List of political parties in Indonesia

Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. ^[1] In the six legislative elections since the fall of the New Order regime, no political party has won an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments.

Pursuant to the Indonesian political parties act, ^[2] political parties' ideologies "must not be against Pancasila" and "is an explanation of Pancasila".

Overview

An election rally for the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 1999

The Indonesian political party system is regulated by Act No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties. ^[3] The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfill common interests and to defend the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as based on Pancasila and the 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia".

Political parties must register themselves with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates that political parties' registration criteria shall include a notarial act recognising the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and prove of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a prove of party bank account. ^{[4] [3]} The law also dictates minimum membership of new political parties on 50 persons, with the percentage of woman members and allocation of woman members to party offices are set on a minimum of 30%.

Electoral eligibility

The party must undergo another registration process in order to participate in national elections; the registration shall be submitted to the General Elections Commission (KPU). ^[5] Several criteria are required by the KPU, namely related to the party's presence in Indonesia's regions: ^[6]

• A formal leadership in all provinces of Indonesia;
• A formal leadership in at least 75 percent of all regencies and cities in each province;
• A formal leadership in at least half of districts in a regency or city in which the party has a formal leadership;
• A card-holding membership of at least 1,000 or 1/1000 of the local population in the district branches.

Political parties who have had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons are able to appeal their rejection to the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU). ^[7] Specifically for regional political parties in Aceh, the first requirement is waived, while the second and third requirements are set at two-thirds of the regencies/cities and districts. ^[8]

Party principles

Indonesian political party should recognise the superiority of Pancasila, the national philosophy

Indonesian political parties should recognise the superiority of Pancasila and the national constitution, but Indonesian law tolerates the practice of other ideologies not in violation of the Pancasila and the constitution. ^[1] A 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly resolution still in force today, however, explicitly prohibits establishment of a communist party, and political parties are banned from adopting "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" ( sic ; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... Stalin, Mao Tse Tung et cetera ") as the party ideology. ^[3]

In essence, Indonesian political parties differs little on party policy and ideology. The only major difference between Indonesian parties is their position as to how major a role Islam, by far the nation's majority religion, should play in public affairs. ^[9] This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part of nationalist-religious broad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim or Islamist and secular nationalist groups. ^[1] Thus, for instance, (1) the Democratic Party (Demokrat), Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) and Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) are identified as the secular, (2) the National Awakening Party (PKB) and National Mandate Party (PAN) as the Muslim, but not Islamist, and (3) the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) as the Islamist. ^[1]

The language of the left–right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia, in contrast with other countries. This tendency arose as the result of the New Order regime under Suharto which was anathema to left-wing policies after the 1965–66 Indonesian mass killings of members and supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia. ^[9] The New Order regime further stigmatised left-wing ideals as those espoused only by communists, discouraging Indonesian political parties from identifying themselves as left-wing movements lest they lose potential voters and be accused as communist. This tendency has survived even after the 1998 Reforms, partly due to the new regime's insistence on keeping anti-communist legislation in force. In addition, due to how widely presidents shared power, Indonesian party cartelization differs significantly from canonical electoral alliances in Europe. ^[10]

Funding

Political parties which won seats in the national or regional parliaments are eligible for funding from the central or local governments, based on number of votes received in the relevant legislative elections. The funding amount is set for Rp 1,000 per vote received at the national level, Rp 1,200 at the provincial level, and Rp 1,500 at the city/regency level. ^[11] Local government can opt to allocate more funding to political parties - Jakarta, for example, paid in 2021 Rp 5,000 per vote received. ^[12] After the 2019 election, this amounted to Rp 126 billion (USD 8 million) from the central government on an annual basis. ^[13] This payout only made up a small proportion of party revenues – the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, for example, raised just 1.5 percent of its reported revenue from government funding. Donations and fees from elected officials made up a larger proportion of income. ^[14]

Parties represented in legislatures

Parties represented in national and regional legislatures

Logo	Name				Leader	Year		Status in the DPR		Provincial DPRD seats	City/regency DPRD seats
						Est.	First election	Seats	Status
		PDI-P		Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan	Megawati Sukarnoputri	1999 [nb 1] [15] [16] [17]	1999	110 / 580	Confidence and supply	389 / 2,372	2,810 / 17,510
		Golkar		Party of Functional Groups Partai Golongan Karya	Bahlil Lahadalia	1964 [18] [19] [17]	1971	102 / 580	Government	365 / 2,372	2,521 / 17,510
		Gerindra		Great Indonesia Movement Party Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya	Prabowo Subianto	2008 [17]	2009	86 / 580	Government	323 / 2,372	2,120 / 17,510
		NasDem		NasDem Party Partai NasDem	Surya Paloh	2011 [17]	2014	69 / 580	Confidence and supply	265 / 2,372	1,849 / 17,510
		PKB		National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa	Muhaimin Iskandar	1998 [1] [17]	1999	68 / 580	Government	220 / 2,372	1,833 / 17,510
		PKS		Prosperous Justice Party Partai Keadilan Sejahtera	Ahmad Syaikhu	1999 [nb 2] [20] [21] [17] [22] [23]	1999	53 / 580	Confidence and supply	210 / 2,372	1,312 / 17,510
		PAN		National Mandate Party Partai Amanat Nasional	Zulkifli Hasan	1998 [24] [17]	1999	48 / 580	Government	160 / 2,372	1,236 / 17,510
		Demokrat		Democratic Party Partai Demokrat	Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono	2001 [25] [1] [17]	2004	44 / 580	Government	206 / 2,372	1,479 / 17,510

Parties represented only in regional legislatures

These parties participated in the 2024 elections but failed to attain a single seat in the national House of Representatives after winning less than the parliamentary threshold of 4% of the popular vote. ^[26] Notable failures were of the United Development Party, which lost all its seats in the 2024 election after having been represented in DPR since 1977, and Hanura, which won DPR seats in 2009 and 2014 but lost them in 2019 and failed to recover their seats in 2024.

Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gained seat in regional parliaments (DPRD). Although, these political parties, along with other extra-parliamentary parties, are sometimes referred as partai gurem.

Aceh's special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in the Aceh House of Representatives. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared in ballot paper circulating in Aceh province. ^{[1] [27]}

Logo	Name				Leader	Year		Provincial DPRD seats	City/regency DPRD seats
						Est.	First election
		PPP		United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan	Muhamad Mardiono	1973 [28] [17]	1977	83 / 2,372	850 / 17,510
		Hanura		People's Conscience Party Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat	Oesman Sapta Odang	2006 [17]	2009	42 / 2,372	486 / 17,510
		PSI		Indonesian Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Indonesia	Kaesang Pangarep	2014	2019	33 / 2,372	149 / 17,510
		Perindo		Indonesian Unity Party Partai Persatuan Indonesia	Angela Tanoesoedibjo	2015	2019	31 / 2,372	349 / 17,510
		PBB		Crescent Star Party Partai Bulan Bintang	Fahri Bachmid	1998 [17]	1999	12 / 2,372	164 / 17,510
		PKN		Nusantara Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nusantara	Anas Urbaningrum	2022	2024	4 / 2,372	52 / 17,510
		Garuda		Change Indonesia Guardian Party Partai Garda Perubahan Indonesia	Ahmad Ridha Sabana	2015	2019	3 / 2,372	34 / 17,510
		Gelora		Indonesian People's Wave Party Partai Gelombang Rakyat Indonesia	Anis Matta	2019	2024	1 / 2,372	72 / 17,510
		Ummat		Ummah Party Partai Ummat	Ridho Rahmadi	2021	2024	0 / 2,372	20 / 17,510
		PB		Labour Party Partai Buruh	Said Iqbal	2021	2024	0 / 2,372	11 / 17,510
Parties represented only in Aceh
		PA		Aceh Party Partai Aceh	Muzakir Manaf	2007	2009 [29]	20 / 81	116 / 665
		PAS Aceh		Aceh Just and Prosperous Party Partai Adil Sejahtera Aceh	Tu Bulqaini Tanjongan	2023	2024	3 / 81	16 / 665
		PNA		Nanggroe Aceh Party Partai Nanggroe Aceh	Irwandi Yusuf	2011	2014 [30]	1 / 81	21 / 665
		PDA		Aceh Abode Party Partai Darul Aceh	Muhibbussabri A. Wahab	2007 [nb 3]	2009 [31]	1 / 81	7 / 665
		SIRA		Independent Solidity of the Acehnese Party Partai Soliditas Independen Rakyat Aceh	Muslim Syamsuddin	2007	2009 [32]	0 / 81	3 / 665

Extra-parliamentary parties

These political parties have no representation in either national or regional parliaments.

The term "partai gurem" (minor party, literally "tropical fowl mite party" referring to the small size) is commonly used by Indonesian media to refer to these political parties. The term initially referred to political parties that won a very small number of parliamentary seat, but after the 2004 election, to political parties that have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold (currently 4%) necessary to gain representation on the House of Representatives. ^[33] These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure, their leaders seemingly interested solely in attracting media attention. ^[33]

These parties often have their attempts at registering for elections turned down by the KPU due to the parties' failure to satisfy registration criteria set by the commission, which includes completeness of party documents, a permanent physical party headquarters, minimum membership and minimum percentage of woman members. ^{[34] [35]} Parties that had their registration rejected often resort to appealing their rejection to the Bawaslu, with varied success. ^[36]

Logo	Name [nb 4]			Leader	Year
					Est.	Contested elections
		PKP	Justice and Unity Party Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan	Yussuf Solichien	1999 [37] [17]	2019
		Berkarya	Party of Functional Banyan Partai Beringin Karya	Muchdi Purwopranjono	2016	2019
		PBI	Indonesian Bhinneka Party Partai Bhinneka Indonesia	Nurdin Purnomo	1998 [nb 5] [38]	1999
		Republik	Republican Party Partai Republik	Suharno Prawiro	1998 [39]	1999
		Reformasi	Reform Party Partai Reformasi	Syamsahril Kamal	2000
		PPB	National Unity Party Partai Pemersatu Bangsa	Eggi Sudjana	2001
		Pakar	Republican Functional Party Partai Karya Republik	Ari Sigit	2012
		Parsindo	Indonesian People's Voice Party Partai Swara Rakyat Indonesia	M Jusuf Rizal	2013
		Rakyat	People's Party Partai Rakyat	Arvindo Noviar	2014
		PDRI	Indonesian People's Democracy Party Partai Demokrasi Rakyat Indonesia	Ambarwati Santoso	2015 [nb 6] [40]
		Pandai	Indonesian Sovereign Nation Party Partai Negeri Daulat Indonesia	Farhat Abbas	2020
		Masyumi	Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi	Ahmad Yani	2020 [nb 7]
		PRIMA	Just and Prosperous People's Party Partai Rakyat Adil Makmur	Agus Jabo Priyono	2021
		PPB	National Scout Party Partai Pandu Bangsa	Widyanto Kurniawan	2021
		Perkasa	Village Awakening Movement Party Partai Pergerakan Kebangkitan Desa	Eko Santjojo	2021 [nb 8]
		PKR	People's Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan Rakyat	Tuntas Subagyo	2021
		PMI	Indonesian Students Party Partai Mahasiswa Indonesia	Eko Pratama	2021
		IBU	Awaken and United Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Bangkit Bersatu	Zulki Zulkifli Noor	2021
		PDSP	Prosperous Peace Party of Renewal Partai Damai Sejahtera Pembaharuan	Hendrik RE Assa	2021 [nb 9]
		PDKB	National Peace and Love Party Partai Damai Kasih Bangsa	Apri Hananto Sukandar	2021
		Pelita	Pelita Party Partai Pelita	Ari Chandra Kurniawan	2022
		Republiku	Indonesian Republiku Party Partai Republiku Indonesia	Ramses David Simandjuntak
		PRS	One Republic Party Partai Republik Satu	D Yusad Siregar
		Kongres	Congress Party Partai Kongres	Zakariani Santoso
		PP	Party of Change Partai Perubahan	Robi Nurhadi	2024
Parties that are not registered in the KPU RI Political Party Registration System
		SRI	Union of Independent People Serikat Rakyat Independen	Damianus Taufan	2011
		PHI	Green Party of Indonesia Partai Hijau Indonesia	Collective leadership	2012	[nb 10]
		PDRI	Indonesian People's Da'wah Party Partai Dakwah Rakyat Indonesia	Farid Okbah	2021

Political party coalitions

Outside of the Suharto period, no political parties controlled a majority of the Indonesian parliament, necessitating the formation of coalitions. ^{[41] [42]} Coalitions may also be required to nominate candidates to executive office elections (i.e. President, Governors, Regents, Mayors and their deputies), and political parties often form coalitions for regional elections with parties which are on opposing coalitions at the national level. ^{[43] [44]}

Logo	Name			Active period	Status	Presidential candidate	Election	DPR seats
									Formed	Disbanded
		PPPKI	Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People Pemufakatan Perhimpunan-Perhimpunan Politik Kebangsaan Indonesia [45]	1927–1942	Disbanded	—			17–18 December 1927	20 March 1942
		GAPI	Indonesian Political Federation Gabungan Politik Indonesia [46]	1939–1942	Disbanded	—			21 May 1939	20 March 1942
		Bangsa	National Coalition  [ id ] Koalisi Kebangsaan	2004–2009	Disbanded	Megawati Sukarnoputri	2004	307 / 550	19 August 2004 [47]	16 May 2009 [48]
		Rakyat	People's Coalition  [ id ] Koalisi Kerakyatan	2004–2009	Continued (Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties)	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	2004		28 August 2004	16 May 2009
		SetGab	Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties Sekretariat Gabungan Partai Koalisi Pendukung Pemerintahan	2009–2014	Disbanded	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	2009	317 / 560	16 May 2009	20 October 2014
		KIH	Great Indonesia Coalition  [ id ] Koalisi Indonesia Hebat [10]	2014–2018	Continued (Onward Indonesia Coalition)	Joko Widodo	2014	207 / 560	19 May 2014	10 August 2018
		KMP	Red-White Coalition  [ id ] Koalisi Merah Putih [10]	2014–2018	Disbanded	Prabowo Subianto	2014	292 / 560	14 July 2014	18 September 2018
		KIM	Onward Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Maju	2018–2024	Disbanded	Joko Widodo	2019	349 / 575	10 August 2018	20 October 2024
		KIAM	Just and Prosperous Indonesia Coalition  [ id ] Koalisi Indonesia Adil Makmur	2018–2019	Disbanded	Prabowo Subianto	2019	226 / 575	18 September 2018	28 June 2019
		KIM	Advanced Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Maju	since 2022	Active	Prabowo Subianto	2024	280 / 580	13 August 2022
		KP	Coalition of Change Koalisi Perubahan	2023–2024	Disbanded	Anies Baswedan	2024	190 / 580	24 March 2023	30 April 2024
		KSPP	Alliance of Political Parties Supporting Ganjar Pranowo Kerja Sama Partai Politik Pengusung Ganjar Pranowo	2023–2024	Disbanded	Ganjar Pranowo	2024	110 / 580	30 April 2023	6 May 2024

Historical political parties

Pre-independence parties

See also: Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)

In the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the Dutch Ethical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian society. ^[49] Through this, the Dutch allowed the creation of education societies and funded its creation. Dutch educated Intelligentsias' would establish schools and education across the Dutch East Indies. Whilst the policy attempted to raise awareness among the natives of the need to break free from the shackles of the feudal system and develop along Western lines and were concerned about the native population's social and cultural conditions, it spearheaded the spread of Indonesian National Revivalism, allowing people to silently organize and articulate their objections to colonial rule. ^[50] The Budi Utomo was considered the first nationalist society (not party yet) in the Dutch East Indies, initiated the Indonesian National Awakening. ^[51] Among other political organizations were the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Alliance) and Indonesia Arab Association. ^[52] Over time organizations turned into political parties, such how Budi Utomo turned into Parindra ^{[53] [54]} and Sarekat Islam into Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The Indische Partij is considered the first Indonesian political party. ^[55] Years of campaigning by various political organizations across the Dutch East Indies eventually compelled the Dutch Government to recognize the need for concessions. As a result, on 16 December 1916, Governor-General J.P. van Limburg Stirum, in collaboration with the Dutch Minister of Colonial Affairs, Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte, sanctioned the establishment of a legislative assembly designed to represent the people of the Dutch East Indies. This assembly was named the Volksraad . ^{[56] [57]}

The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies began when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies through Tarakan, Kalimantan, on 8 March 1942. By the Japanese Government, parties that were based on Indonesian nationalism and wanted to fight for Indonesian Independence were dissolved and banned from political activities on 20 March 1942. ^[58]

Name		Established	Dissolved	Notes	Independence method
Indies Party Indische Partij	IP	1912	1913	Advocated Indonesian independence. [55]	Non-cooperative
Insulinde, or Nationaal Indische Partij	NIP	1913	1919	Direct successor to the Indies Party, advocated in establishing an independent dominion for Indo people in the Dutch East Indies. [55] [59]	Non-cooperative
Sundanese Circle of Friends Paguyuban Pasundan		1913 [nb 11] 1919 [nb 12] [45]	1942 [nb 13]	Advocated to preserve Sundanese culture by involving not only Sundanese people but all those who care about Sundanese culture and to pursue Indonesian Independence	Cooperative
Communist Party of Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia	PKI	1914	1966	Before 1920 as the Indies Social Democratic Association (Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging).	Non-cooperative
Indies Catholic Party Indische Katholieke Partij	IKP	1917	1949	Made as a response to the emergence of nationalist inlander movements, it represented Dutch totok Roman Catholic interests. It had close ties with its mainland counterpart, the Roman Catholic State Party. [60]	Dutch party
Christian Constitutional Party Christenlijk Staatkundige Partei	CSP	1917	1942	Before 1929 as the Christian Ethic Party (Christelijk Ethische Partij). Advocated to make the statutes of God, as revealed in the Holy Scriptures, nature, and history, the foundation of political life in the Dutch East Indies. Also invited native Indonesians, which was rare for a Dutch-majority party at the time. [61] Precursor to Parkindo.	Dutch party
Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1923	1973	Advocated Islamic socialism.	Non-cooperative
Catholic Party Partai Katolik	PK	1923	1973	Split from IKP. Advocated for Christian democracy for natives. [62]	Cooperative
Indonesian National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia	PNI	1927	1931	The first incarnation (second in 1945) of the significant party, which advocated Indonesian independence.	Non-cooperative
Chinese Association Chung Hwa Hui	CHH	1928	1942	Advocated Chinese rights in the Dutch East Indies.	Cooperative
Indonesian Party Partai Indonesia	Partindo	1931	1936	Advocated Indonesian independence.	Non-cooperative
National Socialist Movement in the Dutch East Indies Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederlands-Indië		1931	1940	East Indies branch of the NSB. Most of its members were Indos.	Dutch party
Indonesian Chinese Party Partai Tionghoa Indonesia	PTI	1932	1942	Advocated closer ties between Chinese and native Indonesians.	Cooperative
Indonesian Fascist Party Partai Fasis Indonesia	PFI	1933	1933	Advocated an independent Java, led by an ethnic Javanese descendant of Sutawijaya as its constitutional monarch, [63] ruling over a federation of kingdoms across Nusantara. [64]	Non-cooperative
Great Indonesian Party Partai Indonesia Raya	Parindra	1935	1939	National conservative party, that advocated for full political rights for Indonesians in a system of government in the Dutch East Indies. [54]	Cooperative
Indonesian People's Movement Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia	Gerindo	1937	1942	Successor to Partindo, left-wing nationalist party. [65]	Cooperative [66] [67]
Indonesian Islamic Party Partai Islam Indonesia	PII	1938 [68]	1942	Cooperative split from PSII.	Cooperative

Political parties participating in 1955 and 1971 elections

Parties that had been officially registered in Indonesia in 1954.

The election in 1955 was the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations, with more than 30 parties participating. Due to the numerous political parties participating in the election, the result was inconclusive, with no party receiving a clear mandate. ^{[69] [70] [71]} The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150. Later on, after the take over by the New Order regime, only 10 parties was allowed to participate in the 1971 legislative election. ^{[72] [71]}

Logo	Name [73] [74]		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
					1955		1971
					DPR	Constituency [75]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Serikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1923 1947 [76]	1973
	Indonesian National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia	PNI	1946 [77]	1973
	Communist Party of Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia	PKI	1914	1966 [78] Banned
	Masyumi Party Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia	Masyumi	1943 [nb 14] 1945 [nb 15] [76] [79] [80] [81]	1960 [82] [83] Banned Revived in 2020 [84]
	Islamic Education Movement Pergerakan Tarbijah Islamijah	Perti	1928 [nb 16] 1945 [nb 17] [76] [85]	1973
	Nahdhatul Ulama	NU	1952 [76] [86]	1973 Still active as religious organisation
	Indonesian Christian Party Partai Kristen Indonesia	Parkindo	1945 [87]	1973
	Catholic Party Partai Katolik		1923	1973
	Socialist Party of Indonesia Partai Sosialis Indonesia	PSI	1945 [87]	1960 Banned
	Indonesian Marhaen People's Union Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia	Permai	1945 [87]
	Popular Consultative Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak	Murba	1948	1973 Revived in 1998 [88]
	Labour Party Partai Buruh		1949
	National People's Party Partai Rakyat Nasional	PRN	1950
	Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	PRI	1950 [89]
	League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1954 [90]	1973 Revived in 1998 [91]
	Pancasila Defender Movement Gerakan Pembela Pantja Sila	GPPS	1955
	Police Employee Association of the Republic of Indonesia Persatuan Pegawai Polisi Republik Indonesia	P3RI	1955
	Indonesian Citizenship Consultative Assembly Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia	Baperki	1954
	Great Indonesia Unity Party Wongsonegoro Partai Indonesia Raya Wongsonegoro	PIR/W	1948 Split in 1954 [92]
	Great Indonesia Unity Party Hazairin Partai Indonesia Raya Hazairin	PIR/RIN
	Great Indonesia Unity Party West Nusa Tenggara Partai Indonesia Raya Nusa Tenggara Barat	PIR/NTB
	Indonesian Movement Gerakan Indonesia	Grinda	1955
	Dayak Unity Party Partai Persatuan Dayak	PPD	1946	1959 Banned
	Islamic Tharikah Unity Party Partai Persatuan Tharikah Islam	PPTI
	Islamic Victory Force Angkatan Kemenangan Umat Islam	AKUI
	Village People's Union Persatuan Rakjat Desa	PRD
	Party of the People of Free Indonesia Partai Rakjat Indonesia Merdeka	PRIM
	Young Communist Force Angkatan Communis Muda	Acoma	1952	1965 Banned
	Muslim Party of Indonesia Partai Muslimin Indonesia	Parmusi	1967 [93]	1973
	R. Soedjono Prawirosoedarso R. Soedjono Prawirosoedarso		1955 [94]	1957 [95]
	Sundanese Choice Movement Gerakan Pilihan Sunda	Gerpis
	Indonesian Peasants Party Partai Tani Indonesia	PTI	1945 [96]
	King of Keprabohan Radja Keprabonan		1955 [97]
	Indonesian Republican Bull Movement Gerakan Banteng Republik Indonesia	GBRI
	Centre for the Candidacy Movement of La Ode M. Effendi Pusat Penggerak Pentjalonan La Ode M. Effendi	L.M. Idrus Effendi	1955 [4]
Parties that failed to enter or lost contested elections
	People's Heritage Party Partai Adat Rakyat	PAR	1950	1959

Political parties of the New Order

Government parties

A poster encouraging citizens to support the 1997 Indonesian legislative election.

After his rise into power, President Suharto expressed his discontent regarding multiple political parties, arguing that the failure of Konstituante in 1955–1959 was caused by party deadlock — unacceptable in his regime. ^[98] He proposed that existing political parties unite based on their ideological essence — either spiritual (religious) or materialist (secular nationalist) — in order to cripple the resulting umbrella parties with infighting. Political parties' reaction to Suharto's propositions was generally positive, with Islamic parties claiming that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969. A political alliance dubbed the "Democratic Development Group" was formed by the PNI, the IPKI, Parkindo, the Murba Party, and the Catholic Party to compete in 1971 election. ^[99]

After 1971 election, New Order regime reiterated its call for political parties to fuse, and a MPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge. ^[71] All Islamic political parties merged to form the United Development Party (PPP) on 5 January 1973, and the remaining nationalist and non-Islamic political parties united to form the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) on 10 January 1973. ^[100] Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" but effectively a political party, remained dominant for the entirety of the New Order. From 1985, all political parties were required to declare national ideology Pancasila as their "one and only ideological basis".

The parties participated for the last time in the 1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in 1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in 1999 election jumping substantially to 48 parties.

Logo		Name		Established	Fate
		Party of Functional Groups Partai Golongan Karya	Golkar	1964	Active
		Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia	PDI	1973 [101]	Disbanded in 2003 succeeded by PPDI [102]
		United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan	PPP	1973 [103]	Active

Activist parties

Prior to the end of the New Order era, there was a time where several political activists and student movements established small political parties in the early 1990s. Sensing the near fall of the New Order, the formation of these newly unregistered and unrecognized political parties was based on opposition to the New Order government and positioned themselves as the opposition and played a crucial part in the fall of the new order. The new parties then and only participated in the 1999 elections.

Whilst the New Masyumi Party predates the wave of the new opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Union Party (PUDI) was considered as the first genuine opposition party. As PUDI was upfront and outspoken in their political opposition as a party against the New Order regime, the first out of many. ^[104] At one point, fielding both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, PUDI was considered a challenger to Suharto's rule. ^{[105] [106]} Emboldened by the success of PUDI, the Democratic People's Association (PRD) organisation declared itself the People's Democratic Party (also abbreviated as PRD). On 22 July 1996, the PRD was officially declared to the public and announced its political manifesto. ^[107]

Logo		Name		Established	Fate
		League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1994/1998 [108] [39] [nb 18]	Non-active
		Indonesian National Party – Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia – Supeni	PNI-Supeni	1995 [nb 19] /1998 [109] [nb 20]	Disbanded in 2002. Merged to form the Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
		New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru		1995 [109]	Non-active
		Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia	PUDI	1996 [38]	Non-active
		People's Democratic Party Partai Rakyat Demokratik	PRD	1996 [109]	Disbanded in 2021 Merged with the Just and Prosperous People's Party

Political parties in Reform era (1998–2004)

Parties participating only in 1999 elections

Following political liberalisation after the collapse of the New Order regime in 1998 Reformasi, registration for new political parties jumped significantly. As the result, the following 1999 election had 148 registered political parties ^[110] and 48 of them competing for DPR seats, ^{[1] [110] [109] [39] [38]} compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plus Golkar.

After the Reform, the PPP survived and continues to participate in all following elections after 1999, albeit with much of its membership having broken off from it and founded their own parties. Golkar too was made a proper party and exists to this day. ^[18] The PDI failed to imitate the post-Suharto successes of the PPP and Golkar after the government intervened and unseated Chairman Megawati Soekarnoputri, causing PDI support to collapse in the 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakaway Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati in the post-Suharto 1999 election, resulting in the party winning only two seats in contrast to the PDI-P's 153 seats. ^[37] After poor electoral performance and failure to register for the 2004 election, PDI rebranded itself as the Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003. ^{[37] [102]}

Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existing prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party names, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants to the heritage of the former Indonesian National Party (PNI), Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), Masyumi Party, and Murba Party.

Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes. ^{[111] [71]} After the new electoral law authorised the use of a parliamentary threshold to determine the division of DPR seats, those parties were forced to reorganise themselves in order to be able to register for the next 2004 election. ^[112]

Below is the list of political parties participating only in the 1999 election which failed to participate in the next 2004 election.

Logo	Name		Established
	Aceh Orphans' Foundation Party Partai Abul Yatama	PAY	1999 [109]
	All-Indonesia Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia	PSPSI	1998 [38]
	Democratic Catholic Party Partai Katolik Demokrat	PKD	1998 [39]
	Democratic Islamic Party Partai Islam Demokrat	PID	1998 [39]
	Democratic National Party Partai Nasional Demokrat	PND	1998 [38]
	Familial Consultative Party of Mutual Assistance Partai Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong	MKGR	1998 [38]
	Indonesian Democratic Alliance Party Partai Aliansi Demokrat Indonesia	PADI	1998 [109]
	Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia	PUDI	1996 [38]
	Indonesian Islamic Political Party "Masyumi" Partai Politik Islam Indonesia "Masyumi"		1998 [39] [nb 7]
	Indonesian Islamic Ummah Party Partai Umat Muslimin Indonesia	PUMI	1998 [38]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1998 [109] [nb 21]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party 1905 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia 1905	PSII 1905	1998 [39] [nb 21]
	Indonesian Muslim Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Muslim Indonesia	KAMI	1998 [109]
	Indonesian National Christian Party Partai Kristen Nasional Indonesia	Krisna	1998 [109]
	Indonesian National Party – Marhaenist Front Partai Nasional Indonesia – Front Marhaenis	PNI-FM	1999 [39] [nb 20]
	Indonesian National Party – Marhaen Masses Partai Nasional Indonesia – Massa Marhaen	PNI-MM	1998 [39] [nb 20]
	Indonesian National Party – Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia – Supeni	PNI-Supeni	1995 / 1998 [109] [nb 20]
	Indonesian National Union Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Uni Nasional Indonesia	SUNI	1998 [38]
	Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	Pari	1998 [39]
	Indonesian Workers' Party Partai Pekerja Indonesia	PPI	1998 [38]
	Islamic Ummah Party Partai Ummat Islam	PUI	1998 [109]
	League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1994 / 1998 [108] [39] [nb 18]
	Love and Peace Party Partai Cinta Damai	PCD	1998 [38]
	Murba Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak	Murba	1998 [39] [nb 22]
	National Freedom Party Partai Kebangsaan Merdeka	PKM	1998 [109]
	National Love Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa	PDKB	1998 [109]
	National Party of the Indonesian Nation Partai Nasional Bangsa Indonesia	PNBI	1998 [38]
	New Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Baru	PIB	1999 [109]
	New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru		1995 [109]
	People's Choice Party Partai Pilihan Rakyat	Pilar	1998 [39]
	People's Sovereignty Party Partai Daulat Rakyat	PDR	1999 [38]
	Justice Party Partai Keadilan	PK	1999 [20] [22] [23]
	United Party Partai Persatuan	PP	1999 [38]
	Ummah Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Umat	PKU	1998 [109]
	Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja	PSP	1999 [38]
	People's Democratic Party Partai Rakyat Demokratik	PRD	1996 [109]

Parties participating in 2004 and 2009 elections

After the 1999 legislative election, 150 parties were registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. However, after a review by the newly formed General Election Commission, this number was reduced to 50, and then to 24. ^{[1] [113] [71]} This decrease from the 48 parties that ran in the 1999 legislative election was primarily due to a new election law that allowed only parties that had won 2% of DPR seats or 3% of seats in provincial and regental legislatures in half of the provinces to run in the 2004 election. Only six parties met this criterion, and the others were forced to merge or reorganize into a new party. ^[114]

In 2009, introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5% of the popular vote would be seated in the DPR. ^[115] This threshold was raised to 3.5% in 2014, ^[116] then finally to 4% in 2017 as a way to cut election costs and ensure stability. ^[117] As a result small parties have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold.

Below is the list of political parties participating in the 2004 and 2009 elections which failed to participate in the next 2014 election.

Name [118] [119] [120]		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
				2004	2009
Labour Party Partai Buruh	PB	1998 As "National Labour Party" [38]	2021 Reformed into the Labour Party
Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia	PKDI	1998	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Patriot Party Partai Patriot		1998	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Ulema National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama	PKNU	2000s	2022 Merged into the People's Sovereignty Party (PKR) [122]
Archipelago Republic Party Partai Republika Nusantara	RepublikaN	2001	2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party [123]
Prosperous Peace Party Partai Damai Sejahtera	PDS	2001	2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party [123]
Indonesian National Party Marhaenism Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme	PNIM	2002 [20] Merger of PNI–Supeni and PNI–MM
Pioneers' Party Partai Pelopor	PP	2002 [124]	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Reform Star Party Partai Bintang Reformasi	PBR	2002	2011 Merged into the Gerindra Party [125]
Regional Unity Party Partai Persatuan Daerah	PPD	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
New Indonesia Association Party Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru	PPIB	2002	2012 Merged to form Concern for the Nation Functional Party [126]
Concern for the Nation Functional Party Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa	PKPB	2002
Democratic Nationhood Party Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan	PDK	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Freedom Party Partai Merdeka	PM	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Indonesian Unity Party Partai Sarikat Indonesia	PSI	2002	2005 Merged into the National Mandate Party [127]
Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia	PPNUI	2003
Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia	PPDI	2003 [37]	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]

Political parties in post-reform era (2005–present)

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Below is the list of defunct political parties established in a period from 2005 to present.

Name		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
Democratic Renewal Party Partai Demokrasi Pembaruan	PDP	2005	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan	PK	2006	2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party [123]
National People's Concern Party Partai Rakyat Peduli Nasional	PPRN	2006	2013 Merged into the People's Conscience Party [123]
National Sun Party Partai Matahari Bangsa	PMB	2006	2014 [128]
Functional Party of Struggle Partai Karya Perjuangan	Pakar Pangan	2007	2012 Merged into Democratic Party [129]
Indonesian Youth Party Partai Pemuda Indonesia	PPI	2007	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
National Front Party Partai Barisan Nasional	PBN	2007
Prosperous Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Sejahtera	PIS	2007 [130]	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party [121]
Nusantara Prosperous Party Partai Kemakmuran Bangsa Nusantara	PKBN	2011	2012 Merged to form the Concern for the Nation Functional Party [126]
New Indonesia National Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan Bangsa Indonesia Baru	PKBIB	2012
Peace and Safe Islamic Party Partai Islam Damai Aman	Idaman	2015	2018 Merged into the National Mandate Party [131]

Others

Indonesian integrationist parties

Logo	Name		Established	Dissolved	Notes
	Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian Indonesian Irian Independence Party	PKII	1946	1962	Founded in Netherlands New Guinea, advocated integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia.
	Associação Popular Democrática Timorense Timorese Popular Democratic Association	APODETI	1974	2007	Founded in Portuguese Timor, advocated integration of East Timor into Indonesia.

See also

• Politics of Indonesia
• List of political parties by country
• List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia

References

Notes

1. Split from the Indonesian Democratic Party, de facto, its transformation.
2. as Partai Keadilan
3. as Aceh Sovereignty Party (Partai Daulat Aceh)
4. Political parties registered at the KPU RI Political Party Registration System (SIPOL) for the 2024 general elections and other notable parties.
5. As "Indonesian Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Party"
6. Reformed from Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI)
7. Claimed inheritance from the original Masyumi
8. Reformed from Pioneers' Party
9. Reformed from Prosperous Peace Party
10. Not seeking registration for 2024 general elections
11. as cultural organization
12. also as political party
13. as political party, nowadays exists only as cultural organization
14. as religious administrative board
15. as political party
16. as religious organization
17. as political party
18. Claimed inheritance from the original IPKI
19. as Indonesian National Unity (Persatuan Nasional Indonesia)
20. Claimed inheritance from the original PNI
21. Claimed inheritance from the original PSII
22. Claimed inheritance from the original Murba

Citations

1. King 2011, p. 263.
2. "UU 2 tahun 2008 tentang Partai Politik | Jogloabang". www.jogloabang.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
3. "Undang-undang No. 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Partai Politik" (PDF), People's Representative Council (in Indonesian), 4 January 2008, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2015
4. Hutomo, Dimas (3 January 2019). "Pendaftaran Partai Politik untuk Menjadi Badan Hukum - Klinik Hukumonline". hukumonline.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
5. Ananda, Putra (27 September 2017). "Ini 10 Syarat Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2019". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
6. "Syarat Partai Politik Ikuti Pemilu 2024". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 18 August 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
7. Nadlir, Mohamad (25 December 2017). Ika, Aprillia (ed.). "Tidak Lolos Administrasi, 7 Parpol Bisa Ajukan Gugatan ke Bawaslu RI". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
8. "Seperti Apa Syarat Verifikasi Partai Lokal sebagai Peserta Pemilu?". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 27 September 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
9. Aspinall, Edward; Fossati, Diego; Muhtadi, Burhanuddin; Warburton, Eve (24 April 2018). "Mapping the Indonesian political spectrum". New Mandala. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
10. Slater, Dan (2018). "Party Cartelization, Indonesian-Style: Presidential Powersharing and the Contingency of Democratic Opposition". Journal of East Asian Studies. 18 (1): 23–46. doi: 10.1017/jea.2017.26 . ISSN   1598-2408.
11. Wicaksono, Kurniawan Agung (1 August 2023). "Ada Pajak di Dalamnya, APBN/APBD Jadi Sumber Keuangan Partai Politik". ddtc.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
12. "Pemprov DKI Berikan Dana Bantuan Parpol Rp 5.000 Per Suara, Berapa yang Didapat Tiap Partai?". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
13. "Parpol Dapat Dana Bantuan Rp 126 M dari Pemerintah, Ini Alasannya". detiksumut (in Indonesian). 13 September 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
14. "Partai Pungut 10-40 Persen Gaji Kadernya di Parlemen Maupun Eksekutif". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 27 October 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
15. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, pp. 24, 26.
16. King 2011, p. 266.
17. Bulkin, Nadia (24 October 2013). "Indonesia's Political Parties". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
18. Tomsa 2008.
19. King 2011, pp. 264–266.
20. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, p. 24.
21. King 2011, pp. 273–275.
22. Machmudi 2008.
23. Mietzner 2013, p. 91.
24. King 2011, pp. 270–271.
25. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, pp. 23–24.
26. Suprapto (18 April 2019). "UPDATE TERBARU: 9 Parpol Lolos Ambang Batas Parlemen dan 7 Parpol Tak Lolos Parliamentary Threshold" (in Indonesian). Tribunnews.
27. Warsidi, Adi (9 April 2019). "Mengenal Partai Lokal di Pemilu 2019, dari Eks GAM sampai Santri" (in Indonesian). "Acehkini" on Kumparan.com.
28. King 2011, pp. 271–273.
29. Nainggolan & Wahyu 2016, pp. 226–227.
30. Nainggolan & Wahyu 2016, pp. 230, 233–234.
31. Nainggolan & Wahyu 2016, pp. 227–230.
32. Nainggolan & Wahyu 2016, pp. 227–228.
33. Matanasi, Petrik (25 January 2017). "Nasib Suram Partai Gurem dalam Sejarah Politik Tanah Air" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id.
34. "Inilah Daftar 13 Partai Gagal Penuhi Syarat Berkas" (in Indonesian). Media Indonesia. 19 October 2017.
35. Ananda, Putra (27 September 2017). "Ini 10 Syarat Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2019" (in Indonesian). Media Indonesia.
36. Saputra, Ramadhan Rizki (8 March 2018). "Bawaslu Tolak Gugatan Tiga Parpol untuk Jadi Peserta Pemilu" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia.
37. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, p. 26.
38. "Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 33–48" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 12 March 1999. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2018– via SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU).
39. "Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 17–32" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 12 March 1999. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2018– via SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU).
40. Wiryono, Singgih (6 August 202). Maullana, Irfan (ed.). "PDRI, Partai Pecahan PDI Resmi Mendaftar sebagai Calon Peserta Pemilu 2024". Kompas.com (in Indonesian).
41. "Indonesia's election reveals its democratic challenges". Brookings. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
42. Wardhana, Aswino (22 November 2023). "The Dynamics of General Elections in Indonesia, 1955-2019: General election". International Journal of Social Service and Research. 3 (11): 2942–2953. doi: 10.46799/ijssr.v3i11.246 . ISSN   2807-8691 . Retrieved 18 April 2024.
43. "Beda Koalisi di Pusat dan Daerah Bentuk Pragmatisme Politik, tetapi Wajar". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 8 January 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
44. "What's at stake in Indonesia, which is choosing a president and some 20,000 other office holders". AP News. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
45. Kahin 2015.
46. Ricklefs 2008, p. 320.
47. "Koalisi Parpol Pendukung Mega-Hasyim Dideklarasikan". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta. 19 August 2004. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
48. "Mega Bantah Koalisi Kebangsaan Pengalaman Buruk". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
49. Vickers 2005, p.  17.
50. Cribb, Robert (1993). "Development Policy in the Early 20th Century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde), pp. 225–245.
51. Suhartono (1994). Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908–1945 (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. p. 32. ISBN   9789798581083.
52. Kahin 2015, p. 724.
53. Ricklefs 2008, p. 317.
54. Pringgodigdo 1984, pp. 138–139.
55. Nomes, J.M. (1994). "De Indische Partij". In Willems, Wim (ed.). Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942) (in Dutch). Vol. 2. COMT. pp. 55–56. ISBN   90-71042-44-8.
56. RI, Setjen DPR. "Tentang DPR - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". www.dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
57. "Volksraad". encyclopedia.jakarta-tourism.go.id. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
58. Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973). "The Soetardjo Petition". Indonesia. 15 (15): 85–87. doi:10.2307/3350793. JSTOR   3350793.
59. Lowensteijn, Peter (2005). ‘’Indonesia between 1908–1928’’
60. N.S. Efthymiou, PhD Thesis: De organisatie van regelgeving voor Nederlands Oost-Indië: stelsels en opvattingen (1602-1942). Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam. 2005, hoofdstuk 4, p.5 and p.53
61. Christelijk Ethische Partij (1917). Beginselverklaring, algemeen program van beginselen, statuten en huishoudelijk reglement der Christelijk-Ethische Partij (in Dutch). De Verwachting.
62. "Partai Katolik: Riwajat-singkat". Suara Katolik . Jakarta. April 1953. p. 2.
63. "Een Inheemsche "Nifo". Notonindito richt Partij Fascist Indonesia op". De Locomotief (in Dutch). 22 July 1933.
64. "De inheemsche Fascisten. Thans onderwerping, doch in de toekomst vrijheid. Het program van de Partij Fascist Indonesia". De Locomotief (in Dutch). 24 July 1933.
65. Pringgodigdo 1984, p. 117.
66. Kahin 2015, p. 157.
67. Ricklefs 2008, p. 318.
68. Formichi 2012, p. 56.
69. Feith 2007, pp. 436–437.
70. Ricklefs 2008, p. 238.
71. "Indonesian Elections". SEAsite.niu.edu. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
72. Miaz 2012, pp. 4–5.
73. "Pemilu 1955". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
74. "Pemilu 1971". 20 June 2003. Archived from the original on 20 June 2003.
75. KPU. "page Komisi Pemilihan Umum". www.kpu.go.id. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
76. Noer 1987.
77. Rocamora, J. Eliseo (October 1970). "The Partai Nasional Indonesia, 1963 - 1965" (PDF). Indonesia. 10 (10). Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 143–181. doi:10.2307/3350638. hdl:1813/53493. JSTOR   3350638. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020.
78. "12 Maret 1966, Soeharto Bubarkan PKI". Kompas.com. 11 March 2016.
79. Ward, Ken (1970). The Foundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
80. Ricklefs 2008, pp. 194, 335.
81. Madinier 2015, pp. 52–56.
82. Ward 1970, pp. 12–14.
83. Ricklefs 2008, pp. 411, 420–422.
84. "Masyumi Reborn". Republika.id. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
85. "Tarbiyah Perti Menyelesaikan Munas dan Muktamar Islah". SINDOnews.com.
86. "Nahdlatul Ulama Didirikan untuk Membendung Puritanisme Agama". 31 January 2018.
87. Seri Ips SEJARAH. Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia. ISBN   9789797468026 – via Google Books.
88. "KOMPAS-31: Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak (Murba)". www.seasite.niu.edu. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
89. "Kisah Partai Pohon Kelapa". 15 April 2014.
90. Feith (2007) p405
91. "KOMPAS-27: PARTAI IKATAN PENDUKUNG KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA (IPKI)". www.seasite.niu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
92. Feith 2007, p. 435.
93. "Sejarah Persaudaraan Muslimin Indonesia (PARMUSI)". 29 January 2015.
94. Ahsan, Ivan Aulia. "Soedjono Prawirosoedarso: Guru Kebatinan yang Menjadi Anggota DPR". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 May 2023.
95. "Oudste lid van parlement bedankt". Het nieuwsblad voor Sumatra. 25 May 1957. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
96. Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific Afghanistan - Korea (ROK). 1 . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Pr, 1985. p. 437
97. "Raja Ikut Pemilu". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 27 June 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
98. Fadillah, Ramadhian (15 October 2019). "Ini Penyebab Cuma Boleh Ada 3 Partai Politik di Era Presiden Soeharto" (in Indonesian). Merdeka.com.
99. Abdulsalam, Husein (10 January 2019). "Cara Soeharto Menciptakan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id.
100. Ardanareswari, Indira (13 April 2019). "Sejarah Pemilu 1977: Taktik Fusi Parpol ala Soeharto & Orde Baru" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id.
101. Ujianto, Catur. "Profil Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP) - Pemilu Presiden 2014 ANTARA News".
102. Setiawan, Bambang; Bestian, Nainggolan, eds. (2004). Partai-Partai Politik Indonesia: Ideologi dan Program 2004–2009[Indonesian Political Parties: Ideologies and Programs 2004–2009] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. p. 213. ISBN   979-709-121-X.
103. "PPP - Partai Persatuan Pembangunan". Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
104. "Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia, Partai Oposisi Pertama di Zaman Orde Baru". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
105. Adzkia, Aghnia. "Semangat Sri Bintang Pamungkas Menantang Soeharto". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
106. Adzkia, Aghnia. "Cerita Sri Bintang Soal Soeharto dan Tudingan Kudeta". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
107. Abdulsalam, Husein. "Bagaimana PRD Melejit di bawah Orba, Ikut Pemilu, Kemudian Loyo". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
108. Nainggolan & Wahyu 2016, p. 410.
109. "Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 1–16" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 12 March 1999. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2018– via SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU).
110. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, p. 9.
111. King 2003.
112. "Partai-partai Mulai Berganti Nama" (in Indonesian). Tempo.co. 25 July 2003.
113. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, pp. 4–5.
114. na Thalang, Chanintira (June 2005). "The Legislative Elections in Indonesia, April 2004". Electoral Studies. 24 (2): 326–332. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2004.10.006. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
115. "23 Parties Join Forces To Fight Election Limits". Jakarta Globe . 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
116. General Elections Commission (Indonesia) (6 April 2014), "Coblos Pilihanmu!!! (Punch your choice!!!)", Kompas , Jakarta, pp. A–D
117. Maboy, Olasri (4 August 2017). "New election bill, new hope for democracy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
118. "Komisi Pemilihan Umum.go.id". 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005.
119. "Inilah Hasil Akhir Perolehan Suara Nasional Pemilu". Kompas.com. 9 May 2009.
120. "Disahkan KPU, Ini Perolehan Suara Pemilu Legislatif 2014". Kompas.com. 9 May 2014.
121. Ajeng Ritzki Pitakasari (14 April 2011). "Tersingkir di Pemilu 2009, Sepuluh Partai Dirikan Partai Persatuan Nasional" [Sidelined from the election, 10 parties establish the National Unity Party] (in Indonesian). Republika online . Retrieved 26 February 2018.
122. Putu Indah Savitri (15 June 2022). "PKNU melebur ke dalam Partai Kedaulatan Rakyat" (in Indonesian). Antaranews.com. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
123. Dian Maharani (14 April 2011). "Sepuluh Parpol Tak Lolos Verifikasi Gabung ke Hanura (Ten Paties that Failed the Verification Join Hanura)" (in Indonesian). Kompas.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
124. Ananta, Arifin & Suryadinata 2005, p. 25.
125. "Bintang Reformasi melebur ke Gerindra". Berita Satu. 18 February 2011.
126. "Yenny Wahid-Kartini Sjahrir Bentuk Partai" (in Indonesian). Kompas.com. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
127. Tempo.co (6 April 2005). "PSI Masuk PAN [PSI Joins PAN]". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Tempo online . Retrieved 25 February 2018.
128. "Amien Rais Mau Bikin Partai Baru, Mumtaz Rais: Kalau Mati Malu-maluin". Suara.com (in Indonesian). 31 March 2020.
129. Anang Purwanto (31 August 2011). "Pakar Pangan resmi berbaju Demokrat (Pakar Pangan officially joins the Democrat [Party])". SindoNews.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
130. "Partai Indonesia Sejahtera (33)". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
131. Abi Sarwanto (12 May 2018). "Partai Idaman Gabung PAN, Zulkifli Sebut Rhoma Tetap Ketum" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia.

Selected bibliography

• Al-Hamdi, Ridho (2013). Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia [Islamic political parties: Theory and practice in Indobesia](PDF) (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. ISBN   978-602-262-049-5.
• Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya & Suryadinata, Leo (2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   981-230-323-5.
• Dirkse, Jan-Paul; Hüsken, Frans & Rutten, Mario, eds. (1993). Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
• Evans, Kevin Raymond (2003). The History of Political Parties & General Elections in Indonesia. Jakarta: Arise Consultancies. ISBN   979-97445-0-4.
• Feith, Herbert (2007) [1962]. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Jakarta; Kuala Lumpur: Equinox Pub. ISBN   978-979-3780-45-0.
• Formichi, Chiara (2012). Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia (PDF). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-26046-7.
• Hwang, Julie Chernov (2014). "Patterns of normalization: Islamist parties in Indonesia". In Mecham, Quinn; Hwang, Julie Chernov (eds.). Islamist parties and political normalization in the Muslim world. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   9780812246056.
• Indonesia Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook — Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures (updated ed.). International Business Pub., USA. 2015. ISBN   9781514517017.
• Kahin, Audrey (2015). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, 51 (3rd ed.). Lanham, Ma: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-0-8108-7195-3.
• King, Blair A. (2011). "Chapter 4. Government and Politics". In Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). Indonesia: A Country Study. Area handbook series, 39. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (6th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 225–306. ISBN   978-0-8444-0790-6.
• King, Dwight Y. (2003). Half-Hearted Reform: Electoral Institutions and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia (2024 Online Version). Wesport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN   978-0-2759-7942-3.
• Labolo, Muhadam; Ilham, Teguh (2015). Partai Politik dan Sistem Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia: Teori, Konsep dan Isu Strategi[Political Parties and the General Election System in Indonesia: Theory, Concepts and Strategy Issues] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. ISBN   978-979-769-881-2.
• Machmudi, Yon (2008). Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (e-Book). Islam in Southeast Asia. ANU Press. doi: 10.22459/II.11.2008 . ISBN   9781921536243.
• Madinier, Rémy (2015). Islam and Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Party between Democracy and Integralism. Translated by Jeremy Desmond. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN   978-9971-69-843-0. PDF
• Miaz, Yalvema (2012). Partisipasi Politik: Pola Perilaku Pemilih Pemilu Masa Orde Baru dan Reformasi [Political Participation: Behavioral Patterns of Election Voters during the New Order and Reform Period](PDF) (in Indonesian). Padang: UNP Press. ISBN   978-602-8819-65-7.
• Mietzner, Marcus (2013). Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN   978-9971-69-768-6.
• Nainggolan, Bestian; Wahyu, Yohan, eds. (2016). Partai Politik 1999–2019, Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa[Political Parties 1999–2019, Concentration and Deconcentration of Power]. Kompaspedia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Buku Kompas. ISBN   978-602-412-005-4.
• Noer, Deliar (1987). Partai Islam di pentas nasional 1945–1965[Islamic parties on the national stage 1945–1965] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti.
• Pringgodigdo, Abdul Karim (1984) [1949]. Sejarah pergerakan rakyat Indonesia[History of Indonesian Popular Movements] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dian Rakyat.
• Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN   978-0-230-54685-1.
• Riswandha, Imawan (1989). The Evolution of Political Party Systems in Indonesia, 1900 to 1987. Northern Illinois University Press.
• Sebastian, Leonard C.; Hasyim, Syafiq; Arifianto, Alexander R., eds. (2021). Rising Islamic Conservatism in Indonesia: Islamic Groups and Identity Politics. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-367-81941-5.
• Tomsa, Dirk (2008). Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar in the post-Suharto era (2010 Online version). Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-041-557-429-7.
• Ufen, Andreas (2009). "Political parties and democratization in Indonesia". In Bünte, Marco; Ufen, Andreas (eds.). Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 160–168.
• Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-54262-6.