Demographics of Indonesia

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Demographics of Indonesia
Indonesia single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
PopulationIncrease2.svg 284.973.643 (2024 civil registration) [1]
Increase2.svg 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate1,11% (2024)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease2.svg 73.08 years
 • male70.86 years
 • female75.4 years
Fertility rateDecrease2.svg 2.0 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years23.87%
15–64 years68.31%
Sex ratio
Total1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality Indonesian
Major ethnic40.2% Javanese
Minor ethnic
Language
Official Indonesian
Spoken
Historical population Historic population of Indonesia.svg
Historical population
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population. Indonesian kids in Museum.jpg
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

Indonesia is a highly diverse country, both ethnically and linguistically. The country's population reached 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, up from 237.64 million in 2010. [2] [3] As of mid-2025, the official estimate stood at 284.44 million, reflecting an annual growth rate of 1.11%. [4] [1] [5] It remains the fourth most populous country in the world. Java, excluding Madura is home to approximately 54.4% of the national population, making it the most densely populated island globally.

Contents

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967, Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. [6] At this rate, Indonesia's population is no longer projected to surpass the population of the United States (whose population is increasing at a faster rate), and it is itself projected by the United Nations (UN) to be overtaken in population by Nigeria and by Pakistan by 2040. Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to many Western countries, although it is gradually aging due to declining birth rates and rising life expectancy. As of 2017, the median age stood at 30.2 years. [7]

The country is among the most ethnically and linguistically diverse in the world, home to over 600 ethnic groups and more than 700 languages. Since gaining independence, Indonesian has served as the national language and is widely used in education, government, business, and formal communication. However, most Indonesians grow up speaking a regional language as their mother tongue, using Indonesian primarily as a lingua franca for interethnic interaction. Major regional languages include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Balinese, and Batak, among many others. The Javanese, who make up about 40% of the population, have historically held significant political influence, with every president since independence having at least partial or full Javanese ancestry.

Population

Historical Population of Indonesia with Annual Growth Rate
YearPopulation±% p.a.
12,000,000—
10003,500,000+0.06%
15007,750,000+0.16%
17009,500,000+0.10%
193060,727,233+0.81%
195577,473,268+0.98%
196197,085,348+3.83%
1971119,208,229+2.07%
1976141,862,419+3.54%
1980147,490,298+0.98%
1990179,378,946+1.98%
2000206,264,595+1.41%
2010237,641,326+1.43%
2020270,203,917+1.29%

Source: Our World in Data, [8] Statistics Indonesia, [2] [9] Wertheim (1959), [10] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976), [11] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006) [12]

Population by province

ProvincePopulation
(2010 census)		Urban %
in 2010		Total
Fertility
Rate

(2010 census)

Population
(2020 census)		Urban %
in 2022 [13] 		Total Fertility

rate (2020 census)

Aceh 4,494,410
23.6%
2.795,274,900
33.9%
North Sumatra 12,982,204
42.4%
3.0114,799,400
55.5%
2.48
West Sumatra 4,846,909
29.0%
2.915,534,500
48.5%
2.46
Riau 5,538,367
43.7%
2.826,394,100
40.0%
2.28
Jambi 3,092,265
28.3%
2.513,548,200
33.8%
2.28
South Sumatra 7,450,394
34.4%
2.568,467,400
37.7%
2.23
Bengkulu 1,715,518
29.4%
2.512,010,700
33.3%
2.30
Lampung 7,608,405
21.0%
2.459,007,800
32.9%
2.28
Bangka Belitung Islands 1,223,296
43.0%
2.541,455,700
57.6%
2.24
Riau Islands 1,679,163
67.4%
2.382,064,600
87.1%
2.21
Banten 10,632,166
52.2%
2.3511,904,600
72.4%
2.01
Jakarta 9,607,787
100.0%
1.8210,562,100
100.0%
1.75
West Java 43,053,732
50.3%
2.4348,274,200
77.5%
2.11
Central Java 32,382,657
40.4%
2.2036,516,000
51.7%
2.09
Special Region of Yogyakarta 3,457,491
57.7%
1.943,668,700
73.1%
1.89
East Java 37,476,757
40.9%
2.0040,665,700
54.9%
1.98
Bali 3,890,757
49.8%
2.134,317,400
66.9%
2.04
West Nusa Tenggara 4,500,212
34.8%
2.595,320,100
49.6%
East Nusa Tenggara 4,683,827
15.9%
3.825,325,600
25.9%
2.79
West Kalimantan 4,395,983
25.1%
2.645,414,400
36.4%
2.33
Central Kalimantan 2,212,089
27.5%
2.562,670,000
42.2%
2.31
South Kalimantan 3,626,616
36.3%
2.354,073,600
48.5%
2.31
East Kalimantan 3,028,487
57.6%
2.613,766,000
68.6%
2.18
North Kalimantan 524,656701,800
63.4%
North Sulawesi 2,270,596
37.0%
2.432,621,900
53.7%
2.10
Gorontalo 1,040,164
25.5%
2.761,171,700
43.5%
2.30
Central Sulawesi 2,635,009
19.7%
2.942,985,700
31.5%
2.32
South Sulawesi 8,034,776
29.4%
2.559,073,500
44.6%
2.22
Southeast Sulawesi 2,232,586
20.8%
3.202,624,900
37.6%
2.57
West Sulawesi 1,158,651--3.331,419,200
21.4%
2.58
Maluku 1,533,506
25.9%
3.561,848,900
37.0%
2.52
North Maluku 1,038,087
29.5%
3.351,282,900
27.3%
2.47
Papua 2,833,381
22.2%
2.874,303,700
30.2%
2.76
West Papua 760,422--3.181,134,100
42.8%
2.66
Indonesia 237,641,3262.41270,203,900
56.4%
2.18

Source: Population Census 2010, [3] except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%
15-64 years: 70.72%
65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census) [14] [15]
Age structure in Indonesia (2020) [2]
  1. Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
  2. Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
  3. Retiree: 65 years and over (6.00%)

Vital statistics

Fertility rate of Indonesia by province (2017) Indonesia provinces fertility rate 2017.svg
Fertility rate of Indonesia by province (2017)

United Nations estimates

PeriodPopulation
(thousands)		Live births
(thousands)		Deaths
(thousands)		Natural change
(thousands)		CBR [i] CDR [i] NC [i] TFR [i] IMR [i] Life expectancy
(years)
195069 5682 8261 5051 32140.621.619.05.19189.139.40
195171 0192 9261 5221 40441.221.419.85.23186.839.79
195272 5713 0351 5171 51841.820.920.95.27182.040.69
195374 2083 1461 5261 62042.420.621.85.31177.441.42
195475 9253 2571 5331 72342.920.222.75.35172.942.19
195577 7423 3591 5421 81743.219.823.45.37168.442.92
195679 6623 4751 5441 93143.619.424.25.41164.043.80
195781 6913 5891 5562 03343.919.024.95.45159.844.50
195883 8193 7011 5752 12644.218.825.45.48155.845.05
195986 0483 8111 5782 23344.318.326.05.51151.945.86
196088 3833 9291 5932 33744.518.026.45.55148.346.45
196190 8174 0311 6022 42944.417.626.75.57144.847.12
196293 3454 1271 6032 52344.217.227.05.59141.447.87
196395 9634 2171 6142 60343.916.827.15.60138.148.43
196498 6754 3041 6092 69543.616.327.35.61134.849.23
1965101 1584 3802 1212 25943.321.022.35.62142.742.60
1966103 5614 4261 7402 68642.716.825.95.60129.548.20
1967106 2614 4681 5962 87142.015.027.05.58124.851.07
1968109 1394 5031 5942 90941.314.626.75.54121.451.63
1969112 1494 5551 5822 97340.614.126.55.51118.052.35
1970115 2284 5961 5763 02139.913.726.25.45114.652.99
1971118 3474 6271 5703 05639.113.325.85.36111.553.58
1972121 5044 6671 5603 10738.412.825.65.29108.454.24
1973124 7094 7201 5543 16637.912.525.45.22105.354.85
1974127 9454 7271 5473 18037.012.124.95.09102.355.43
1975131 2134 7831 5443 23936.511.824.75.0499.455.97
1976134 5214 8131 5403 27335.811.524.34.9296.856.51
1977137 8624 8491 5343 31535.211.124.04.8194.157.08
1978141 2514 9081 5353 37334.710.923.94.7291.657.57
1979144 6934 9521 5303 42234.210.623.74.6189.358.15
1980148 1774 9811 5213 46033.610.323.44.4986.958.75
1981151 6864 9971 5263 47233.010.122.94.3684.659.14
1982155 2295 0361 5143 52232.49.822.74.2582.359.76
1983158 7915 0161 5073 50831.69.522.14.1079.960.27
1984162 3324 9861 5023 48430.79.321.53.9477.660.73
1985165 7924 8361 4813 35529.28.920.23.7175.261.31
1986169 1354 7361 4723 26428.08.719.33.5372.861.72
1987172 4214 7321 4813 25127.48.618.93.4270.461.97
1988175 6954 7381 4953 24427.08.518.53.3368.062.21
1989178 9494 7071 4873 22026.38.318.03.2265.662.70
1990182 1604 6471 4773 17025.58.117.43.1063.163.18
1991185 3614 7021 4843 21825.48.017.43.0660.663.54
1992188 5584 6441 4683 17624.67.816.82.9458.164.13
1993191 7374 6521 4643 18824.37.616.62.8855.764.60
1994194 9294 6811 4813 20124.07.616.42.8453.364.86
1995198 1404 7141 4873 22723.87.516.32.8051.065.24
1996201 3744 7621 5193 24423.67.516.12.7748.965.36
1997204 6284 7971 5263 27123.47.516.02.7446.865.73
1998207 8554 7441 5443 20022.87.415.42.6644.865.96
1999210 9974 6831 5593 12322.27.414.82.5842.966.22
2000214 0724 6801 5813 09921.97.414.52.5441.166.43
2001217 1124 6791 5913 08821.57.314.22.5039.566.76
2002220 1154 6621 5963 06621.27.213.92.4637.867.13
2003223 0804 6581 6123 04620.87.213.72.4336.367.41
2004225 9394 6781 8072 87120.88.112.72.4236.965.75
2005228 8054 7461 6793 06721.07.413.62.4533.567.65
2006231 7974 8191 6983 12120.97.413.52.4632.267.91
2007234 8584 9231 7193 20521.07.413.52.4831.068.19
2008237 9374 9271 7633 16420.57.413.12.4429.868.23
2009240 9814 9131 7803 13320.47.512.92.4428.768.49
2010244 0164 9201 8073 11220.47.512.82.4627.668.68
2011247 1005 0291 8433 18620.67.513.12.5226.568.82
2012250 2235 0281 8753 15320.47.512.92.5125.668.97
2013253 2764 9171 8893 02919.67.512.12.4424.669.26
2014256 2304 8571 9042 95319.17.511.62.3923.769.53
2015259 0924 7801 9332 84718.67.511.12.3522.869.70
2016261 8504 7181 9722 74618.17.510.62.3122.069.80
2017264 4994 6342 0042 62917.57.510.02.2521.269.94
2018267 0674 5882 0022 58617.17.69.62.2220.570.34
2019269 5834 5592 0322 52616.97.69.42.2119.870.52
2020271 8584 526 2 4372 08916.78.87.82.1919.268.81
2021273 7534 4962 7551 74116.410.06.42.1718.667.57
202216.27.58.72.15
202315.97.58.42.13
202415.87.68.12.11
202515.57.77.82.10
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022 [17]

Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): [18]

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBRTFRCBRTFRCBRTFR
1981-19834.3
19873.4 (3.1)2.9 (2.6)3.7 (3.4)
199125.13.02 (2.50)24.02.60 (2.03)25.63.24 (2.73)
19942.9 (2.4)2.3 (1.8)3.2 (2.7)
19972.8 (2.4)2.4 (2.0)3.0 (2.6)
2002-200321.92.6 (2.2)22.12.4 (2.1)21.72.7 (2.3)
200720.92.6 (2.2)20.22.3 (2.0)21.52.8 (2.4)
201220.42.6 (2.0)20.12.4 (1.9)20.72.8 (2.2)
201718.12.4 (2.1)17.72.3 (1.9)18.52.6 (2.2)

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010: [19]

ProvinceTotal fertility ratePopulation over age 60 (2010)
20102020
North Sumatera 3.012.485.9
West Sumatera 2.912.468.1
Riau 2.822.284.0
Jambi 2.512.285.5
South Sumatera 2.562.236.2
Bengkulu 2.512.305.8
Lampung 2.452.287.2
Bangka Belitung 2.542.245.8
Kepulauan Riau 2.382.213.4
Jakarta 1.821.755.1
West Java 2.432.117.0
Central Java 2.202.0910.3
Yogyakarta 1.941.8912.9
East Java 2.001.9810.4
Banten 2.352.014.6
Bali 2.132.049.7
East Nusa Tenggara 3.822.797.4
West Kalimantan 2.642.335.8
Central Kalimantan 2.562.314.6
South Kalimantan 2.352.315.8
East Kalimantan 2.612.184.0
North Sulawesi 2.432.108.4
Central Sulawesi 2.942.326.6
South Sulawesi 2.552.228.2
Southeast Sulawesi 3.202.575.8
Gorontalo 2.762.305.9
West Sulawesi 3.332.586.2
Maluku 3.562.526.2
North Maluku 3.352.474.8
West Papua 3.182.663.2
Papua 2.872.762.4

Marriages and Divorces

Marriages and Divorces in Indonesia
YearMid-year populationMarriagesDivorces
2007234,858,0001,944,569175,713
2008237,937,0002,194,037193,189
2009240,981,0002,162,115223,371
2010238,518,8002,207,224285,184
2011247,100,0002,319,821276,791
2012250,223,0002,289,648346,480
2013253,276,0002,210,046324,247
2014256,230,0002,110,776344,237
2015255,587,5001,958,394347,256
2016258,496,5001,837,185365,633
2018264,161,6002,016,171408,202
2019266,911,9001,968,978439,002
2020270,203,9001,780,346291,677
2021272,682,5001,742,049447,743
2022275,773,0001,705,348516,344
2023278,696,2001,577,255463,654
2024281,603,8001,478,302394,608

Note: No data is available for 2017.

[20]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groupsPercentage
Javanese
 
40.06%
Sundanese
 
15.51%
Malay
 
3.70%
Batak
 
3.58%
Madurese
 
3.03%
Betawi
 
2.88%
Minangkabau
 
2.73%
Bugis
 
2.71%
Bantenese
 
1.96%
Banjarese
 
1.74%
Balinese
 
1.66%
Acehnese
 
1.44%
Dayak
 
1.36%
Sasak
 
1.34%

Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands. [21] [22] The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania. [23] [24] [25]

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities. [26]

Languages

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia, [27] widely spoken by over 97% of the population. [28] However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world. [29] [30] The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. [31] The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

Religion

Religion in Indonesia (2024) [32] [33]
  1. Islam (87.1%)
  2. Protestantism (7.38%)
  3. Roman Catholic (3.07%)
  4. Hinduism (1.67%)
  5. Buddhism (0.71%)
  6. Folk/Other (0.04%)
  7. Confucianism (0.03%)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Population Geographic Information System". Directorate General of Population and Civil Registration (Dukcapil). Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  4. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik, 2025.
  5. ↑ Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2023 ~(https://webapi.bps.go.id/download.php?f=603cXqPpJ1BhatsSfWE2yuhpRf3enmqavnkjhP1pvbLequb3n+oKUmXTRDpHn5lKFsTwDIXGUfWQB9T673DIELvjplkdUUuC2CggpdYbesXDeJGhuZe3MmwR0n6KDrcuobXbIM6h6f4XFVQcUcDvTgfOR7v0VF+ndkXkdeidcrwsp8LXQ8EEX5DP4lmBSwIQiXV7pshJjDbTb0QmuSigNSpIwyo4UJLeLJJ4NbeoCFQlQDgwCyeRXK5Qqj8sAvoWX0i1p5E64FCvTfUicFGpDQ==%5B%5D).
  6. ↑ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN   1-74059-154-2.
  7. ↑ "Indonesia Demographics Profile". Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  8. ↑ "Indonesia Population – Our World in Data". ourworldindata.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  9. ↑ "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  10. ↑ Wertheim, W. F. (1959). Indonesian Society in Transition (Second (revised) ed.). 's-Gravenhage: Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. p. 370.
  11. ↑ Geografi dan Kependudukan untuk SMP kelas 2[Geography and Demographics for High School Grade 2] (in Indonesian). FA. Hasmar. 1976.
  12. ↑ Nitisastro, Widjojo (2006). Population trends in Indonesia. Equinox. ISBN   9789793780436.
  13. ↑ "Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020 - Badan Pusat Statistik". sensus.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  14. ↑ "The Indonesian Population Census 2020 Highlights" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021.
  15. ↑ "Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia Releases 2020 Census Results". 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  16. ↑ "UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics". Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  17. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division . 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 8285:8356,cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022.
  18. ↑ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  19. ↑ http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/2014/09/Indonesian_Ageing_Monograph-print-version1.pdf%5B%5D
  20. ↑ "Number of Marriages and Divorces by Province (Incident), 2024". Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Retrieved 5 May 2025.
  21. ↑ Ananta et al. 2015, pp. 12, 27–28.
  22. ↑ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  23. ↑ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. Yale University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN   978-0-300-09709-2.
  24. ↑ Witton 2003, pp. 139, 181, 251, 435.
  25. ↑ Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-500-34132-2.
  26. ↑ Ananta, Aris (29 April 2016). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN   978-981-4695-94-7.
  27. ↑ Article 36 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia  – via Wikisource.
  28. ↑ "Long Form Census 2020", Statistics Indonesia (in Indonesian)
  29. ↑ Lewis, M. Paul (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), SIL International, retrieved 17 November 2009
  30. ↑ "What Countries Have the Most Languages?". Ethnologue. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  31. ↑ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2018). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition". Ethnologue. SIL International. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  32. ↑ "Religion in Indonesia".
  33. ↑ Muslim 244 Million (87.1), Christianity 29.4 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.73 million (1.7), Buddhist 2 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 175.064 (0.1), Total 280.725.428 Million
  34. ↑ Oey, Eric (1997). Bali (3rd ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN   962-593-028-0.
  35. ↑ "Indonesia – Buddhism". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2006.

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