To Pamona, Poso, Bare'e | |
---|---|
Total population | |
167,000 [1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Indonesia (Central Sulawesi & South Sulawesi) | |
Languages | |
Pamona, Indonesian | |
Religion | |
Christianity (predominantly), Islam, Folk religion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Tau Taa Wana, Toraja, Poso Pesisir |
Pamona (often referred to as Poso, Bare'e, or To Pamona) people inhabits almost the entire Poso Regency, parts of Tojo Una-Una Regency and parts of North Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi; in fact there are some even in East Luwu Regency of South Sulawesi, whereas a small remainder lives in other parts of Indonesia. The ancestors of the Pamona people originally came from the land of Salu Moge (East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi) because they were once from the mountains which is far from the central governance thus they were brought down by Macoa Bawalipu of Wotu, East Luwu Regency to be nearer to the central governance, which is the surrounding region of Mangkutana (East Luwu Regency). [2] But it was until a revolt by the DI/TII rebellion broke out that they spread to Central Sulawesi and to other regions. [3] If there are Pamona people in certain regions, then it is common that a Rukun Poso (Poso community association) is formed there, which serves as a means of a group of people from a common ethnic background to engage in various activities within the region. Almost all of the Pamona people practices Christianity. Christianity came into the region about 100 years ago and until today it is widely accepted as the religion of the people. Today, all churches of common denomination are grouped under the Central Sulawesi Christian Church headquartered in Tentena, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. [4] A large part of the common folk uses Pamona and Indonesian language that is mixed with the local slang. The Pamona people are usually farmers, government officials, pastors, entrepreneurs and so on.
As a matter of fact, the Pamona people are not identical with the Poso people. This is because in anthropological terms there is no Poso people but only a geographical region called Poso, which is inhabited by the Pamona people. There is also a belief that the word poso came from the word maposo in the local To Pobare'e language which means "break". [5] Whereas according to several notable Poso people, the word poso actually came from the word poso'o that means "fasterner" or "bonds", that gave the name to Poso city with the intention to bind or to unite among the Pamona people that came from the mountains (lake side) and also those that came from the coastal region. While the origin of the name Poso which means "break" is said to have started from the formation of Lake Poso. Apparently Lake Poso was formed from a slab of earth from a hill, where below the slab of earth was a spring of water. Surrounding the mountains are the low lands, until the water flow from the mountains filled around the mountain. The pool of water eroded the earth around the hill until the water penetrate the earth exposing the groundwater. As a result, this caused an abrasion to a volatile soil structure that is somewhat sandy. Slowly the hillside was unable to withstand the weight of the hill above it, causing a landslide that brought the hill down into the wallow of spring below the mountain until a small lake was formed. For the Pamona community, the event of the collapse of the mountain is often mentioned until they coined the word "Lake Poso" which is given as a name to the then newly formed lake. Over time, the lake expanded because of the water source from around the mountain flowed to the new lake. Consequently, the water level of the lake began to rise until the breadth of the lake's surface expended and became wider. (2008As the water begin to continually fill the lake until the lake could no longer contained it, a river was formed and flowed towards the coastal region. As the river came from Lake Poso, therefore it was named with the same name, Poso River. The river mouth of the newly formed river is then occupied by a sizable population, as there is an abundance of fish found in the river. Thus, it is said that the group of the new residents then named the village with the name, "Poso". [6]
There are several ethnics that lived in Poso and they are known as:
The name Pamona also refers to an association of a few ethnics, which is the abbreviation for Pakaroso Mosintuwu Naka Molanto (Pamona). [7] Later Pamona became an ethnic group that were unified under the governance of Dutch colonial. The name Pamona was declared in Tentena, and even a commemoration of the declaration was made by erecting a monument called Watu Mpoga'a as a remembrance of their origin [4] and also naming of a street, Pamona. Historically, the institutionalized of the Pamona customs was previously divided by a few authorities. For Poso, it was led by Datue Poso and a few of his kabosenya (meaning, elders) that represent each of their own ethnic groups. [8] If in Luwuland, it is led by Makole Tawi and the existence of the institution of Pamona customary currently is divided into two assemblies in Poso, namely Majelis Adat Lemba Pamona Poso, while in Luwuland (East Luwu Regency and North Luwu Regency) is the Lembaga Adat Lemba Pamona Luwu. At the moment, the existence of these assemblies are still preserved by the Pamona community be it those that are in Mangkutana, East Luwu Regency and North Luwu Regency, nor those that are in Poso Regency.
The language that is used by the Pamona people is called Pamona language. The structure of Pamona language is unique in terms of syllables of the root word, where a root word may have different meanings when a prefix, suffix, inserts or affixes are added. An example of a root word that have been changed after a prefix, suffix or affix is added and forms different meanings to it, such as:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English | |
---|---|---|---|
Root word | Ja'a | Jahat | Evil, Bad |
Prefix | Maja'a | Rusak, Jahat | Spoilt, Damage |
Suffix | Ja'andaya | Kemarahan | Anger |
Affix | Kakaja'ati | Sayang (untuk barang yang rusak) | How wasted, What a waste |
Inserts | Ja'a-ja'a | Buruk | Bad, Not good |
Another example:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English | |
---|---|---|---|
Root word | Monco | Benar | True |
Affix | Kamonconya | Sesungguhnya, Sebenarnya | Indeed, Actually |
Suffix | Moncoro | Bersiaga | Alert |
Inserts | Monco-monco | Sungguh-sungguh | Earnest |
There are also several root words that are classified as inventive words (just like the previous examples which are part of inventive words but are not classified as inventive words) with only a change of the alphabetical positions, thus creating another meaning. For example:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English |
---|---|---|
Soe | Ayun | Swing |
Soa | Kosong | Empty |
Sue | Mencontoh | Imitate |
Sia | Sobek | Torn |
Sou, Sau | Turunkan | Lower down |
Sua | Masuk | Enter |
Sai | Kais | As in a chicken digging the ground with its claws |
Seo | Sobek (karena lapuk) | Worn out |
The Pamona language is unique where there are numerous phase of syllables that can be twisted to form a different meaning, for instance:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English |
---|---|---|
Mekaju | Mencari kayu bakar | Finding firewood |
Mokuja | Sedang berbuat apa? | What are you doing? |
Makuja | Bertanya mengenai jenis kelamin bayi yang baru lahir | Inquiring the gender of a newborn baby |
Makijo | Bunyi teriakan riuh sebangsa monyet | Sound of a primate shouting |
Mokeju | Bersanggama | Copulate |
Other examples:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English |
---|---|---|
Koyo | Usung | Stretcher |
Kuya | Jahe | Ginger |
Kayu | Usungan yang terbuat dari pelepah rumbia | A sort of stretcher made of sago palm leaves |
Koyu | Simpul tali berkali-kali pada suatu rentang tali | Weaving of knots into a form of a rope |
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English |
---|---|---|
Lio | Wajah | Face |
Lou | Ayun badan kebawah | Swinging downwards |
Lau | Berada di tempat yang lebih rendah | Located at lower lands |
Lua | Muntah | Vomit |
Loe | Jinjing | Tote |
Liu | Lewat | Late |
Traditionally, the Pamona people have a style of music in a form of spoken word poetry. An example of this style of music frequently sung among village folk in the 1940s:-
Pamona language | Bahasa Indonesia | English |
---|---|---|
Ee nona ee nona iwenu pai nu kabaga? Ee bonce, ee bonce, iwenu pai be manana? Ee kaju, ee kaju, iwenu pai nu ka wota? Ee uja, ee uja, iwenu pai nu katudu? Ee tumpa, ee tumpa, iwenu pai nu pandiu? Ee ule, ee ule, iwenu pai nu patungku? | Eh nona, mengapa perutmu buncit? Eh bubur, mengapa engkau tidak matang? Eh kayu, mengapa engkau (kayu bakar) basah? Eh hujan, mengapa engkau turun? Eh kodok, mengapa engkau mandi (air hujan)? Eh ular, mengapa engkau (hendak) menyantap si kodok? | Eh lady, eh lady, why is your stomach distended? Eh porridge, eh porridge, why are you uncooked? Eh wood, eh wood, why are you wet? Eh rain, eh rain, why did you rained down? Eh frog, eh frog, why do you want to bathe? Eh snake, eh snake, why do you want to eat the frog? |
Dero or Madero dance is a popular dance among the Pamona people. This dance are usually seen during festivals and normally the dancers are young people. This dance is done in circular motion with hands holding each other while exchanging poems accompanied by joyful music. In a few districts in Palu forbids Dero or Madero dancing activities because it often becomes the cause of scuffles among young boys who seek the attention of young girls. The Dero dance is differentiated by three types of swaying and footwork movements by the rhythm of the music. The first is called ende ntonggola, where two steps are taken to the right, a step backwards and then repeat. This dance is performed during the fullmoon celebration, which indicates the season for preparing the land for farming. The time for farming begins when the fullmoon ends. The following dance movement is called ende ngkoyoe or ende ntoroli, that is two steps to the right and a step to the left. This dance movement is meant during the time of collecting the harvest, during special occasion, or festivals. The final dance movement is called ende ada (customary), which is performed during the celebration of customary holidays or festivals. The dance movements are the same as ende ntoroli, except that the dancers do not hold each other's hands. [7] The Dero dance also forms as a means of courting in public, except for Raego dance which is rather cultural and not associated with courting. [4]
Pamona surnames include:-
Central Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 3,066,143. Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,605.72 km2 (23,786 sq mi), the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi. Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.
Poso is the administrative capital of Poso Regency, Indonesia. It is the main port and transportation hub for the central-southern coast of Central Sulawesi. Its urban area consists of three districts, Poso Kota, North Poso Kota, and South Poso Kota. Poso lies in the middle of the province on the shore of the Gulf of Tomini, right in the central part of Sulawesi island. With a total population of 47,477 in 2020, it is one of the biggest and the oldest towns in the province.
North Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders the Philippine province of Davao Occidental and Soccsksargen regions of the Philippines to the north, the Maluku Sea to the east, Gorontalo and Celebes Sea to the west and the Gulf of Tomini to the southwest. With the outlying island of Miangas to its north, it is the northernmost province of Indonesia. The province's area is 14,500.28 square kilometres (5,598.59 sq mi), and its population was 2,270,596 according to the 2010 census; this rose to 2,621,923 at the 2020 Census, while the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 2,659,543.
Tana Toraja is a landlocked regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and home to the Toraja ethnic group. It covers an area of 2,054.30 km2 (793.17 sq mi) and had a population of 221,081 at the 2010 census and 280,794 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 285,179. The local government seat is in the town of Makale, while the traditional center of Toraja culture is in Rantepao. Formerly, the Tana Toraja area covered a larger area, but in 2008 this was divided into two regencies, consisting of Tana Toraja with its capital at Makale and Toraja Utara with its capital at Rantepao.
Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The land area is 46,150.92 km2, and the total population of this province at the 2010 census was 1,533,506 people, rising to 1,848,923 at the 2020 census. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 1,881,727. Maluku is located in Eastern Indonesia. It is directly adjacent to North Maluku, Southwest Papua, and West Papua in the north, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi in the west, Banda Sea, East Timor and East Nusa Tenggara in the south and Arafura Sea, Central Papua and South Papua in the east.
Bone was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi, a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.
Palu, which is officially known as the City of Palu, is the capital and largest city of Central Sulawesi. Palu is located on the northwestern coast of Sulawesi and borders Donggala Regency to the north and west, Parigi Moutong Regency to the east, and Sigi Regency to the south. The city boundaries encompass a land area of 395.06 km2 (152.53 sq mi). According to the 2020 Indonesian census, Palu has a population of 373,218, making it the third-most populous city on the island after Makassar and Manado; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 377,030. Palu is the center of finance, government, and education in Central Sulawesi, as well as one of several major cities on the island. The city hosts the province's main port, its biggest airport, and most of its public universities.
The Kingdom of Luwu was a polity located in northern part of South Sulawesi. province of Indonesia, on Sulawesi island. It is considered one of the earliest known Bugis kingdom in Sulawesi, founded between 10th and 14th century. However, recent archaeological research has challenged the idea.
Luwu Regency is a regency of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The administrative capital now lies at Belopa, since the former capital (Palopo) became an independent municipality (city) in 2006, at which date the then existing Luwu Regency was split into four entities: Palopo city, North Luwu Regency, East Luwu Regency, and the residual Luwu Regency. The regency now covers 2,909.08 km2 and had a population of 287,472 at the 2010 census and 365,608 at the 2020 census. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 367,454.
Poso Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 7,112.25 km2, and had a population of 209,228 at the 2010 Census and 244,875 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 252,650. The principal town lies at Poso.
North Toraja is a landlocked regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and the home of the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Rantepao which is also the center of Toraja culture. Formerly this regency was the northern part of Tana Toraja Regency, but on 24 June 2008 the northeastern 36% of the latter's area was split off to form a separate Regency. It covers an area of 1,151.47 km2 and had a population of 216,762 at the 2010 census and 261,086 at the 2020 census, comprising 133,335 males and 127,751 females; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 264,145.
A series of terrorist attacks targeting public transport occurred in Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, between 5 June and 8 August 2002. In total 7 people were killed and 26 wounded, including an Italian tourist. The first attack occurred on 5 June 2002, when a bomb detonated in an Antariksa-owned public bus servicing the Palu, Poso and Tentena routes. Four passengers were killed instantly and 17 more were wounded, one of who would succumb to his injuries two weeks later. On 13 July 2002 the second attack occurred on the trans-Sulawesi highway when the bus driver found a bag lying on the road and asked his conductor to retrieve it, triggering the device: an 18-year-old bystander was killed and at least 4 others severely wounded in the blast. In the third attack, on 8 August 2002, an Italian tourist was killed and at least 4 Indonesians injured when unknown assailants fired automatic weapons into another bus.
The Kanta is a traditional shield of the Toraja and Pamona people of Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi and Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia respectively.
The Laa River is a river in Sulawesi, Indonesia, about 1700 km northeast of the capital Jakarta.
The Poso Riots, also known as Poso Communal Conflict, is a name given to a series of riots that occurred in Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This incident involved a group of Muslim and Christian in the region and is divided into three stages. The first Poso riot took place from December 25 to 29, 1998, continued from April 17 to 21, 2000, and finally from May 16 to June 15, 2000.
Bungku people are an ethnic group who mostly resides in North Bungku, South Bungku, Central Bungku, and Menui Islands districts di Morowali Regency, in Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. This ethnic group is divided into several sub-groups, namely Lambatu, Epe, Ro'tua, Reta, and Wowoni. Bungku people have their own language, called Bungku language, which is one of their characteristic and serves as a means of communication between themselves. They generally embrace Islam or Christianity.
This is a list of emblems or coat of arms used in Indonesia. Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, and each province is divided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota). There are 416 regencies and 98 cities. Each province, regency, and city has its own emblem.
Highland Papua is a province of Indonesia, which roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Lano-Pago, shortened to La Pago. It covers an area of 51,213.34 km2 (19,773.58 sq mi) and had a population of 1,430,459 according to the official estimates as at mid 2022.
Suku Poso Pesisir are ethnic group who inhabit the north coast of Poso Regency, to be precise Poso Kota, Poso Kota Utara, Poso Kota Selatan, northern part Poso Pesisir Selatan, Poso Pesisir, southern part Poso Pesisir Utara, and Lage districts. The Poso Pesisir people was formed from a mixture of the original inhabitants of Poso, namely Pamona, Lage, and Kaili people and other immigrant ethnic, especially the Bugis.