1977 Indonesian legislative election

Last updated

1977 Indonesian legislative election
Flag of Indonesia.svg
  1971 2 May 1977 1982  

360 of the 460 seats in the House of Representatives
181 seats needed for a majority
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Amir Murtono, Memperkenalkan Anggota-Anggota DPR Hasil Pemilu 1982, p148 (3x4).jpg Mohammad Syafa'at Mintaredja, Minister of Social Affairs of Indonesia.jpg Sanusi Hardjadinata, Departemen Dalam Negeri dari Masa ke Masa, p103.jpg
Leader Amir Murtono Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja Sanusi Hardjadinata
Party Golkar PPP PDI
Last election62.82%, 236 seats27.12%, 94 seats [a] 10.06%, 30 seats [b]
Seats won2329929
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 4Increase2.svg 5Decrease2.svg 1
Popular vote39,750,09618,743,4915,504,757
Percentage62.11%29.29%8.60%
SwingDecrease2.svg 0.71ppIncrease2.svg 2.17ppDecrease2.svg 1.46pp

Map of 1977 Indonesian Legislative Election - Cities and Regencies.svg
Results by city and regency
     Golkar     PPP

Speaker before election

Idham Chalid
NU

Elected Speaker

Adam Malik
Golkar

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 2 May 1977. They were the third legislative elections since independence, and the second under the New Order regime. There were three participants; the two political parties and functional group Golkar.

Contents

Background

In 1971, the New Order regime of Indonesia held the first legislative elections since 1955 in an effort to establish a system of government with President Suharto and the Indonesian military in control and to give this system legitimacy. Thanks to government manipulation of the nine contesting parties and intervention by the government and the military, the government-sponsored Golkar organization won 63 percent of the vote, giving it 227 of the 251 directly elected seats in the DPR as well as all nine indirectly elected seats in Western New Guinea. Golkar was also awarded the remaining 100 seats according to the provisions of the 1969 Election Law, giving it 336, almost three quarters of the total. [1] [2] [3]

President Suharto had long wanted the political parties to be "simplified," and in 1972, he said that this simplification would be complete if there were only three ballot symbols in the next election, a sentiment echoed by Suharto's personal assistant and head of the Special Operations (Opsus) unit Ali Murtopo, who said the 1976 election (as it was then scheduled) would only be contested by three "flags," namely those of the two parties and one functional group. In January 1973, this was realized in the forced fusion of the nine existing political parties into two: the four Islamic parties were combined into the United Development Party (PPP) and the nationalist and Christian parties formed the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). [4] [5]

In its 1973 session, the People's Consultative Assembly reelected Suharto president for a five-year term and passed a resolution stating that the election would be held at the latest by the end of 1977 and that there would be three participants, the two political parties and the 'functional group' Golkar. The election was finally scheduled for 1977, the extra year being necessary for the New Order to have enough time to make the necessary changes to laws to ensure its victory. [5] [6] [7]

The government began preparing for the election in 1975 when it sent the necessary legislation for approval to the DPR. There were two bills, one on the party system and one on the organization of the election. They were designed to make it easier for Golkar to defeat the two parties by banning civil servants from joining political parties (i.e. not including Golkar), obliging parties to adopt the state philosophy Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as their sole ideology and not allowing parties to organize below the level of the district. There was strong opposition to these proposals from both the parties, and this resulted in a compromise on all three, in particular with the PPP being allowed to be based on Islam. [8]

As in 1971, the government screened all election candidates and disqualified 19% from the PPP, 16% from the PDI and 5% from Golkar. [9]

Campaign

The campaign lasted from 24 February to 24 April. The week before the 2 May vote was a "quiet week". [10] During the campaign, there were a total of 203 recorded violations, 103 by the United Development Party, 38 by the Indonesian Democratic Party, 22 by Golkar, 15 by officers and 25 anonymously. [11]

Results

The 100 unelected seats were filled by appointed Golkar representatives, including 75 from ABRI and four from the new province of East Timor, which was "not yet able to hold elections." [12] The newly elected members of the DPR were sworn in on 1 October 1977. [12]

Indonesia People's Representative Council 1977.svg
PartyVotes%Seats
ElectedAppointedTotal
Golkar 39,750,09662.11232100332
United Development Party 18,743,49129.2999099
Indonesian Democratic Party 5,504,7578.6029029
Total63,998,344100.00360100460
Registered voters/turnout70,378,750
Source: KPU, Sudibjo [13]

Presidential election

Following the legislative election, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the legislative branch of Indonesia, met from 22 to 23 March 1978 to elect both the president and vice president of the country for the 1978–1983 term. Golkar, the faction with the most seats in the People's Consultative Assembly since 1971, nominated Suharto as its presidential candidate. He was thus re-elected president unanimously to a third term on 22 March. Adam Malik was elected vice president on the next day.

In 1978, many candidates ran, including Ali Sadikin. Unfortunately, he did not win against Suharto. Ali Sadikin even sent a petition letter, but his candidacy was not accepted. Judilherry Justam  [ id ] and Armein Daulay also ran, but because they were considered actions that should not be done, the two students were arrested.

President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Suharto Golkar 590100.00
Total590100.00
Valid votes590100.00
Invalid/blank votes00.00
Total votes590100.00
Registered voters/turnout590100.00

Vice president

CandidatePartyVotes%
Adam Malik Golkar 590100.00
Total590100.00
Valid votes590100.00
Invalid/blank votes00.00
Total votes590100.00
Registered voters/turnout590100.00

Notes

  1. Combined votes and seats of NU, Parmusi, PSII, and Perti.
  2. Combined votes and seats of PNI, Parkindo, Catholic Party, Murba, and IPKI.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golkar</span> Political party in Indonesia

The Party of Functional Groups, often known by its abbreviation Golkar, is a centre-right big tent secular nationalist political party in Indonesia. Founded in 1964 as the Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups, it is the oldest extant political party in Indonesia. It first participated in national elections in 1971 as Functional Groups. Since 2009, it has been the second-largest party in the House of Representatives (DPR), having won 102 seats in the latest election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Development Party</span> Political party in Indonesia

The United Development Party is an Islam-based political party in Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Representatives (Indonesia)</span> Lower house of Indonesias parliament

The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while the Regional Representative Council (DPD) serves as the upper house; while the Indonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Indonesia</span>

Elections in Indonesia have taken place since 1955 to elect a legislature. At a national level, Indonesian people did not elect a head of state – the president – until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the 580-member People's Representative Council, the 152-seat Regional Representative Council in 2024 general election, in addition to provincial and municipal legislative councils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Democratic Party</span> Political party in Indonesia (1973–2003)

The Indonesian Democratic Party was a political party in Indonesia which existed from 1973 to 2003. During the New Order era, the PDI was one of the two state-approved parties, the other being the Islam-based United Development Party (PPP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudharmono</span> Indonesian politician, military officer, and vice president (1927–2006)

Sudharmono, also known by his nickname, Pak Dar, was an Indonesian Army officer and politician, who served as the fifth vice president of Indonesia from 1988 until 1993 under the New Order regime. Previously, he served in several positions in the government and military, including as the Chairman of Golkar, State Secretary of Indonesia, and a lieutenant general in the army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Party</span> Political party in Indonesia

The Indonesian National Party was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until 1973. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Consultative Assembly</span> Bicameral legislature of Indonesia

The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of a lower body, House of Representatives (DPR) and an upper body, Regional Representative Council (DPD). Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixth Development Cabinet</span> Cabinet of Indonesia 1993–1998

The Sixth Development Cabinet was the Indonesian cabinet which served under President Suharto and Vice President Try Sutrisno from March 1993 until March 1998. The Cabinet was formed after Suharto was elected to a 6th term as President by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 29 May 1997. There were three simultaneous elections in one because voters were electing members of two levels of regional government as well as the national-level People's Representative Council. This was the last election of President Suharto's New Order regime, which collapsed one year later. Like the preceding New Order elections, it was won outright by the Golkar organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1971 Indonesian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 3 July 1971, the first under the New Order regime. There were ten participants; nine political parties and the "functional group" Golkar, which came first with more than 60 percent of the vote, resulting in an absolute majority in the People's Representative Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 Indonesian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 4 May 1982. They were the fourth legislative elections since independence and the third under the New Order regime There were three participants; the two political parties, the United Development Party (PPP), the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and the "functional group" Golkar. As with all elections during the New Order regime, the government-backed Golkar organization won an absolute majority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1987 Indonesian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 23 April 1987, to elect 400 of the 500 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR), the national legislature. The election was the fifth legislative election in the country since independence and the fourth legislative election under President Suharto's New Order. The election resulted in an outright majority for Golkar, which retained its status as the ruling party of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Indonesian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 9 June 1992, to select 400 of the 500 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR). The election was the sixth legislative elections since Indonesian independence and the fifth legislative elections under the New Order regime of president Suharto. The election resulted in a clear victory for Golkar, which retained its status as the ruling party, although the opposition, under the United Development Party (PPP) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), saw their vote shares rise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Indonesian legislative election</span>

Early legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 7 June 1999. They were the first elections since the fall of Suharto and end of the New Order, the first free elections in Indonesia since 1955, and the first and only free legislative election held in East Timor during Indonesian provincehood. With the ending of restrictions on political activity following the fall of Suharto, a total of 48 parties contested the 462 seats up for election in the People's Representative Council. A further 38 seats were reserved for members of the armed forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmusi</span> Political party in Indonesia (1968–1973)

The Indonesian Muslims' Party, better known by the syllabic abbreviation Parmusi, was an Islamic political party in Indonesia which existed from 1968 until 1973. Founded as the legal successor to the Masyumi Party, it came fourth in the 1971 Indonesian legislative election, winning 5.36% of the vote and 24 seats in the People's Representative Council. In 1973, Parmusi was merged into the United Development Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic Education Movement</span> Islamic organization based in Indonesia

Union of Islamic Education, also known as PERTI, is a Shafii-Ash'ari Islamic organization in Indonesia. The organization was founded by Sulaiman ar-Rasuli on May 5, 1928 in Candung, West Sumatra. In its development, PERTI had become a political party and gained four People's Representative Council (DPR-RI) seats and seven Constituent seats in 1955 general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid</span> Abdurrahman Wahids removal from power.

Abdurrahman Wahid, also known as Gus Dur, was impeached and dismissed as the fourth president of Indonesia on 23 July 2001, after he issued a decree to dissolve the Indonesian legislature and suspend the Golkar Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First inauguration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</span> Inauguration of President-elect Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

The first inauguration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the 6th president of Indonesia took place on Wednesday, 20 October 2004. Yudhoyono was the first democratically and directly elected president of Indonesia, as the previous presidents were elected by the People's Consultative Assembly.

References

Citations

  1. Liddle 1978a, p. 178.
  2. Schwarz 1999, p. 70.
  3. Nishihara 1972, pp. 1–2.
  4. Subekti 2014, p. 79-81.
  5. 1 2 Liddle 1978b, p. 126.
  6. Sekretariat Jenderal DPR-RI 1983, p. 1.
  7. Nainggolan 2001, p. 309.
  8. Liddle 1978b, pp. 126–127.
  9. Liddle 1978b, p. 127.
  10. Liddle 1978a, p. 179.
  11. "Presiden berikan peringatan2 ttg penyelesaian akhir Pemilu". Pelita. Jakarta. 3 May 1977.
  12. 1 2 Sekretariat Jenderal DPR-RI 1983, p. 7.
  13. Sudibjo, p156

Sources

  • Liddle, R. William (1978a), "Indonesia 1977: The New Order's Second Parliamentary Election", Asian Survey, 18 (2), University of California Press: 175–185, doi:10.2307/2643311, JSTOR   2643311
  • Liddle, R. William (1978b), "The 1977 Election and New Order Legitimacy", Southeast Asian Affairs, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 122–138, doi:10.1355/SEAA78K (inactive 16 January 2025){{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)
  • Nainggolan, Poltak Partogi (2001). "Parlemen dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959-1998" [Parliaments in the Context of History 1959-1998]. In Yayasan API (ed.). Panduan Parlemen Indonesia[Directory of the Indonesian Parliament] (in Indonesian). Yayasan API. pp. 299–324. ISBN   979-96532-1-5.
  • Nishihara, Masashi (1972), Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971, Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University, ISBN   978-0877630043
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981], A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 (4th ed.), Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN   978-0-230-54686-8
  • Sekretariat Jenderal DPR-RI (1983). Dewan Perwkilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Periode 1977-1982 [Republic of Indonesia People's Representative Council 1977-1982](PDF) (in Indonesian).
  • Schwarz, Adam (1999), A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (2nd ed.), Allen & Unwin, ISBN   9781760636913
  • Sudibjo, M., ed. (1995). Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi[The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies. OCLC   32449151.
  • Subekti, Valina Singka (2014). Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia: Konstelasi Politik hingga Konflik Kekuasaan Elite[Indonesian Islamic Union Party: Political Constellation to Conflict among the Political Elite] (in Indonesian). Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN   978-979-461-859-2.