Chinaportal |
The People's Republic of China is a one-party state ruled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Despite this, eight minor political parties subservient to the CCP exist.
Under the one country, two systems principle, the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which were previously colonies of European powers, operate under a different political system from the rest of China. Currently, both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems that were introduced just before the handover of the territories to China. [1]
The Chinese Communist Party is the sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese constitution states that "The defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China", [2] while the CCP constitution declares the party to be the "highest force for political leadership". [3]
Party | Year founded | Ideology | Members (2022) | Leader | NPC seats | NPCSC seats | CPPCC seats [lower-alpha 1] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 中国共产党 (中共) Zhōngguó Gòngchán Dǎng (Zhōnggòng) | 1921 | Socialism with Chinese characteristics | 98,041,000 | Xi Jinping 习近平 | 2,091 / 2,980 | 118 / 175 | 99 / 544 |
While only the CCP holds effective power at the national level, there are officially eight minor and non-oppositional parties that exist alongside the CCP that are officially titled "democratic parties" (Chinese :民主党派; pinyin :Mínzhǔ dǎngpài). [4] Founded before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, these parties must accept the "leading role" of the CCP as a condition of their continued existence. [5] The relationship between these parties and the CCP has officially been described as "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating each other with full sincerity and sharing weal or woe" (prosperity or adversity) [6] According to Human Rights Watch, these parties "play an advisory rather than an oppositional role". [7] The eight minor parties take part in "united front work" and also take part in the political system, but they have no power at a national level. [8] [4] The Chinese political system allows for the participation of some members of the eight minor parties and other non-CCP members in the National People's Congress (NPC), but they are vetted by the CCP. [7] According to Aaron Friedberg, these parties' "purpose is to create the illusion of inclusiveness and representation." [9] One of the ways the CCP controls the minor parties is through its United Front Work Department (UFWD), which vets the membership applications and controls who is the leader of these parties. [10] UFWD also keeps the parties in check by preventing them from expanding widely in counties and villages. [10] There is officially a ranking system of the parties; the ranking is based on their "contribution to the new democratic revolution". [11]
Party | Year founded | Members (2022) | Chairperson | NPC seats | NPCSC seats | CPPCC seats [lower-alpha 1] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK) 中国国民党革命委员会 (民革) Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Gémìng Wěiyuánhuì (Míngé) | 1948 | 158,000 | Zheng Jianbang 郑建邦 | 44 / 2,980 | 6 / 175 | 65 / 544 | ||
China Democratic League (CDL) 中国民主同盟 (民盟) Zhōngguó Mínzhǔ Tóngméng (Mínméng) | 1941 | 348,300 | Ding Zhongli 丁仲礼 | 57 / 2,980 | 9 / 175 | 65 / 544 | ||
China National Democratic Construction Association (CNDCA) 中国民主建国会 (民建) Zhōngguó Mínzhǔ Jiànguó Huì (Mínjiàn) | 1945 | 220,000 | Hao Mingjin 郝明金 | 57 / 2,980 | 3 / 175 | 65 / 544 | ||
China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD) 中国民主促进会 (民进) Zhōngguó Mínzhǔ Cùjìn Huì (Mínjìn) | 1945 | 192,000 | Cai Dafeng 蔡达峰 | 58 / 2,980 | 7 / 175 | 45 / 544 | ||
Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP) 中国农工民主党 (农工党) Zhōngguó Nónggōng Mínzhǔdǎng (Nónggōngdǎng) | 1930 | 192,000 | He Wei 何维 | 54 / 2,980 | 7 / 175 | 45 / 544 | ||
China Zhi Gong Party (CZGP) 中国致公党 (致公党) Zhōngguó Zhì Gōng Dǎng (Zhìgōngdǎng) | 1925 | 69,000 | Jiang Zuojun 蒋作君 | 38 / 2,980 | 3 / 175 | 30 / 544 | ||
Jiusan Society (JS) 九三学社 Jiǔsānxuéshè | 1945 | 204,069 | Wu Weihua 武维华 | 63 / 2,980 | 4 / 175 | 45 / 544 | ||
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TDSL) 台湾民主自治同盟 (台盟) Táiwān Mínzhǔ Zìzhì Tóngméng (Táiméng) | 1947 | 3,400 | Su Hui 苏辉 | 13 / 2,980 | 3 / 175 | 20 / 544 |
The following parties formed in China are (or have previously been) banned by the government:
The Anti-Rightist Campaign in the People's Republic of China, which lasted from 1957 to roughly 1959, was a political campaign to purge alleged "Rightists" within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the country as a whole. The campaign was launched by Chairman Mao Zedong, but Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen also played an important role. The Anti-Rightist Campaign significantly damaged democracy in China and turned the country into a de facto one-party state.
The Secretariat, officially the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a body serving the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Politburo and Standing Committee. The secretariat is mainly responsible for carrying out routine operations of the Politburo and coordinating organizations and stakeholders to achieve tasks set out by the Politburo. It is empowered by the Politburo to make routine day-to-day decisions on issues of concern in accordance with the decisions of the Politburo, but it must consult the Politburo on substantive matters.
China News Service is the second largest state news agency in China, after Xinhua News Agency. China News Service was formerly run by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, which was absorbed into the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2018. Its operations have traditionally been directed at overseas Chinese worldwide and residents of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
The United Front Work Department (UFWD) is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work." It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.
The China Democratic League (CDL) is one of the eight minor political parties in the People's Republic of China under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party. The CDL was originally founded in 1941 as an umbrella coalition group of the Chinese National Socialist Party, the Chinese Youth Party and the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party to fight the Imperial Japanese Army while providing for a "Third Force".
The Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP) is one of the eight minor political parties in the People's Republic of China under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party. The party is a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. It is the fifth-ranking minor party in China. The current chairman is He Wei.
The China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD) is one of the eight minor political parties in the People's Republic of China under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party. The party is a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. It was formed on 30 December 1945, and mainly represents high-level intellectuals engaged in education and cultural publishing media.
The China Zhi Gong Party is one of the eight minor political parties in the People's Republic of China under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party. It is the sixth-ranking minor party in China.
The Democracy Party of China is a political party that started in the People's Republic of China, and was banned by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The history of the DPC and its foundation date is unclear because it has many historical paths under different groups of founders. According to western sources, it is generally recognized to have assembled in 1998 by democracy activists and former student leaders from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
"Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China" is a Chinese Communist Party song, which originated in 1943 in response to the phrase, "Without the Kuomintang there would be no China".
Hu Qiaomu was a Chinese sociologist, Marxist philosopher and politician.
The Union of Chinese Nationalists, sometimes referred to in English as the Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance, or China Pan-Blue Alliance, abbreviated as "UOCN", is an unregistered political group in the People's Republic of China that supports the goals of the Kuomintang and the ideals of the Pan-Blue Coalition in the Republic of China on Taiwan. According to the website, it values liberal democracy and the Three Principles of the People, and opposes communism and Taiwan independence. It originated in an internet forum in August 2004.
The Maoist Communist Party of China (MCPC) is an underground communist party in China adhering to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.
The Zhi Xian Party, also known as the Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English, is an unregistered political party in China. It was founded in 2013 by people who support the Chinese Communist Party's position as the country's ruling party, but who also seek a return to a Maoist model and an end to what they consider violations of the national constitution by the Communist Party. Bo Xilai was elected the party's "Chairman for Life", because the party considered the trial against him unjust. The party was banned in December 2013.
Shi Taifeng is a Chinese politician currently serving as the head of the United Front Work Department (UFWD) of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the first-ranking vice chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). He is additionally a member of the CCP Politburo and a secretary of the CCP Secretariat.
The 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Shanghai International Settlement at the apartment of Li Da of 625 Pude Lane, South Chengdu Road, between July 16 and July 23, 1922. The congress was attended by 12 representatives, representing 195 members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The congress succeeded the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and preceded the 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, or the Centennial of the Chinese Communist Party, were held on 1 July 2021 in Beijing to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which has been the sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949. CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the guest of honor, delivered a speech and presented the Order of July the First order of honour to CCP members who have made significant contributions. Premier Li Keqiang served as the official host of the event.
Song Qingwei was a general in the People's Liberation Army of China who was a political commissar of the Jinan Military Region from 1987 to 1994.
"Two Establishes" (两个确立) and "Two Upholds" (两个维护) are two political slogans established by the Chinese Communist Party to reinforce general secretary Xi Jinping's rule.
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