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South Korea has a relatively unified and integrated approach to law enforcement. For example, the National Police Agency (NPA) provides all general policing services throughout the country. Due to the unitary system, local police organizations are directly under the NPA.
This differs from the situation in many countries such as France, where policing is split between the National Police and Gendarmerie , or the United States, which has a layered system of national, state/regional, and/or local law enforcement organizations.
However, South Korea has several independent agencies that only enforce a specific law or laws—for example, the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Economy and Finance have their own enforcement organizations for either border control, Customs or taxation, respectively. However, they are not formally called police.
The Police of the Republic of Korea' (the National Police Agency of the Republic of Korea) protect Republic of Korea people's lives, bodies and property, prevent, suppress, and investigate crimes, guard major facilities, guard key factors, and counter-espionage. Conducting counterterrorism operations, collecting, preparing, and distributing security information, controlling traffic and preventing harm, seeking international cooperation with foreign government agencies and international organizations, and other duties to maintain public peace and order [1] It refers to an organization in charge of security, safety, pollution control, and investigation of incidents at sea. [2]
Before the Koryo era, there were many records about criminal law, but there were no accurate records about the police. Some people speculate that there is no complete differentiation with government organizations or military organizations.
There was the Anti-Criminal Department(An ancient judicial department) in Korea, and a ACD captain was appointed to take charge of police affairs. In 1835, the organization was expanded to the left and right Anti-Criminal Department. [3] In 1884, the Left and Right Podo Offices were abolished, and the police department was newly established to take charge of public order within the capital. [3] Local police affairs were managed from within. [4]
The modern police system was introduced before and after the establishment of Korean Empire in 1897. In 1899, the police chief was promoted to the position of police minister, who was in charge of public security work throughout the country. In 1901, it was reorganized into an internal police department, and the interior minister was in charge of police work. [3]
In the 1910s, during the Japanese imperialist occupation, the police organization was directly under the authority of the deputy governor of the Joseon Colonies. The central government had a police inspector general's department and local police departments. Police Superintendent The military police commander, who is not interfered by the Japanese military police commander, also serves as the police superintendent, supervising the police work on the Korean Peninsula. The Ministry of Police Supervision directly governs the Ministry of Beijing. [5]
The provincial police ministers are concurrently the provincial gendarmerie captains, who are responsible for the police affairs in their provinces. The chief of police is responsible for the police affairs of military units, but the sub-captains of military police and sub-captains of military police have the same authority as the chief of police, and are responsible for areas beyond the authority of the chief of police. The cotton unit has a pure social finance office, a pure social police station, a military police dispatch office and a military police business office to assist police affairs. Generally, the police are deployed in areas that mainly need to maintain order, such as the port of departure, while the military police are deployed in important military places or border areas, where there are militia. [5]
In the 1920s, during the Japanese occupation, the police organization changed from military police to ordinary police. The General Police Supervision Department and the provincial police departments were abolished, and the police departments under the provincial governor exercised police power. At the same time of setting up military police detachment or military police detachment, police stations are also set up in areas where there are no police stations, and the principle of setting up a police station in a department or county and a resident station on one side is formulated. With the need for more policemen, a police training workshop was set up. [5]
To carry out Japan's war of aggression, the control of the Korean Peninsula [6] was strengthened, and the police organization was also expanded. The police were responsible for national defense, air defense, economic control, listening to the public's trends, media guidance and national health care, which lasted until the liberation of the Korean Peninsula. [7] [5]
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea established by the March 1st Movement in 1919 is a police bureau under the Ministry of the Interior which performs police functions. [8] The first police chief was recommended by Interior Minister An Changhao, and Jin Jiu was elected on 12 August 1919. The police bureau was responsible for intelligence and supervision, police work, and arrested Japanese imperialist spies. Jin Jiu appointed Lu Shungen as the guard minister, and employed most young Han people, including more than 20 guards. Jin Jiu not only supervised the police work as the police chief, but also tried as the presiding judge in the interim government without courts. Jin Jiu, the police chief, expelled Sun Yujia and Jiang Linyu, who had been a spy of Japanese imperialism, shot and killed Jin Daoshun, who had been a spy of Japanese consulate, and arrested and executed Huang Heshan, who tried to poison independence activists.
After liberation on August 15, 1945, the Police Department was established in the US Military Government and the police departments were established in each province on October 21. In 1946, the Police Department was reorganized into the Police Department, and each provincial police department was reorganized into the provincial police office, and the Railway Provincial Police Agency was established. In September 1948, police authority was transferred from the US Military Government to the Korean government, and as the National Security Bureau was established under the Ministry of Home Affairs, each city and provincial police office was changed to the National Police Agency.
In 1949, the Railway District Police Agency was reduced to the Railway Police Unit, and the Coast Guard was established on December 23, 1953. In 1963, when the railroad police force was abolished, it was transferred to the Transportation Bureau.
In 1974, the Public Security Bureau became the Security Headquarters, and in 1991, as the Security Headquarters was expanded to the National Police Agency, the Metropolitan Police Agency was changed to the Local Police Agency.
In 1996, the Korea Coast Guard was separated as an organization under the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. [3]
Organizations in charge of police work in the Republic of Korea are Korea Coast Guard and its affiliated agencies, Korea Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport railway police; In addition, through the Special Judicial Police Act, public officials who perform police duties related to related duties are designated to carry out public order maintenance and enforcement duties.
Class of police civil servants It is divided into 11 national positions and 8 local positions.
Earth patrol leader of university, director of police station, chief of police station, practical staff of local office of police department. Captain of the earth, chief instrument officer and team leader of the police station, and monitor of the local hall of the police department. Chief of police department and director of local department of police department. Chief of police and chief of local department of police department.
The deputy head of the local office, the head of the Gyeonggi local office in Busan, Seoul, and the police chiefs and deliberation officers of the police department in five strongholds, including the Matsuura City Inspectorate. Director of local police department, director of police education, principal of central police school and director of police department. Minister of Investigation, Deputy Director of Police Department, Chief of Gyeonggi Local Police in Busan, Seoul, Police chief [9] Chief of police.
The same grade applies to the police department and the marine police department.
Local posts are classes with the prefix "autonomy" for each class, and Jeju Special Autonomy is also a class that only exists in the autonomous police corps. Starting from the patrol, the slope is a real flower bud wrapped with two real petals. From the longitude and latitude to the total longitude, it is a real flower. The military attache puts a theater on the robe platform and puts 50 cents of real flowers. [11]
The process of hiring as a police officer in Korea is as follows. To become a career police officer, you must have a class 1 ordinary driver's license.
As of April 29, 2018, about 13,000 female police officers and 3,000 female general administrative positions in the National Police Agency are working at the National Police Agency. This corresponds to 10.8% of all police officers. [12] However, as of July 28, 2018, there are 16 high-ranking female police officers of Superintendent or higher, and there is only one female police officer in the current position Superintendent of Police or higher. In response, the National Police Agency abolished the gender restriction ratio when recruiting Police academy new students and hiring police executive candidates, and is expected to eliminate gender discrimination in police officer recruitment in the future.
Korean police use various mobile devices to respond to security demands. In general, a 5-seater sedan is used, but in the case of mountainous or island areas, a sports utility vehicle is also used. In addition, motorcycles are used for quick site movement, and rotary wing aircraft are operated for aerial operations. In addition, buses are used to transport police officers in large numbers, ambulances are used to transport injured police officers, and restaurant vehicles and sanitation vehicles are operated for other conveniences. [13]
The Korea Coast Guard operates 35 large ships, 39 medium ships, 110 small ships, 139 special ships, 6 fixed-wing ships, and 18 rotary-wing ships in order to respond to security demands at sea. [14]
Currently, South Korean police are allowed to carry 38-caliber pistols during operations. According to official data from the National Police Agency, the S&W (Smith & Wesson) Model 10 is to be used. However, the Smith & Wesson Model 10 has become outdated, and firearm usage trends have moved toward the S&W Model 60 which has a reduced barrel and weight and uses 357 Magnum bullets.
Before the outbreak of the Korean War, the police cooperated with the Korean People's Guerrilla Army in the process of fighting with the Korean People's Guerrilla Army in Jeju Island, where (4·3 Incident) occurred, and in areas where (Yeosu·Suncheon Incident) occurred. Massacre civilians suspected of having done so. Right after the war broke out, in the process of retreating, prison inmates and (All-National Association—All-National Association members)were slaughtered, and after restoration, civilians suspected of collaborating with the Korean People's Army were slaughtered. [15]
The police played a role in suppressing the democratization movement during First Republic and Fifth Republic. At the time of (3·15 Masan Uprising), the police fired at the protesters, killing 7 people, Kim Joo-yeol's body was abandoned, and (4.19 Revolution) also fired at the protesters As a result, 185 people died. (Bucheon Police Station Sexual Torture Incident) and (Park Jong-cheol's Torture and Death Case).
In May 2009, workers of the Ssangyong Motor company occupied a plant during an anti-layoff strike. After negotiations broke down in August, riot police deployed tear gas, tasers, helicopters, and planes to suppress the strikers. In response, the disgruntled workers used slingshots, Molotov cocktails, and crowbars. Although appellate courts initially ruled against the workers in 2016, the Supreme Court of Korea overturned the ruling. It was ruled that the workers acted in self-defense against excessive force from the police. [16] [17]
Korean National Police Agency [27] is composed of 1 deputy commissioner general, 8 bureaus, 9 offices and 32 divisions.
The following list is a description of safety for citizens, tourists, and others who are related to being in South Korea. [31]
Since the end of the Korean War [35] in 1953, Korea has been divided between North Korea and South Korea, separated by a demilitarized zone, which the short name for is (DMZ). [36]
A coast guard or coastguard is a maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to being a volunteer organization tasked with search and rescue without law enforcement authority. In most countries, a typical coast guard's functions are distinct from those of the navy and the transit police, while in certain countries they have similarities to both.
The People's Armed Police Force is a Chinese paramilitary organization primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.
Law enforcement in China consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of enforcement procedures used to maintain order in the country. Along with the courts and procuratorates, the country's judicial and public security agencies include the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and the Ministry of State Security (MSS), with their descending hierarchy of departments, bureaus, subbureaus, and stations.
The Philippine National Police is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Currently, it has approximately 228,000 personnel to police a population in excess of 100 million.
The National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior is an agency under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The agency oversees all police forces on a national level, and is headquartered in Taipei.
Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, carried out by multiple national forces, helped by few limited local agencies. The Italian law enforcement system is considered complex, with multiple police forces and other agencies taking part in different duties. Policing in the Italian system refers to the duties of "full-powered officers" coming from the four national main forces: Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria and Guardia di Finanza. While the duties of these four corps' include investigating and arresting, other local forces carry out limited duties.
Law enforcement in Japan is provided mainly by prefectural police under the oversight of the National Police Agency. The National Police Agency is administered by the National Public Safety Commission, ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard and rescue service duties.
Law enforcement in Indonesia is mainly performed by the Indonesian National Police (POLRI), together with other law enforcement agencies which are under the president, a certain ministry or State-owned company (BUMN) which perform policing duties for a certain public service, these law enforcement agencies are under supervision and are trained by the Indonesian National Police. The Indonesian National Police is basically the national civilian police force of the country responsible for enforcing law and order of the state.
Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several departments and agencies, all acting under the Ministry of Internal Affairs except military police which is under the command of the Turkish Armed Forces and the National Intelligence Organization which directly reports to the president.
The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA), also known as the Korean National Police (KNP), is one of the national police organizations in South Korea. It is run under the Ministry of the Interior and Safety and is headquartered in Seodaemun, Seoul. The agency is divided into 18 local police agencies, including the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency. Local police agencies are not independent of the national police.
Law enforcement in Albania is the responsibility of several agencies. The responsibility for most tasks lies with the Albanian State Police, a national police agency, which is under the authority of Ministry of Internal Affairs. Examples of other agencies with limited policing powers are the Municipal Police, which has administrative functions and operates in the local level. They are controlled by mayors.
Law enforcement in Taiwan operates primarily through governmental police agencies.
In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several law enforcement agencies, police or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law.
The Ministry of Social Security commonly known as BoAn or the Ministry of People's Security is the interior ministry and principal law enforcement agency within North Korea. The ministry serves as the official public and internal security force, responsibile for maintaining public order and protecting key facilities including railways and other forms of transport. It also maintains a large paramilitary internal force, known as the Social Security Forces.
The Fire Service in South Korea is an organization to prevent danger, to protect the Republic of Korea people's lives and property, fire suppression and rescue, relief of emergency patients, prevention of disaster, disaster response, and providing recovery after a disaster occurs. Fire fighters in South Korea are Fire officers, members of an obligatory fire-fighting unit, and volunteer fire fighters. Regarding fire fighting activities, the Framework Act on Fire Service, rescue and emergency activities are regulated by Act of 119 Rescue and Emergency Medical Services. The national fire department is the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Safety and Security, and the local fire department is in charge of the city and circuit fire headquarters.
The National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) is an intelligence agency of the Ethiopian federal government tasked to defend, protect and advance the national security and interests of Ethiopia. It collects, analyzes and disseminates intelligence for decision makers. It also is one of two national law enforcement agencies in Ethiopia next to the Federal Police Commission. It tackles drug trafficking, cybercrime, arms trafficking, human, and other domestic or international organized crime.
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