The mass media in Indonesia consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites.
The mass media in Indonesia consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites.
Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media. Long suppressed and harassed by the New Order, the Indonesian press is now among the freest and liveliest in Asia. [1] The trend toward somewhat greater pluralism and openness had begun in the late New Order, when the regime allowed the founding of a number of new television and radio stations. [1] The television stations all had to be Jakarta-based at first. [1]
Many of the new television stations enjoyed penetration rates of around 70 to 75 percent of the population within a few years. [1] Although the television licenses were all given to various Suharto family members, cronies, and other wealthy conglomerates, competition for advertising revenue and a large potential national audience meant that some of these stations were tempted to push the boundaries, especially regarding the ban on news programs other than those produced by the then state-run Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI). [1]
These stations were very lucrative, so it became difficult for the regime to punish its own cronies by shutting down a station if it crossed the line by broadcasting independently produced news. [1] Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV) and Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI) news programs, in particular, were very popular with viewers across the country as an alternative, albeit still relatively tame, to the stultifying TVRI. [1]
In 2003 the authorities reported that more than 2,000 illegal TV and radio stations were broadcasting across the country.[ citation needed ] The government urged them to apply for licenses, or face closure.[ citation needed ]
The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[ citation needed ] There are hundreds of new magazines, newspapers, and tabloids.[ citation needed ] More than 50 principal daily newspapers are published throughout the archipelago, the majority in Java. [1] Those with the largest readership are Kompas (Jakarta), circulation of 523,000; Suara Merdeka (Semarang), circulation of 200,000; Berita Buana (Jakarta), circulation of 150,000; Pikiran Rakyat (Bandung), circulation of 150,000; and Sinar Indonesia Baru (Medan), also with a circulation of 150,000. [1]
The largest English-language dailies, both published in Jakarta with print runs of 40,000, are the Jakarta Post and the Jakarta Globe . [1] As of 2003, newspapers have a penetration rate of 8.6 percent. [2] The principal weekly news magazines are Tempo , which also produces an English-language edition, and Gatra . [1] All of these newspapers and magazines have online editions as well. [1]
Several leading Indonesian newspaper such as Kompas can be obtained at digital newspaper printing services in several foreign countries. Some large newspapers also use remote digital printing to solve the distribution problems in remote areas in Indonesia.[ citation needed ]
ANTARA is the national news agency of Indonesia. Formerly under the Department of Information, it is currently organized as a statutory corporation under the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises.
The National Press Monument in Surakarta, Central Java has a collection of over a million newspapers and magazines, [3] as well as a variety of exhibitions and artefacts related to the history of the press in Indonesia.
Before the reform, radio was regulated by the government through Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film of the Department of Information. [1] Radio is currently regulated by the independent Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) as well as the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for frequency matters. There are about 3,000 live radio stations throughout Indonesia, but only a few broadcast nationally. [4]
Examples include Sonora and Prambors in the nation's capital, Radio Istara in Surabaya, Swaragama in Yogyakarta, and Global FM Bali in Denpasar. [4] Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters can supply programmes.[ citation needed ]
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) is the public radio network of Indonesia. It has a national news network, as well as regional stations in major cities throughout the country. Voice of Indonesia is its division for overseas broadcasting.
There are now also several digital radio stations in Jakarta and Surabaya, based on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Hybrid HD-Radio (IBOC).[ citation needed ] There are also several Indonesian radio stations that stream live on the internet.
Like the radio, before the reform era television broadcasting was also regulated by the government through Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film of the Department of Information, [1] but currently regulated by the KPI as well as the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for frequency matters. Television and radio traditionally have been dominated by government networks, but private commercial channels have been emerging since the introduction of RCTI in the Jakarta area in 1988. [4] By early in the new century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village in the country, and most Indonesians could choose from 11 channels. [4]
In addition to the public broadcaster TVRI, there were dozens of national private channels, the best known are Indosiar, RCTI, SCTV, Metro TV, and Trans7. [4] Some channels have a specific orientation, for instance, Global TV, which initially offered broadcasts from MTV Indonesia, and MNCTV (formerly Indonesian Educational Television, or TPI) which originally carried only educational programming but expanded into quiz programs, sports, reality shows, and other popular entertainment. [4] There were also 54 local television stations in 2009, such as Bali TV in Bali, Jak TV in Jakarta, and Pacific TV (now Kompas TV Manado) in Manado. [4]
In 2016, 88 million Indonesians used the Internet, of which 93% used smartphones, 5% tablets and 11% computers. Broadband reached 8% of the households. [5]
Since the transition to democracy, thousands of new print publications and radio stations have started up across the country, and more television broadcasters, including regional stations, have licenses. [1] The government cannot revoke these publishing and broadcasting licenses based on what the outlets write and say. [1] President Abdurrahman Wahid further weakened the government's ability to control the media when he abolished the Ministry of Information at the outset of his administration. [1]
The censorship board for motion pictures (Indonesian Film Censorship Board, Lembaga Sensor Film) remained in existence, however, mainly to police "public morality" (nudity, sexuality) rather than political statements, and President Megawati Sukarnoputri reestablished the information-matter ministry into Ministry of Communication and Informatics on her ascension to power. [1]
In the absence of significant government repression, spurious defamation lawsuits by private individuals have become the principal means of stifling media scrutiny. [1] The most prominent of these cases involved businessman Tomy Winata, who sued Tempo editor-in-chief Bambang Harymurti. [1] Harymurti was convicted and given a one-year prison sentence, which the Supreme Court overturned. [1]
As of 2018, foreign journalists still require permission from the government to visit Papua. [6]
RCTI is a West Jakarta-based Indonesian free-to-air television network. It is best known for its soap operas, celebrity bulletins, news, and sports programmes. It was first launched in 1989, originally as a local pay television operator that broadcasts mostly foreign programmes, before switching to free-to-air terrestrial network a year later.
Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV) is an Indonesian free-to-air television network. It was launched on 24 August 1990 in Surabaya, East Java as Surabaya Centra Televisi, broadcasting to the city and its surrounding area. At first, the programming was similar to that of RCTI, broadcasting foreign shows and some of RCTI news programs until they could produce their own. On 30 January 1993, SCTV obtained a national license and eventually moved its operations to Jakarta marks the end of 3 years affiliations with RCTI from Jakarta, changing its name to Surya Citra Televisi. Its main offices are located in Central Jakarta, with studios in West Jakarta. It is owned by Surya Citra Media, a publicly listed subsidiary of the technology company Emtek.
TVRI, legally Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Televisi Republik Indonesia is an Indonesian national public television network. Established on 24 August 1962, it is the oldest television network in the country. Its national headquarters is in Gelora, Central Jakarta.
Radio Republik Indonesia, legally Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Radio Republik Indonesia, is a public radio network of Indonesia. Founded on 11 September 1945, it is the first radio network in Indonesia and the second oldest media company in the country after Antara. RRI headquarters are located on Medan Merdeka Barat Street in Central Jakarta, Jakarta.
Trans TV is an Indonesian free-to-air television network based in South Jakarta that was launched on December 15, 2001, and is owned by Chairul Tanjung. Programming consists of newscasts, movies, drama series, variety shows, quiz shows, and children's television series. Trans TV was Indonesia's main broadcaster of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, showing most group matches and all of the final matches, which led to the channel topping Indonesian television ratings as of June 19, 2018.
PT Media Televisi Indonesia, operating as Metro TV is an Indonesian free-to-air television news network based in West Jakarta. It was established on 25 November 2000 and now has over 52 relay stations all over the country. It is owned by Surya Paloh who also owns the Media Indonesia daily. These two, along with other newspapers distributed in different parts of Indonesia, are part of the Media Group.
Television in Indonesia started in 1962, when the then state-run station TVRI began broadcasting – the third country in Southeast Asia to do so. TVRI held a television monopoly in Indonesia until 1989 when the first commercial station, RCTI began as a local station and was subsequently granted a national license a year later. The Indonesian television is regulated by both Ministry of Communications and Informatics (Kemenkominfo) and Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI).
PT Metropolitan Televisindo, operating as Rajawali Televisi is an Indonesian commercial television network in Indonesia, owned by Rajawali Corpora. RTV is categorised as "family television", licensed via the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. Its frequency is coordinated through the Department of Transportation.
PT MNC Televisi Indonesia, operating as MNCTV is an Indonesian private television network. It was founded on 23 January 1990, at first broadcasting only educational programmes, but has since become similar to other Indonesian TV networks, showing programmes such as quizzes, sinetron, reality TV shows, sports shows, newscasts, and recently, dangdut music.
PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi, operating as Kompas TV, is a national terrestrial private news television network in Indonesia. It is owned by the KG Media unit of Kompas Gramedia Group and is named after its flagship property, the Kompas daily newspaper. Kompas TV was founded in around 2008 and was launched on 9 September 2011 with Simfoni Semesta Raya's performance. Kompas TV's current slogan is "Independent, Reliable".
Digital terrestrial television in Indonesia (DVB-T2) started in 2009, and in most areas runs alongside the analogue TV system. The phase 1 of nationwide analog shutdown will be done in 166 regencies and cities, including Dumai, Banda Aceh, Batam, Tanjungpinang, Serang, Bali, Samarinda, Tanjung Selor, Tarakan, Makassar and Jayapura started from 30 April 2022 and it simplified in three stages. Analog broadcasting station in Jakarta along with 173 regencies/cities non-terrestrial services was officially signed off on 2 November 2022 at midnight. Batam, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta and Yogyakarta followed on 2 December 2022, followed by Surabaya on 20 December 2022, Banjarmasin on 20 March 2023, Bali and Palembang on 31 March 2023, Makassar on 20 June 2023 and Medan on 30 July 2023. On 15 July 2023 at stroke of midnight, Trans Media and Emtek/SCM officially completed the shutdown. On 31 July 2023 at stroke of midnight, Viva Group, RTV and NET TV officially completed the shutdown of analog broadcast nationwide followed by MNC Group on 1 August 2023 at stroke of midnight. On 12 August 2023, the digital terrestrial television of Indonesia fully turned, shifted and switched to all ultra high definition on all thirteen local free-to-air terrestrial television station.
iNews is an Indonesian free-to-air television network founded by Media Nusantara Citra, a subsidiary of Global Mediacom unit of MNC Asia Holding. It broadcasting 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.
Aiman Witjaksono is an Indonesian journalist, news anchor and interviewer at RCTI. Previously Witjaksono worked for approximately 10 years at Kompas TV as a broadcaster. On RCTI, his final role was as anchor of the news program Seputar Indonesia before his return on Seputar iNews in 2022.
TVRI Sport is an Indonesian terrestrial television channel owned by public broadcaster TVRI, specialised in sports programming. Serves as complementary to TVRI main channel, the channel is available only in digital terrestrial, satellite, and TVRI Klik streaming service.
TVRI World is an Indonesian television channel owned by public broadcaster TVRI, catered for domestic and international audience. The English-language channel is currently on its trial broadcast, with its planned launching in 2023. Despite its specialization, the channel is domestically available in digital terrestrial, satellite, and TVRI Klik streaming service.
TVRI Yogyakarta is a regional television station owned by Televisi Republik Indonesia which serves the Yogyakarta Special Region, Surakarta Residency in Central Java province except Wonogiri Regency. This station is the first local television station in Indonesia, founded in 1965. The TVRI Yogyakarta office and studio are located on Jalan Magelang km 4.5, Sleman, and the transmitter is in Patuk, Gunungkidul.
Public broadcasting institutions in Indonesia currently consists of three separate entities: Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI), Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI), and local public broadcasting institutions. The classification is based on Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting and followed by Government Regulation No. 11 of 2005 on Broadcasting Provision of Public Broadcasting Institution.
TVRI is the main national public television channel owned by LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI). The channel began broadcasting on 24 August 1962, making it the first television station in Indonesia. The channel was also the only television channel choice in Indonesia until 1989, when Programa Dua TVRI in Jakarta broadcast separately from TVRI and private television stations began broadcasting.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
