1987 Indonesian legislative election

1987 Indonesian legislative election

←  1982 23 April 1987 1992  →
400 of the 500 seats in the House of Representatives 201 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party Third party   Leader Sudharmono Jailani Naro Suryadi Party Golkar PPP PDI Last election 64.34%, 242 seats 27.78%, 94 seats 7.88%, 24 seats Seats won 299 61 40 Seat change 57 33 16 Popular vote 62,783,680 13,701,428 9,384,708 Percentage 73.11% 15.96% 10.93% Swing 8.77pp 11.82pp 3.05pp
Results of the election by regency Results of the overseas elections      Golkar     PPP
Speaker before election Amir Machmud Golkar Elected Speaker Kharis Suhud Golkar

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 23 April 1987, to elect 400 of the 500 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR), the national legislature. ^[a] The election was the fifth legislative election in the country since independence and the fourth legislative election under President Suharto's New Order. The election resulted in an outright majority for Golkar, which retained its status as the ruling party of the country.

According to the General Elections Institution, the election campaign began on 24 March and ended on 18 April, with a four-day election silence up until election day on 22 April. In addition, the New Order regime also implemented a number of regulations which benefited Golkar. These include a ban on the formation of party branches below the provincial level, a reduction in the campaign period (from 45 to 25 days), and a ban on criticism of government policies.

Golkar, like in all other elections during the New Order, won an outright majority of the vote, defeating both opposition parties, and retaining its status as the ruling political party. It increased its share of votes from 64.34% to 73.11%, and its share of seats increasing from 242 seats to 299 seats. The result for the opposition was mixed. While the United Development Party (PPP) saw both its share of votes and share of seats decline, from 27.78% to just 15.96% and from 94 to 61 seats; The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) had their best showing up until that point, as it increased its performance by 16 seats, and 3.05% of the popular vote.

Background

In the elections of 1977 and 1982, the notionally Islamic United Development Party (PPP) had seen a steady increase in its share of the vote, despite the New Order government's restrictions on political activity. It managed to position itself as the party of the "little people." In 1984, with the agreement of the government, under the leadership of Abdurrahman Wahid, the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) left the PPP, which it had been forced to join under the 1973 fusion of the Islamic parties. ^[1]

Later that year, the government obliged all political parties to adopt the state philosophy Pancasila as their ideological basis. In 1985 the PPP was pressured to change the party symbol from the Kaaba, the building at the center of the al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to the star from the official symbol for Pancasila. ^[2]

In 1987, the NU leadership declared that its members and supporters were "not obliged to vote for the PPP, and not forbidden to vote for Golkar". This had the effect of increasing the influence of the NU, which had been much diminished within the PPP. ^{[1] [3]}

Timeline of events

Events [4]	Date [4]
Voter registration	1 May 1986 - 26 August 1986
Submission of names and symbols of the political parties	1 May 1986 - 29 June 1986
Nomination of MP candidates	10 July 1986 - 10 August 1987
Electoral campaign	24 March 1987 - 17 April 1987
Election silence	18 April 1987 - 22 April 1987
Election day	23 April 1987
Vote Calculation	DPRD II (24 April 1987 - 18 May 1987) DPRD I (24 April 1987 - 25 May 1987) DPR (24 April 1987 - 31 May 1987)
Ratification of election results	DPRD II (18 May 1987 - 24 May 1987) DPRD I (25 May 1987 - 31 May 1987) DPR (1 June 1987 - 10 June 1987)
Appointment of legislative members	DPRD II (25 May 1987 - 10 June 1987) DPRD I (1 June 1987 - 20 June 1987) DPR (11 June 1987 - 10 July 1987)

Campaign

Golkar

The priority of Golkar was to secure a majority of the popular vote in the devoutly Islamic province of Aceh, the only province apart from Jakarta where it had failed to do so in 1982. ^{[5] [6]} In order to achieve this, Golkar made use of two civil servants to run its financial campaign: the managing director of state-owned oil company Pertamina and the head of the state-owned logistics agency BULOG. Local companies, much more heavily dependent on government contracts then in the past, were the biggest donors. However, the crucial factor for Golkar was the political leadership of Aceh governor Ibrahim Hasan, an economist who managed to unite the traditional and modern aspirations of the Acehnese people. He traveled around the province telling people that a Golkar victory would bring about material development without sacrificing traditional values. ^[7]

PDI

In the final days of the campaign, thousands of young supporters of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) paraded in Jakarta carrying portraits of former president Sukarno. In their eyes, the anti-Western Sukarno was associated with the Indonesian National Party (PNI), one of the parties forced to fuse into the PDI in 1973, and was therefore a clear symbol of opposition to the pro-Western New Order. During the campaign, the PDI had tried to take a stand against corruption and economic inequality. ^[8]

• 
  PPP campaign
• 
  Golkar campaign
• 
  PDI campaign

Radio and television campaigns

The government of Indonesia had arranged a campaign for the government-appointed central board of the political parties to speak publicly in the television and radio. The broadcasting rights for this digital campaign were held by the TVRI for the televised campaigns, and the RRI for the radio campaigns. The recording of the campaign was held in the respective studios. Only national and private radios and television were allowed relay the campaign on the whole, while individual and organizational radios and television were not permitted to relay the campaign. ^[9]

Radio campaigns ^[10]

Round	Date	PPP	Date	Golkar	Date	PDI
1	24 March 1987	R.M.O Mahdi Tjokroaminoto	26 March 1987	Sudharmono (Chairman of Golkar)	28 March 1987	Titi Juliasih (Vice General Secretary of PDI)
2	30 March 1987	Aisyah Aminy (PPP Legislative Member)	1 April 1987	Sri Redjeki	3 April 1987	Benedictus Nahot Marbun (Head of PDI)
3	5 April 1987	Nurhasan Ibnu Hadjar	7 April 1987	Sakti Qudratullah	9 April 1987	Dimmy Haryanto (General Secretary of PDI)
4	11 April 1987	Imam Sofwan (PPP Legislative Member)	13 April 1987	Freddy Latumahina (Golkar Legislative Member)	15 April 1987	Markus Wauran (Vice Treasurer of PDI)

Television campaigns ^[11]

Round	Date	PPP	Date	Golkar	Date	PDI
1	24 March 1987	Moch. Husni Thamrin	26 March 1987	Sudharmono (Chairman of Golkar)	28 March 1987	Suryadi (Chairman of PDI)
2	30 March 1987	Mudrikah	1 April 1987	A. Sulasikin Murpratomo	3 April 1987	Fatimah Ahmad (Vice Head of PDI)
3	5 April 1987	Imron Rosyadi	7 April 1987	Moch. Tarmoedji	9 April 1987	Sukowaluyo Mintohardjo (Head of PDI)
4	11 April 1987	Jailani Naro (Chairman of PPP)	13 April 1987	Sarwono Kusumaatmadja (General Secretary of Golkar)	15 April 1987	Nicolaus Daryanto (General Secretary of PDI)

Results

The results of the election being announced by Gunardo as the Vice Chairman of LPU.

As a result of the withdrawal of the NU, the PPP lost more than 40% of its 1982 vote, with Golkar seeing the most benefit. ^[6] The PPP vote fell in 24 or the 27 provinces. ^[12] The PDI share of the vote rose by 3%, with its share up by more than a third over 1982. Most of the increases came in western Java, and in Jakarta, the PDI's vote rose to 28.8% from 15.8% in 1982. With the conflicts with the PPP following the departure of the NU, voting for the PDI was the only way of registering a protest against the domination by the military-bureaucracy of the political system. ^[8] Golkar, meanwhile, achieved its aim in Aceh, and for the first time won an absolute majority of the vote in Jakarta and every other province of Indonesia. This would be the case for every election until the 1998 collapse of the New Order. ^[6]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Golkar	62,783,680	73.11	299	+57
	United Development Party	13,701,428	15.96	61	–33
	Indonesian Democratic Party	9,384,708	10.93	40	+16
Total		85,869,816	100.00	400	+40
Registered voters/turnout		93,965,953	–
Source: Nohlen et al. [13]

Aftermath

After the election the next item on the political agenda was the election of the president and vice-president by the People's Consultative Assembly. The reelection of 66-year-old Suharto was a foregone conclusion given he appointed half the membership of the assembly as well as controlling the elected Golkar members and the unelected delegates from the Armed Forces. This added up to 80% of the membership. The only question was who would Suharto appoint as vice president. Eventually the post went to Golkar chairman and State Secretary/Minister Sudharmono. In March 1988 the two men were formally elected and inaugurated for the 1988–1993 term. ^[14]

1988 presidential election

1988 Indonesian presidential election

←  1983 10–11 March 1988 1993  →
Presidential election
10 March 1988
649 members of the People's Consultative Assembly 433 votes needed to win
Turnout	93.07%
Candidate Suharto Party Golkar Electoral vote 649 Percentage 100.00%
Votes of the People's Consultative Assembly   Suharto: 649
President before election Suharto Golkar Elected President Suharto Golkar
Vice-presidential election
11 March 1988
649 members of the People's Consultative Assembly 433 votes needed to win
Turnout	100.00%
Candidate Sudharmono Party Golkar Electoral vote 649 Percentage 100.00%
Votes of the People's Consultative Assembly   Sudharmono: 649
Vice President before election Umar Wirahadikusumah Golkar Elected Vice President Sudharmono Golkar

Traditionally, Golkar as the faction with the most seats in the People's Consultative Assembly since 1971 nominated Suharto as a presidential candidate. As a result, Suharto retained his seat of power and was inaugurated on March 10, 1988.

Golkar, which had strengthened again after the 1987 election, made the 1988 MPR General Session re-elect Suharto as president of the Republic of Indonesia. This was certain because Golkar, the party supported by the government, won a landslide victory. This victory certainly had an impact on the results of the 1988 MPR RI General Session.

After Soeharto became president, there was a debate about who would be Vice President. One of the strong candidates was Soedharmono with Jaelani Naro. However, the one chosen as Vice President of Indonesia was Soedharmono. This ended the debate about the Vice President between Soedharmono or Jaelani Naro. It turned out that the MPR chose Soedharmono.

President

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Suharto	Golkar	649	100.00
Total			649	100.00
Valid votes			649	100.00
Invalid/blank votes			0	0.00
Total votes			649	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			649	100.00

Vice president

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Sudharmono	Golkar	649	100.00
	Jaelani Naro	United Development Party
Total			649	100.00
Valid votes			649	100.00
Invalid/blank votes			0	0.00
Total votes			649	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			649	100.00

Notes

1. The remaining 100 seats consisted of unelected members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (ABRI), who were directly appointed by the government.

References

Citations

1. Schwartz (1994) p172
2. Liddle (1994) p. 94
3. Liddle (1994) p. 95
4. General Elections Institution 1988 , pp. 53–63
5. Liddle (1994) p. 96
6. Evans (2003)
7. Liddle (1994) p. 97
8. Liddle (1994) p. 98
9. General Elections Institution 1988 , pp. 206–210
10. General Elections Institution 1988 , pp. 207–208
11. General Elections Institution 1988 , pp. 208–209
12. Liddle (1994) p. 92
13. Nohlen et al., pp100, 115
14. Liddle (1994) p. 99

Sources

• General Elections Institution (1988), Pemilihan Umum 1987[1987 General Election] (in Indonesian), Jakarta
• Evans, Kevin Raymond (2003) The History of Political Parties and general Elections in Indonesia Arise Consultancies, Jakarta ISBN   979-97445-0-4
• Komisi Pemilihan Umum (General Election Commission) retrieved 6 January 2008
• Liddle, R. William (1994) Pemilu-Pemilu Orde Baru (Elections of the New Order), LP3ES, Jakarta ISBN   979-8015-88-6
• Nohlen, Dieter, Grotz, Florian & Hartmann, Christof (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II ISBN   0-19-924959-8
• Schwartz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin. ISBN   1-86373-635-2
• Sudibjo, M (Ed) (1995) Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi (The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation) Center for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta. OCLC   32449151