Ngada people

Last updated
Ngada
Ata Ngada
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen van de Ngadastam in krijgskleding met lans klewang achterlaadgeweer en schild TMnr 10006045.jpg
Ngada men in a warrior costume with a spear, rifle, and shield, circa 1915–1918.
Total population
155.000 (1975) [1]
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia (Ngada)
Languages
Ngada, Indonesian
Religion
Majority:
Catholicism
Minority:
Islam
Protestanism
Indigenous religion
Related ethnic groups
Manggarai  • Nage  • Riung

The Ngada people (Ata Ngada; also known as Ngadha, Nad'a, Nga'da, [2] Bajawa, [2] [3] or Rokka [2] ) are an ethnic group inhabiting the central part of Flores Island, especially in Ngada Regency. The Ngada population numbers around 60,000 people. They belong to the Bima-Sumba language-speaking group. [1]

Contents

Ngada are descendants of the indigenous people of Flores Island. The coastal inhabitants are influenced by the culture of the Malay, Bugis, and Makassar. [1] The majority of them adhere to Roman Catholicism, [4] while some mountain dwellers still maintain their traditional beliefs. [1]

Livelihood

Traditionally, they engage in agriculture, cultivating rice, corn, millet, and cash crops – beans, squash, peanuts, vegetables, and spices. Apart from that, their other livelihoods are hunting, gathering, and livestock farming. Weaving crafts are widespread, and some are involved in metalworking. Their main commodities are primarily plant-based foods, while meat is consumed during festive occasions. [1]

Language

Their native language is the Ngada language, which belongs to the large Austronesian language family. [1] [4] It is related to nearby languages spoken on Flores Island and its surroundings (including Nage-Kéo, Ende, Lio, and Palue, which are part of the Central Flores language family), as well as the Manggarai language. [4] There is a publication about Ngada language and culture. [5] [6] In the 20th century, the missionary Paul Arndt conducted research in the region. [7]

Classification and differences

They mostly reside in Ngada Regency. However, this area is also inhabited by other ethnic groups, which can sometimes lead to misunderstandings. [3] Specifically, the Ngada people are the indigenous inhabitants of the Bajawa region. [8] Nearby communities, such as the Riung, Rongga  [ id ], Nage-Kéo  [ id ], and Palue, are sometimes considered sub-groups of the Ngada [2] or related population groups. [1] [4] The publication Encyclopedia of Ethnic Groups in Indonesia (2015) uses the term "Ngada" broadly, estimating their population at 155,000 based on 1975 data. [2]

Social structure

The social structure of the Ngada people is based on a matrilineal family system, which sets them apart from some of their neighboring ethnic groups. [3] [9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A. A. Biernowa; Walerij Aleksandrowicz Tiszkow (red.) (1998). "Ngada". Narody i rieligii mira: encykłopiedija (in Russian). Moscow: Bolszaja Rossijskaja Encykłopiedija. p. 368. ISBN   978-5-85270-155-8. OCLC   40821169 . Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Zulyani Hidayah (2015). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia (in Indonesian) (2 ed.). Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. pp. 279–280. ISBN   978-979-461-929-2. OCLC   913647590 . Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  3. 1 2 3 Arka, I Wayan (2004). "Challenges and prospect of maintaining Rongga: an ethnographic report". www.academia.edu (Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society ed.). Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  4. 1 2 3 4 M. Junus Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L–Z (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. pp. 622–625. OCLC   1027453789 . Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  5. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. "Ngad'a". glottolog.org. Glottolog 4.6. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  6. ↑ Pollock, Ian (2021). "Rich as a running stream": The Flow of Value in Ngadhaland, Indonesia. Australian National University. doi:10.25911/318Y-B046 . Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  7. ↑ Poplawska, Marzanna (2020). Performing Faith: Christian Music, Identity and Inculturation in Indonesia (SOAS studies in music series ed.). Abingdon, New York: Routledge. p. 166. doi:10.4324/9780429504235. ISBN   978-0-429-50423-5. OCLC   1140792343 . Retrieved 2023-06-07.
  8. ↑ Indonesia's Eastern Islands. Hawthorn, Victoria: Lonely Planet. 1998. pp.  221. ISBN   978-0-86442-503-4. OCLC   39291005.
  9. ↑ Arka, I Wayan (2016). Bahasa Rongga: Deskripsi, Tipologi, dan Teori (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. p. 9. ISBN   978-602-8904-84-1. OCLC   1064980913 . Retrieved 2023-10-08.
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