Indonesians

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Indonesians
Orang Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia.svg
Flag of Indonesia
Total population
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
c. 280.7 million [1]
2023 civil registration estimate
c. 270 million [2]
Indonesia 2020 census
c. 237 million [3]
Indonesia 2010 census
Map of the Indonesian Diaspora in the World.svg
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
[Note 1] [9] [10]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 300,000 (assimilate into the local Cape Malays) [21] [22]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 300,000 (2020) [23]
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 200,000 (2019) [24]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 173,813 (2024) [25]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 145,031 (2022) [26] [27] [28]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 111,987 (2019) [29]
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 100,000 (2024) [32]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia c. 87,000–92,400 (2021)
(Indonesian-born) [33] [34]
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 80,000 (2018) [35]
(excluding Indonesian ancestry)
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 46,586 (2019) [29]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 43,871 [36] [37]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 42,000 (2019) [38]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 40,148 (2014) (assimilate into the local Sri Lankan Malays)
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 38,000 (2020) [39]
(only Indonesian legal workers)
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 37,669 (2019) [29]
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 33,000 [40]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 28,954 (2020) [29]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 24,000 (2021) [41]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 21,390 (2016) [42]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 12,904 (2019) [29]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 11,000 [40]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 7,531 (2024) [43]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 7,000 [40]
Flag of France.svg  France 6,000 [40]
Flags of New Caledonia.svg  New Caledonia 4,300
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 3,000-5,000 (See: Overseas Acehnese) [40]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 4,000 [40]
Flag of France.svg  French Guiana 3,000
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 2,400 (2020) [44]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 2,000 [40]
Languages
National Language
Indonesian
Regional Language
Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi, Banjarese, Batak, Balinese, etc.
Religion
Majority
Islam 87.06%
Minorities
Christianity 10.49% (Protestantism 7.41% and Roman Catholicism 3.06%
Hinduism 1.68%
Buddhism 0.71%
Animism, Shamanism, Sunda Wiwitan, Kaharingan, Parmalim, Kejawen, Aluk To Dolo, Others 0.05%. [45]
Related ethnic groups
Filipinos  • Malaysians

Indonesians (Indonesian: Orang Indonesia) are citizens or people who are identified with the country of Indonesia, [46] regardless of their ethnic or religious background. [47] [48] There are more than 1,300 ethnicities in Indonesia, [49] [50] making it a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture and religious beliefs. The population of Indonesia according to the 2020 national census was 270.2 million. [51] 56% live on the island of Java, [52] the world's most populous island. [53] Around 95% of Indonesians are Native Indonesians (formerly grouped as "Pribumi"), primarily of Austronesian and Melanesian descent, with 40% Javanese and 15% Sundanese forming the majority, while the other 5% are Indonesians with ancestry from foreign origin, such as Arab Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, and Indos.

Contents

Population

As of 2020, Indonesians make up 3.4% of the world's total population and Indonesia is the fourth most populous country after China, India and the United States.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1967, [54] for the decade ending in 2020, Indonesia's population growth was 1.1 percent. At that rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the present population of the United States and would - if the current US population did not rise – become the world's third biggest after China and India by 2043. [55] The family planning already revitalised based on the 1967 program to avoid Indonesia becoming the world's third most populous country.

With a population of 151.6 million, Java is home to 56 per cent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on Earth. [56] The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the centre of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.

The other major islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and New Guinea, which are home to the other 49 percent of Indonesian population. There are also other small populated island(s) such as Bali, Bangka, Madura, Nias, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Riau Islands and others.

Ethnic groups

Minangkabau wedding Minangkabau wedding 2.jpg
Minangkabau wedding

There are over 1,300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. This number makes Indonesia one of the most diverse countries in the world. 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry. [57] The majority of these ethnic groups are Austronesian peoples concentrated in western and central Indonesia in Asia, with a sizable minority being Melanesian peoples concentrated in eastern Indonesia in Oceania. [58] [59]

The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up nearly 40% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program. [60] [61] The Sundanese people 15% of the population in Indonesia, are an ethnic group that shares territory with the Javanese in that, most of the Sundanese live in the western region of Java. Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, and Minangkabau are the next largest groups in the country. [62] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea belong to Papuan languages. The Chinese Indonesians (Tionghoa) population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census. [63] Some of these Indonesians of Chinese descent speak various Chinese languages, most notably Hokkien and Hakka.

The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some may consider Osing people and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however, some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects. This is the same case with Baduy people that actually are sub-ethnic of the Sundanese people but sometimes considered as separated ethnicities. An example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, descended not only from marriages between different peoples in Indonesia but also with foreign origin like Arab, Chinese and Indian migrants since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta).

Language

Example of Javanese script Serat bratayudha.jpg
Example of Javanese script

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Most Indonesians also speak one of more than 700 indigenous languages. [64] [65] [66]

Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are fluent in another regional language (examples include Javanese, Sundanese and others), which are commonly used at home and within the local community. Most formal education, and nearly all national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.

Literature

Indonesian literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore.

There are also works written in and about Indonesia in unrelated languages. There are several languages and several distinct but related literary traditions within the geographical boundaries of the modern nation of Indonesia. For example, the island of Java has its own Javanese pre-national cultural and literary history. There are also Sundanese, Balinese, and Batak or Madurese traditions. Indonesia also has a colonial history of Dutch, British and Japanese occupation, as well as a history of Islamic influence that brought its own texts, linguistic and literary influences. There is also an oral literature tradition in the area.

The term "Indonesian literature" is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the Indonesian language i.e. Malay written in the Dutch East Indies.

Religion

A procession with offerings entering a Hindu temple in Bali A procession with offerings entering a Hindu temple Bali.jpg
A procession with offerings entering a Hindu temple in Bali

Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant. [67] The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. [68] However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism). [69] [70] [71] Although based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 non-official religions in Indonesia. [72] Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may fill in 'believer' on that section in case that person adhere to other religion than six recognized religion [73] or leave that section blank. [74] Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal. [75] Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population [76] [77] In the 2018 Indonesian census, 86.7% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis forming about 99%, [78] Shias 1%, [79] Ahmadis 0.2% [80] ), 7.6% Protestant, 3.12% Catholic, 1.74% Hindu, 0.77% Buddhist, 0.03% Confucianism, and 0.04% other religions/ No religion. [81]

Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country. [82]

Cuisine

Tumpeng rice, the national dish of Indonesia. Wikimedia Indonesia's 13th birthday celebrations, Jakarta; September 2021 (02).jpg
Tumpeng rice, the national dish of Indonesia.

Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full of intense flavor. [84] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 17,000 in the world's largest archipelago, [85] with more than 1,300 ethnic groups. [86] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences. [85] Indonesia has around 5,350 traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most important. [83]

Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences. [85] [87] [88] Sumatran cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and kari , while Javanese cuisine or Sundanese cuisine is mostly indigenous, [85] with some hint of Chinese influence. The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as bakmi (noodles), bakso (meat or fish balls), and lumpia (spring rolls) have been completely assimilated.

Architecture

Pagaruyung Palace, a Minangkabau architecture Pagaruyung palace.jpg
Pagaruyung Palace, a Minangkabau architecture
Tongkonan, Torajan traditional house Traditional Toraja House.JPG
Tongkonan, Torajan traditional house

Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.

Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture. Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches. The sultans and other rulers built palaces. There is a substantial legacy of colonial architecture in Indonesian cities. Independent Indonesia has seen the development of new paradigms for postmodern and contemporary architecture.

See also

Non-indigenous Indonesians

Notes

  1. ↑ including illegal workers
  2. ↑ Indonesian citizen registered in KBRI (Embassy of Indonesia in Saudi Arabia)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Indonesia</span>

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010. The official estimate as at end 2023 was 280 million increasing at a rate of 1.17% per year. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Java</span> Island in Indonesia

Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 153.8 million people, Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 54% of the Indonesian population. Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banten</span> Province of Indonesia in western Java

Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Sea on the north, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Sunda Strait on the west and shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. The province covers an area of 9,352.77 km2 (3,611.12 sq mi). It had a population of over 11.9 million in the 2020 census, up from about 10.6 million in 2010. The estimated mid-2023 population was 12.308 million. Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten was split off to become a province on 17 October 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese Indonesians</span> Ethnic group

Chinese Indonesians, or simply Orang Tionghoa or Tionghoa, are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries. Chinese Indonesians are the fourth largest community of Overseas Chinese in the world after Thailand, Malaysia, and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Java</span> Province of Indonesia

West Java is an Indonesian province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. With Banten, this province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sumatra</span> Province of Indonesia

South Sumatra is a province of Indonesia, located in the southeast of the island of Sumatra. The capital and largest city of the province is the city of Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south, as well a maritime border with the Bangka Belitung Islands to the east. It is the largest province in the island of Sumatra, and it is slightly smaller than Portugal, the department of Boquerón in Paraguay or the U.S. state of Maine. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. The province has an area of 91,592.43 km2 (35,364 sq mi) and had a population of 8,467,432 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid-2023 was 8,743,522. The province is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. The province is inhabited by many different Malay sub ethnic groups, with Palembangese being largest ethnic group. Most speak the Palembang language, which is mutually intelligible to both Indonesian and local Palembang Malay. Other ethnic groups include the Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Chinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jambi</span> Province of Indonesia

Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and stretches to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is also called Jambi. It is bordered by the provinces of Riau to the north, West Sumatra to the west, Bengkulu to the southwest, South Sumatra to the south, and shares a maritime border with the Riau Islands to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The province has a land area of 49,026.58 km2, and a sea area of 3,274.95 km2. Its area is comparable to the European country of Slovakia. It had a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 census and 3,548,228 according to the 2020 census; the official estimate of population as of mid-2023 was 3,679,169.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javanese people</span> Ethnic group of Indonesia

The Javanese are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java. With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indonesia and in Southeast Asia as a whole. Their native language is Javanese, it is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers and also the largest regional language in Southeast Asia. As the largest ethnic group in the region, the Javanese have historically dominated the social, political, and cultural landscape of both Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nusantara (term)</span> Sociopolitical term for Maritime Southeast Asia

Nusantara is the Indonesian name of Maritime Southeast Asia. It is an Old Javanese term that literally means "outer islands". In Indonesia, it is generally taken to mean the Indonesian Archipelago. Outside of Indonesia, the term has been adopted to refer to the Malay Archipelago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundanese people</span> Ethnic group from Indonesia

The Sundanese are an indigenous ethnic group native to the western region of Java island in Indonesia, primarily West Java. They number approximately 42 million and form Indonesia's second most populous ethnic group. They speak the Sundanese language, which is part of the Austronesian languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madurese people</span> Ethnic group of Madura Island, Indonesia

Madurese, Madurans, Madurites or Madurace are one of the Javan ethnic groups native to the Indonesian island of Madura in Java Sea, off the northeastern coast of Java. They speak their own native Madurese, sharing a common history, traditions, and cultural identity. Nationwide, the Madurese are the third-largest ethnic group in Indonesia, and one of the well-known Indonesian national dishes, Satay, is attributed to the Madurese as part of their culinary heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betawi people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

Betawi people, Batavi, or Batavians, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts, as such often described as the inhabitants of the city. They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia from the 17th century onwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjar people</span> Ethnic group native to South Kalimantan

The Banjar or Banjarese are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Indonesia</span>

Several different religions are practised in Indonesia. Indonesia is officially a presidential republic and a unitary state without an established state religion. The first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, requires its citizens to state the belief in "the one and almighty God". Although, as explained by the Constitutional Court, this first sila of Pancasila is an explicit recognition of divine substances and meant as a principle on how to live together in a religiously diverse society. Blasphemy is a punishable offence and the Indonesian government has a discriminatory attitude towards its numerous tribal religions, atheist and agnostic citizens. In addition, the Aceh province officially applies Sharia law and is notorious for its discriminatory practices towards religious and sexual minorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Native Indonesians</span> Term describing indigenous peoples of Indonesia

Native Indonesians, also known as Pribumi or Bumiputra, are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago, comprising around 1,300 ethnic groups and predominantly of Austronesian and Melanesian descent. In contrast are Indonesians of known (partial) foreign descent, like Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</span>

There are more than 600 ethnic groups in the multicultural Indonesian archipelago, making it one of the most diverse countries in the world. The vast majority of these belong to the Austronesian peoples, concentrated in western and central Indonesia (Asia), with a sizable minority are Melanesian peoples concentrated in eastern Indonesia (Oceania). With its large population, Indonesia has the world's largest number of Austronesians and Melanesians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overseas Indonesians</span> Indonesians living outside of Indonesia

Overseas Indonesians are Indonesians who live outside of Indonesia. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Indonesian descent. According to Ministry of Law and Human Rights, more than 6-9 million Indonesians diaspora live abroad in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palembang people</span> Malay ethnic subgroup

Palembang people, also called Palembang Malay are an ethnic group native to the city of Palembang and its surrounding areas in the South Sumatra province of Indonesia. Palembang is one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia, with a history dating back to the 7th century when it was the capital of the ancient Srivijaya Empire, a powerful Hindu-Buddhist maritime kingdom and empire that controlled much of the trade in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javanese diaspora</span> People of Javanese ethnicity residing outside Indonesia

The Javanese diaspora is the demographic group of descendants of ethnic Javanese who emigrated from the Indonesian island of Java to other parts of the world. The Javanese diaspora includes a significant population in Suriname, with over 13% of the country's population being of Javanese ancestry. Other major enclaves are found in French Guiana, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Caledonia, Singapore, South Africa, and Sri Lanka.

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