlag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFlag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 5 February 19481968Europe
Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFlag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFlag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 19681980Europe
Flag of Romania.svgFlag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFlag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFlag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania Flag of PCR.svg Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, National Communism 198029 December 1989Europe
Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg  Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 19651973Africa
Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg  Rwanda Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).svg National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power, Ultranationalism, Social conservatism, Anti-communism 19781991Africa
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism, Corporatism 19261943Europe
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 19431944Europe
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism, African socialism 19661974Africa
Flag of Seychelles (1977-1996).svg  Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism, Marxism-Leninism 19771991Africa
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism, Democratic socialism 19781991Africa
Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovak Republic Flag of the Hlinka party (1938-1945) variant 2.svg Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism, Slovak nationalism 14 March 19398 May 1945Europe
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism, Marxism–Leninism, Pan-Somalism

Scientific socialism, Somali nationalism

July 197626 January 1991Africa
Flag of South Yemen.svg  South Yemen Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg National Liberation Front Arab nationalism, Arab socialism 30 November 196731 October 1978Asia
Flag of South Yemen.svg  South Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 October 197822 May 1990Asia
Flag of South Yemen.svg Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party Flag.svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 21 May 19947 July 1994Asia
Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 29 November 19185 June 1919188 daysEurope
Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFlag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 8 March 1918 [44] 30 December 19224 years, 297 daysEurope/Asia
Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFlag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 19 January 19188 March 1918 [44] 48 daysEurope/Asia
Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svgFlag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFlag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFlag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 30 December 192231 December 1925 [44] 3 years, 1 dayEurope/Asia
Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFlag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFlag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFlag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism, Stalinism 31 December 1925 [44] 13 October 1952 [44] 26 years, 287 daysEurope/Asia
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFlag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svgFlag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 13 October 1952 [44] 9 October 1990 [45] 37 years, 361 daysEurope/Asia
Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism, Political Catholicism, Monarchism, Conservatism 19241930Europe
Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg Spanish State Bandera FE JONS.svg FET y de las JONS Francoism, Falangism, Spanish nationalism, traditionalism, National Catholicism, anti-liberalism, corporatism 1 April 19396 July 1976 [46] Europe
Flag of Sudan.svg Democratic Republic of the Sudan Flag of the Sudanese Socialist Union.svg Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Anti-communism 19711985Africa
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan National Congress Party Islamism, Arab nationalism, Salafism, Social conservatism 19892005Africa
Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Pan-Arabism, Modernization, Pro-Western 19531954Asia
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism 196327 February 2012 [47] [48] Asia
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism 19751990Africa
Flag of Tanganyika (1961-1964).svg  Tanganyika Flag of TANU.svg Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism, African socialism, Ujamaa 19611977Africa
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa, African socialism 19771992Africa
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 19621963Africa
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism, Right-wing populism 19691991Africa
Flag of Tunisia (1959-1999).svg  Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism, Bourguibism 19631964Africa
Flag of Tunisia (1959-1999).svg  Tunisia Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism, Secularism, Bourguibism 19641981Africa
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey (one-party period)Flag of the Republican People's Party (Turkey).svg Republican People's Party Kemalism 19231945Asia/Europe
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism, Secularism, Social conservatism, Catch-all party 19922008Asia
Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svgFlag of Tannu Tuva (1921-1926).svgFlag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1926-1930).svgFlag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1930-1933).svgFlag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1933-1939).svgFlag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1941-1943).svgFlag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg Tuva Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 14 August 192111 October 1944Asia
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda Flag of Uganda People's Congress.svg Uganda People's Congress Social democracy, African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 19691971Africa
Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism, Marxism–Leninism, democratic centralism, state socialism 10 March 191930 December 1922Europe
Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg  United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism, Arab socialism, Pan-Arabism 19581961Africa
Flag of Upper Volta.svg Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism, Pan-Africanism 19601966Africa
Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism, Yugoslav nationalism, Agrarianism, Centralism, Anti-liberalism 19291931Europe
Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svgFlag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia Flag.svg League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism, Titoism, Yugoslavism 29 November 194522 January 1990Europe
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism, Zairean nationalism, Authenticité 19701990Africa
Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg  Zambia Unip Zambia Flag.png United National Independence Party African socialism, African nationalism 19721990Africa
Flag of Zanzibar.svg  Zanzibar Flag of Afro-Shirazi party.svg Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism, Marxism–Leninism 19641977Africa

See also

Notes

  1. The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  2. Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dictatorship</span> Form of government

A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by a dictator, and they are facilitated through an inner circle of elites that includes advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle and repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the dictator's inner circle. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or they can be formed by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian, and they can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government</span> System or group of people governing an organized community, often a state

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leninism</span> Political theory developed by Vladimir Lenin

Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. Lenin's ideological contributions to the Marxist ideology relate to his theories on the party, imperialism, the state, and revolution. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the political consciousness and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose capitalism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Political party</span> Organization coordinating policy priorities and candidates for government positions

A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or policy goals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Totalitarianism</span> Extreme form of authoritarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the legitimate political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and so controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society. In the field of political science, totalitarianism is the extreme form of authoritarianism, wherein all socio-political power is held by the dictator, who also controls the national politics and the peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and by friendly private mass communications media.

Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat. It includes most forms of monarchy and dictatorship, while it is contrasted with democracy and feudalism. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to a single individual, or they may also apply autocracy to a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of civil liberties within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an anocracy. The concept of autocracy has been recognized in political philosophy since ancient times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Belarus</span> Political system of Belarus

The politics of Belarus takes place in a framework of a presidential republic with a bicameral parliament. The President of Belarus is the head of state. Executive power is nominally exercised by the government, at its top sits a ceremonial prime minister, appointed directly by the President. Legislative power is de jure vested in the bicameral parliament, the National Assembly, however the president may enact decrees that are executed the same way as laws, for undisputed time.

In political science, a political system means the type of political organization that can be recognized, observed or otherwise declared by a state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratization</span> Society becoming more democratic

Democratization, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.

A dominant-party system, or one-party dominant system, is a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties. Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a dominant party. Some dominant parties were called the natural governing party, given their length of time in power.

The term "illiberal democracy" describes a governing system that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures". There is a lack of consensus among experts about the exact definition of illiberal democracy or whether it even exists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Cuba</span>

Elections in Cuba are held at municipal, provincial, and national levels. Cuba is a one-party state, with the Communist Party of Cuba being described as the "superior driving force of the society and the state" in the Constitution of Cuba, and the communist party is the only official political party. Elections in Cuba are not considered democratic because the government does not allow free and fair voting.

In Marxist theory, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international working class, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the labour market. There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labor. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated in The Communist Manifesto and later works that "the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle for democracy" and universal suffrage, being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat". As Marx wrote in his Critique of the Gotha Program, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat". He allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures, but suggested that in other countries in which workers can not "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force", stating that the working people had the right to revolt if they were denied political expression. In response to the question "What will be the course of this revolution?" in Principles of Communism, Friedrich Engels wrote:

Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect dominance of the proletariat.

Socialist democracy is a political system that aligns with principles of both socialism and democracy. It includes ideologies such as council communism, democratic socialism, social democracy, and soviet democracy, as well as Marxist democracy like the dictatorship of the proletariat. It was embodied in the Soviet system (1922–1991). It can also denote a system of political party organization like democratic centralism, or a form of democracy espoused by Marxist–Leninist political parties or groups that support one-party states. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) styled itself a socialist democracy, as did the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) and the Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989).

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of democracy and political plurality. It involves the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.

A hybrid regime is a type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete democratic transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. Hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections. Hybrid regimes are commonly found in developing countries with abundant natural resources such as petro-states. Although these regimes experience civil unrest, they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time. There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the Cold War.

In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a condition in which the proletariat holds state power. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate stage between a capitalist economy and a communist economy, whereby the post-revolutionary state seizes the means of production, compels the implementation of direct elections on behalf of and within the confines of the ruling proletarian state party, and institutes elected delegates into representative workers' councils that nationalise ownership of the means of production from private to collective ownership. During this phase, the administrative organizational structure of the party is to be largely determined by the need for it to govern firmly and wield state power to prevent counterrevolution and to facilitate the transition to a lasting communist society.

Soviet democracy, or council democracy, is a type of democracy in Marxism, in which the rule of the population is exercised by directly elected soviets, or workers' councils. The councils are directly responsible to their electors and bound by their instructions using a delegate model of representation. Such an imperative mandate is in contrast to a trustee model, in which the elected delegates are only responsible to their conscience. Delegates may accordingly be dismissed from their post at any time or be voted out (recall).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic backsliding</span> A country becoming less democratic

Democratic backsliding is a process of regime change towards autocracy that makes the exercise of political power by the public more arbitrary and repressive. This process typically restricts the space for public contestation and political participation in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the peaceful transition of power or free and fair elections, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially freedom of expression. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of democratization.

Conservatism in Russia is a broad system of political beliefs in Russia that is characterized by support for Orthodox values, Russian imperialism, statism, economic interventionism, advocacy for the historical Russian sphere of influence, and a rejection of late modernist era Western culture.

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