Law enforcement in Indonesia

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Law enforcement in Indonesia is mainly performed by the Indonesian National Police (POLRI), together with other law enforcement agencies which are under the president, a certain ministry or State-owned company (BUMN) which perform policing duties for a certain public service, these law enforcement agencies are under supervision and are trained by the Indonesian National Police. The Indonesian National Police is basically the national civilian police force of the country responsible for enforcing law and order of the state.

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Police forces

Indonesian National Police

Policemen of the Indonesian National Police Polisi patroli.jpg
Policemen of the Indonesian National Police

The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) is the main agency responsible for maintaining security and public order, law enforcement, and provide protection and service to the community in Indonesia. The force is a centralised organisation with responsibilities ranging from traffic control, criminal investigation, intelligence gathering and counter-terrorism duties. The Indonesian National Police is the national policing force of Indonesia with its headquarters located in Jakarta. It is under the auspices of the President of Indonesia. [1] The highest command of the national police in Indonesia is executed in Jakarta, at the Indonesian National Police Headquarters (Mabes Polri) located at Trunojoyo Street, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta. The National Police HQ oversees every provincial police of the country, each Province of Indonesia has its own Police Headquarters known as "POLDA" an abbreviation of Kepolisian Daerah (Regional Police) in Indonesian, it oversees several city or regional police departments which are responsible for a city or regency (Kabupaten) in the province, it is known as "POLRES" (Kepolisian Resort), a "Polres" then oversees several police stations responsible for a sub-district (kecamatan) known as "POLSEK" (Kepolisian Sektor).

Special units of the Indonesian National Police

The Detachment 88 or known locally as "Densus 88" is the special counter-terrorism unit of the Indonesian National Police. [2]

The Mobile Brigade Corps or known locally as "Brimob" is the paramilitary force of the Indonesian National Police tasked to conduct high-risk law enforcement such as counterinsurgency, riot control, and hostage rescue. It is the PTU and SWAT unit of Polri. Their uniform is the same like other police units, but wear a dark blue beret as their headgear, during urban-operational duties, they wear black uniforms and during jungle-operational duties, they wear green. Each provincial police headquarters (Polda) in Indonesia has a Brimob unit.

Municipal police

The Municipal Police Units (Indonesian: Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja abbreviated "Satpol PP") are municipal police units which are controlled by the local governments in the country (either province, regency, or city), it is under the supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Their responsibilities are to enforce local laws, such as taking action against illegal settlements and structures in the city, bring order towards street vendors and buskers, and to ensure the safety of city property. They are also responsible to secure the office of the City Mayor and provincial Governor. Their operational uniform color is greenish-dark Khaki, in Jakarta they sometimes wear orange polo shirts with khaki cargo pants. [3]

Forestry police

The Indonesia Forest Rangers (Indonesian: Polisi Kehutanan abbreviated "Polhut") is under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. One of their responsibilities is to take action against illegal logging and patrol national parks of the country.

Prison police

The Prison Police (Indonesian: Polisi Khusus Lembaga Pemasyarakatan abbreviated Polsuspas) are Correctional Officers under the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, they control and supervise prisons across the country. Their uniform color is blue. [4]

Railroad police

The Railroad Police (Indonesian: Polisi KhususKereta Api abbreviated Polsuska) is the railway police unit which is under the auspices of the Indonesian Railway Company. They are not under a certain ministry, rather they are part of the Directorate of Safety and Security of the Indonesian Railway Company, but are trained and educated by the Indonesian National Police. Their uniform is black and wear orange berets, they are usually posted in Railway stations.

Remote Islands and Coastal Development police

The Police for Management of Marine, Coastal Region and Remote Islands (Polisi KhususPengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil abbreviated Polsus PWP3K) is a newly specialized-formed policing unit under the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, their authority includes conducting patrols in coastal areas and remote islands and to take action towards complaints regarding activities that damage natural maritime resources. [5]

Agricultural quarantine police

The Agricultural and Animal Quarantine Police (Indonesian: Polisi Khusus Badan Karantina Pertanian) is a police unit under the Agency of Agricultural Quarantine which is within the Ministry of Agriculture. They perform duties for looking after Agricultural and Animal Quarantine affairs. [6]

Military Police Corps

Indonesian military policemen Indonesian military police.jpg
Indonesian military policemen

In Indonesia, the Military Police Command (Indonesian: Pusat Polisi Militer TNI abbreviated "Puspom TNI") is the only institution which has authority to conduct law enforcement towards active members of the Indonesian Military, it is an institution which is directly under the auspices of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Headquarters ("Mabes TNI") which heads the three Military Police corps which are the:

The Military Police does not have authority towards civilians as it is the realm of the Indonesian National Police (Polri), and in the other hand, the civilian Police does not have authority towards active members of the military, except accompanied by the Military police. If a military member is caught red-handed by the civilian police, then the violator will be sent to the Military Police or the Military police would be contacted.

Maritime law enforcement agencies

Patrol boats of the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) Kapalbakamla.jpg
Patrol boats of the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla)

Maritime Security Agency

The Maritime Security Agency (Badan Keamanan Laut abbreviated Bakamla) is a maritime patrol of the Republic of Indonesia. Bakamla is a non-ministerial government institution which reports directly to the President through the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs. Bakamla's duty is to conduct security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia and the jurisdiction of Indonesia.

Sea and Coast Guard

The Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai – KPLP) is an agency of the Government of Indonesia which has the main function to ensure the safety of shipping activity inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone. The "KPLP" has the task to formulate and execute policies, standards, norms, guidelines, criteria and procedures, as well as technical guidance, evaluation and reporting concerning maritime patrol and security, which is conducted in coordination with other maritime law enforcement agencies of the country such as BAKAMLA, Indonesian National Police Water Unit, and also in certain cases with the Indonesian Navy. KPLP is under the auspices of the Directorate General of Sea Transportation of the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation.

National Police Marine and Air Unit

An Indonesian National Police patrol boat Indonesian Police Patrol Boat.jpg
An Indonesian National Police patrol boat

The Indonesian National Police has a water unit (Polisi Perairan dan Udara abbreviated "Polairud") responsible to conduct law enforcement and enforce security and order of the coast and state waters.

Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance

A Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance patrol boat Hiu 09.jpg
A Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance patrol boat

The Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance (Pengawasan Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan - PSDKP) is a government agency under the management of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia. Formally established on 23 November 2000 according to Presidential Decree No. 165/2000, the PSDKP is the agency responsible for supervising the marine and fishery resources of the Republic of Indonesia.

Criticism

Political observers in Indonesia have raised numerous criticisms regarding the presence of multiple maritime law enforcement agencies, noting their tendency to overlap in authority within the country's maritime zones. By 2015, these enforcement activities were managed by 12 different agencies from various government ministries. [7] Additionally, the constitution allows the Navy to conduct maritime law enforcement under specific circumstances. [8] Plans to consolidate these agencies into a unified national entity, akin to the Coast Guard of the United States of America and Coast Guard of India, have been in motion since 2011. [9] In February 2020, President Joko Widodo announced his intention to establish the Maritime Security Agency as Indonesia's coast guard. [10] Subsequently, in March 2022, the government issued regulations governing maritime security, safety, and law enforcement in Indonesia's territorial waters and jurisdiction, designating the Maritime Security Agency as the coordinating body for all maritime law enforcement efforts. [11] However, the third revision of Law No. 17/2008 on Shipping, passed by the House of Representatives in September 2024, designates Sea and Coast Guard (KPLP) as the sole coast guard authority, creating legal conflicts with the Maritime Security Agency, which has been using the title "Indonesia Coast Guard" despite lacking such recognition. This overlap raises concerns about legal clarity and the effectiveness of Indonesia's maritime law enforcement, both domestically and in the context of international cooperation. [12]

Other law enforcement agencies

Indonesian Customs Tactical Unit (CTU) of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise Beacukai.jpg
Indonesian Customs Tactical Unit (CTU) of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise

Other types of government agencies which is involved in law enforcement of the state:

  1. Public Prosecution Service
  2. Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)
  3. National Narcotics Board (BNN), specialized agency for prevention and investigation of illicit drugs abuse.
  4. National Agency for Combating Terrorism (BNPT)
  5. Directorate General of Customs and Excise
  6. Tax Office, enforce law in taxation.
  7. Directorate General of Immigration, enforce law concerning immigration.
  8. Financial Services Authority (OJK)
  9. Nuclear Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), enforce law in nuclear energy.
  10. National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM), oversee foods, drugs, and cosmetics in Indonesia.
  11. Directorate General of Post and Informatics Devices Resource of the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, enforce law in information technology and radiowaves.
  12. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
  13. Ministry of Industry
  14. Ministry of Trade
  15. Ministry of Health
  16. Ministry of Transportation, oversee and enforce law in the realm of transportation (land, sea and air). The Traffic Wardens (Dishub) in Indonesia are under the command of the Ministry of Transportation which are responsible to conduct law enforcement towards yellow-plate vehicles (public transportation vehicles and other over-sized vehicles) and also take action towards parking violators. They also assist the Traffic police in directing traffic. They wear light-blue for their shirt and dark blue for their pants as their uniform.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Armed Forces</span> Combined military forces of Indonesia

The Indonesian National Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL), and Air Force (TNI-AU). The President of Indonesia is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. As of 2023, it comprises approximately 400,000 military personnel including the Indonesian Marine Corps, which is a branch of the Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coast guard</span> Maritime security organization

A coast guard or coastguard is a maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to being a volunteer organization tasked with search and rescue without law enforcement authority. In most countries, a typical coast guard's functions are distinct from those of the navy and the transit police, while in certain countries they have similarities to both.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military police</span> Police organization part of the military of a state

Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear reconnaissance, logistic traffic management, counterinsurgency, and detainee handling.

Railroad police or railway police are people responsible for the protection of railroad properties, facilities, revenue, equipment, and personnel, as well as carried passengers and cargo. Railroad police may also patrol public rail transit systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Border guard</span> Government service concerned with security of national borders

A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard and rescue service duties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential Security Force of Indonesia</span> Military unit

The Presidential Security Force of Indonesia is one of the Central Executive Agencies of the Indonesian National Armed Forces responsible for proximate security and escort towards the head of state and VVIP in Indonesia, which includes the President, Vice President with their immediate families, former Presidents and Vice Presidents, and visiting foreign heads of state. Paspampres is based in Jakarta, and its personnel are drawn from deputized best-chosen officers, soldiers, seamen, marines, and airmen from special forces and/or special units within the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). It is commanded by a two-star military general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile Brigade Corps</span> Special operations, paramilitary, and tactical unit of the Indonesian National Police

The Mobile Brigade Corps abbreviated Brimob is the special operations, paramilitary, and tactical unit of the Indonesian National Police (Polri). It is one of the oldest existing units within Polri. Some of its main duties are counter-terrorism, riot control, high-risk law enforcement where the use of firearms are present, search and rescue, hostage rescue, and bomb disposal operations. The Mobile Brigade Corps is a large component of the Indonesian National Police trained for counter-separatist and counter-insurgency duties, often in conjunction with military operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provost (military police)</span> Military police who only police within the armed forces

Provosts are military police (MP) whose duties are policing solely within the armed forces of a country, as opposed to gendarmerie duties in the civilian population. However, many countries use their gendarmerie for provost duties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law enforcement by country</span>

In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several law enforcement agencies, police or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Police</span> National police force of Indonesia

The Indonesian National Police is the national law enforcement and police force of the Republic of Indonesia. Founded on 1 July 1946, it was formerly a part of the country's military since 1962. The police were formally separated from the armed forces on 1 April 1999 in a process which was formally completed on 1 July 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipal Police (Indonesia)</span>

The Municipal Police Unit, are municipal police units throughout Indonesia which are under the control of the local governments of each province, city, and regency (Kabupaten). Its purpose is to assist regional heads in enforcing regional regulations and administering public order and public security, the Satpol PP is formed in every province, city, and/or regency. It is under the auspices of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The Indonesian National Police Partners Communication Center are neighborhood watch groups in Indonesia that inform and assist the members of Indonesian National Police (Polri) in providing information and reporting any kind of public threats to the law enforcement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Maritime Security Agency</span> Law enforcement agency

The Indonesian Maritime Security Agency is a maritime patrol and rescue agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Bakamla is a non-ministerial government institution which reports directly to the President through Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs. Bakamla's duty is to conduct security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia and the jurisdiction of Indonesia. Previously Bakamla was a non-structural institution called the Coordinating Agency for the Security of the Republic of Indonesia. The agency is not part or associated with the Indonesian National Armed Forces, although its top-ranking leadership are handpicked from the Indonesian Navy. Bakamla and the Indonesian Navy, however, often conduct exercises and joint-operation together. While during search-and-rescue operations, Bakamla also conduct joint-operations with the National Search and Rescue Agency.

Commissaries general Muhammad Jasin was a National Hero of Indonesia and died on 3 May 2012 in RS Polri Kramat Jati. and he was buried in Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata. He received National Hero of Indonesia title, with Bernard Wilhem Lapian, Mas Isman, I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung and Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, by President Joko Widodo on 5 November 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Forest Rangers</span> Law enforcement agency

The Indonesian Forest Rangers is a park ranger civil service within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia. It serves on a national and regional level in the country. Polhut is a dedicated unit in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to preserve and protect forest within its authority given by law in forestry and wildlife. Despite having the word "Polisi", translated as "police", on its name, Polhut is not part of the Indonesian National Police (Polri).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard Unit</span> Indonesian government agency

The Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard Unit is an agency of Government of Indonesia which main function is to ensure the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone. KPLP has the task of formulating and execute policies, standards, norms, guidelines, criteria and procedures, as well as technical guidance, evaluation and reporting on patrol and security, safety monitoring and Civil Service Investigator (PPNS), order of shipping, water, facilities and infrastructure of coastal and marine guarding. KPLP is under the Directorate General of Sea Transportation of the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation. Therefore, KPLP reports directly to the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia. KPLP is not associated or part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. KPLP, however often conduct joint-exercise and joint-operations with the Indonesian Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Army Military Police Corps (Indonesia)</span> Law enforcement agency

Puspomad or Army Military Police Center, which all of its personnel are part of the Military Police Corps (CPM) is one of the military general technical functions of the Indonesian Army which has the role for administering administrative assistance and as embodiment and guidance through the operation of Military Police functions. Its duties is basically to execute law enforcement towards the military which includes investigation activities and other policing duties within the scope of the army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military Police Corps (Indonesia)</span> Agency within the Indonesian National Armed Forces

The Puspom TNI or Joint Military Police Center of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) is one of the central executive agencies within the TNI which has the role of administering administrative assistance to the army, navy, and air force as embodiment and guidance through the operation of Military Police functions. Puspom TNI oversees the three military police organizations which are the Army Military Police, Naval Military Police, and Air Force Military Police.

Protesting and riots took place on 21 and 22 May 2019 in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, mainly around the Tanah Abang district of Central Jakarta and in West Jakarta. The unrest followed former general Prabowo Subianto's refusal to accept defeat in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election to incumbent President Joko Widodo, also known as Jokowi.

References

  1. ↑ Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 Tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia [Law No 2/2002 about Indonesian National Police](PDF) (2, 8) (in Indonesian). 2002.
  2. ↑ McDonald, Hamish (31 May 2008). "Fighting terror with smart weaponry". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 17.
  3. ↑ Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Pakaian Dinas, Perlengkapan dan Peralatan Operasional Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja [Minister Home Affairs Decree No 19/2013 Regarding Uniform, Equipment and Operational Gear Municipal Police] (19, 4(2)) (in Indonesian). 2013.
  4. ↑ "Polsuspas Lapas Perempuan Sungguminasa: Perkasa Menjaga Bui Bollangi". Lapas Sungguminasa (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  5. ↑ "KKP Bentuk Polisi Khusus PWP3K". antaranews.com. Antara. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  6. ↑ Keputusan Kepala Badan Karantina Pertanian No.1785/KPTS/OT.210/K/12/2016 Tentang Pedoman Kerja Kepolisian Khusus Badan Karantina Pertanian [Head of Agricultural Quarantine Decree No.1785/KPTS/OT.210/K/12/2016 Regarding Standard Procedure of Agricultural Quarantine Special Police](PDF) (1785/KPTS/OT.210/K/12) (in Indonesian). 2016.
  7. ↑ Utama, Abraham (5 October 2015). "Tumpang-tindih Aturan Penegakan Hukum Maritim" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  8. ↑ Sapiie, Marguerite Afra (30 August 2016). "Maritime security agency, Navy should closely cooperate". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  9. ↑ Rusdi, Siswanto (8 September 2019). "Indonesian Coast Guard: Will It surface or sink?". Antara. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  10. ↑ Gorbiano, Marchio Irfan (12 February 2020). "Jokowi wants Bakamla upgraded to Indonesian coast guard as new chief sworn in". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  11. ↑ Rusdi, Siswanto (29 March 2022). "Indonesian Coast Guard Is Dead, Says Think Tank". Maritime Fairtrade. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Nugroho, Adityo (9 October 2024). "Bakamla Jangan Lagi Gunakan Identitas Coast Guard" (in Indonesian). Republik Merdeka. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
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